The U-shaped relationship between age and interpersonal distance was surprising. The human infant’s need for physical contact to ensure healthy development has been well established. Developmental studies indicate that by kindergarten age, children are playing cooperatively with each other. It was expected, then, that the younger children would maintain a close physical relationship with their peers, with this distance widening as a function of age and acculturation until adult norms were reached. This expectation has been supported by previous research. The main purpose of the present experiment was to investigate further the relationship between age and interpersonal distance. Secondary purposes were to extend the study to include twelfth grade subjects and to look at approaches made to opposite-sexed as well as same-sexed peers. If the sex differences that occurred at sixth and ninth grades were a function of the earlier adolescence of girls, then these differences might be more pronounced when sex of person to be approached is introduced as a variable. The Horowitz, et al. (1964) study was used as a model again, because it offers a simple method for accurate measurement of interpersonal distances in a controlled situation.

The topic of this diploma thesis is a form of own personal space which is confronted with scene visuality used in film industry. It is about linking an existing and fictive (illusionary) environment. I can see the cinematographic space as an image of its physical equivalent. I do search for scenes in existing movies, which are charting the interiors of environments, where the movie is being set. I do use the camera moves and the ways of seeing the immediate surroundings as they are used in those scenes and I repeat them in my own private apartment. Screenplay structure comes from my apartment dispositions. The final dual channel video leads the spectactor through two levels of space in the same time.

Personal space is a spatial privacy layer that regulates access to the self, without it our ability to function properly is impaired. An attack on the personal space is an attack on the person itself. Thus, personal space can be seen as a part of the self. The environment can be a part of personal space and therefore also seen as part of the self. Personal space, as the direct space surrounding the body, is framing the conscious experience of self. Due to its abstract nature, it is more appropriate to impact that experience by framing personal space through the environment. How to bridge something that fleeting with something so concreate is not obvious. This thesis tries to find a useful methodology for this through available research, own experiments, and discussion. Theories about stimulation, affordance theory, and prospect refuge theory, seems to together capture the whole quite well into something more tangible. The experience of personal space is concluded to be too ambiguous to properly design around and letting the user regulate it themselves by moving through a dynamic environment seems more fruitful. Ambient factors impact the need of personal space but the thresholds between spaces are where dynamics of the larger environment is concentrated. Therefore, they are more decisive in framing personal space and the architect’s attention should arguably be directed towards these.

Virtual reality (VR) is being used in a large variety of areas nowadays. To take advantage of VR systems and use them as the substitutions of the physical world in social research, it is necessary to verify that results from experiments in virtual environments are coherent with those expected in the real world. In this study, proxemics was selected to establish consistency between virtual environments (VE) and real environments (RE). Proxemics is a branch of study about personal space and its effects on human behavior. This study mainly focused on the following aspects in proxemics: personal space theory, gender effect on interpersonal distance perception, equilibrium theory, and conversation status effect on mutual gaze. 34 participants (19M:15F) were recruited for the experiment. During the experiment, participants were asked to play the Twenty Questions game in groups of two in both VE and RE. Meanwhile, eye gaze data and interpersonal distance perception ratings were collected. The results were as followed. 1) As in personal space theory, participants associated the same interpersonal relationships with specific interpersonal distances, 2) gender did not have significant effect on personal space, 3) as in equilibrium theory, distance had significant effect on mutual gaze duration, but only when comparing mutual gaze duration under the intimate distance and other distances, 4) and there were more mutual gaze occurring when the dyad was in conversation as concluded from other studies. Causes and limitations in this study were discussed later to address the inconsistency between this study and the corresponding theories. / Virtual reality (VR) används på många olika områden. För att utnyttja VR-system och använda dem som fysiska världen i social forskning är det nödvändigt att verifiera att resultaten från experiment i virtuella miljöer är sammanhängande med de i den riktiga världen. I denna studie valdes proxemics för att skapa konsekvens mellan virtuella miljöer (VE) och riktiga miljöer (RE). Proxemics är en gren av studier om personligt utrymme och dess effekter på mänskligt beteende. Denna studie fokuserade på följande aspekter i proxemics: personlig rymdteori, könseffekt på interpersonell avståndsuppfattning, jämviktsteori och konversationsstatuseffekt på ömsesidig blick. 34 deltagare (19M: 15F) rekryterades för experimentet. Under experimentet spelade deltagarna Twenty Questions-spelet i grupper om två i både VE och RE. Samtidigt samlades ögonblåsningsdata och interpersonella distansuppfattningsvärden. Resultaten var som följer. 1) Liksom i den personlig rymdteori hade deltagarna samma interpersonella relationer med specifika interpersonella avstånd, 2) kön hade ingen signifikant effekt på personligt utrymme, 3) liksom i jämviktsteori hade avstånd signifikant effekt på ömsesidig blicklängd men endast när jämföra ömsesidig blicklängd under det intima avståndet och andra avstånd, 4) och det fanns mer ömsesidig blick när dyaden var i konversation som slutsats från andra studier. Orsaker och begränsningar i denna studie diskuterades senare för att förklara inkonsekvensen mellan denna studie och motsvarande teorier.

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The effects of interpersonal distance, room size and a Room Size x Interpersonal Distance interaction on verbal and nonverbal affiliative behaviors during an interview were examined. A 2 x 3 factorial design with 2 room sizes and 3 interpersonal distances was used. There were no room size nor Room Size x Interpersonal Distance interaction effects noted, whereas interpersonal distance had a significant effect. Subjects engaged in less affiliative behaviors at closer interpersonal distances than they did at greater interpersonal distances. The results were interpreted through a combination of Argyle and Dean's (1965) equilibrium theory and Hall's (1961) zone system theory. A discussion of practical implications and improvements in the experimental design was included. / Ph. D.

The purposes of this study were (a) to compare open plan housing to semi-open and closed-plan designs on perception of crowding and reactions to crowding and (b) formulate a theoretical basis for explaining housing and human behavior. The objectives were to determine (a) if the number of people who could occupy open-plan housing without feeling crowded would differ from the number who could occupy semi-open or closed plans and (b) if the crowding accommodation time and reactions to crowding would be influenced by floor plan design. Analysis of Variance statistical techniques were used. Forty-five women who worked outside the home and occupied households of four or more persons with at least two children under the age of 18 were were randomly assigned to one of the three floor plan groups. Three identical models constructed with varying degrees of openness to 1" = 1'-0" scale represented the public areas of a dwelling approximately 1,150 square feet in size. Figures and furniture were constructed to the same scale. Subjects independently placed figures in the models in four typical family activity scenarios until one more figure was perceived as one too many. The scenarios, which represented goal-directed and non-goal directed activities, varied in the level of social interaction that was anticipated. After figures were placed to simulate crowding, subjects were asked questions related to their attitudes and responses to crowding. At the .05 level of significance, subjects placed fewer figures in the open plan model than in the semi-open and closed plans when given a scenario in which low levels of social interaction (privacy) were desirable. Significant differences were also observed among the four different scenarios. When scenarios represented goal-directed behaviors, fewer figures were placed, accommodation time was less, and reaction to crowding was greater than when scenarios represented unstructured social activities. The results suggest that small dwellings constructed for families with children should have some division of space in the living, dining, and kitchen area to support low-social interaction and goal-directed behaviors. Further research is needed to determine if uncontrollable high social interaction within a dwelling reduces goal-directed behavior. / Ph. D.

Submitted by Patricia Figuti Venturini (pfiguti@anhembi.br) on 2018-08-20T18:12:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 451412.pdf: 9245919 bytes, checksum: 516d58e32cba3d59b39f9e2ac238ff38 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Figuti Venturini (pfiguti@anhembi.br) on 2018-08-20T20:27:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 451412.pdf: 9245919 bytes, checksum: 516d58e32cba3d59b39f9e2ac238ff38 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Figuti Venturini (pfiguti@anhembi.br) on 2018-08-21T13:46:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 451412.pdf: 9245919 bytes, checksum: 516d58e32cba3d59b39f9e2ac238ff38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T13:46:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 451412.pdf: 9245919 bytes, checksum: 516d58e32cba3d59b39f9e2ac238ff38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The school environment forms a system of values and speeches, in which its users are stimulated to learn. In this context, the present dissertation aims to investigate the relationship between the design of the classroom and the possi- ble interactions and experiences of its users, through the analysis of the spatial arrangements and their potentialities. The research involves bibliographical re- view, articulation of theoretical concepts, contextualization of space and place and an understanding of the classroom as an adaptive complex system. In this approach, three spatial arrangements of classrooms, identified by Scott-Webber (2009) as recurrent in educational institutions, are set up in rigid and fluid en- vironments, analyzed through personal space (SOMMER, 1973) and proxemic zones (HALL, 2006) theories. Therefore, it is possible to trace an activity profile and intention by using each arrangement, in order to promote the desired inte- ractions. It is discussed the rigidity of the projected space and its possibilities of adaptability to the needs of the users. In conclusion, the need to design spaces is more flexible and adaptable to contemporary demands. / O ambiente escolar formata um sistema de valores e discursos, no qual seus usuários são estimulados à aprendizagem. Neste sentido, esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar a relação entre o design da sala de aula e as possíveis interações e experiências dos usuários, a partir da análise dos arranjos espaciais e suas potencialidades. A pesquisa envolve revisão bibliográfica, articulação dos conceitos teóricos, contextualização acerca de espaço e lugar e compreensão da sala de aula como sistema complexo adaptativo. Nesta abordagem, observa- se três arranjos espaciais de salas de aula, apontadas por Scott-Webber (2009) como recorrentes em instituições de ensino, que configuram ambientes rígidos e fluídos, analisados a partir das teorias de espaço pessoal (SOMMER, 1973) e zonas proxêmicas (HALL, 2006). Assim, é possível traçar um perfil de atividade e intenção com o uso de cada um dos arranjos, a fim de promover as interações desejadas. Discute-se a rigidez do espaço projetado e suas possibilidades de adaptabilidade às necessidades dos usuários. Conclui-se a necessidade de projetar espaços mais flexíveis e adaptáveis às demandas contemporâneas.

of the thesis Una casa vacía, The Empty House, is a novel written by chilean writer Carlos Cerda. It is set in an empty house where married couple moves in in attempt to save their marriage from crisis. This thesis would like to be an introduction to the motifs which appear here with consideration of historical context and political situacion in Chile during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. The purpose of this thesis is to put an emphasis on the issue of human rights, freedom and also considerably important autobiographical element - exile. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Die vorliegende empirische Studie untersucht die Distanzregulation der Interaktanten im persönlichen Raum in ausgewählten Sequenzen von 56 Videoaufzeichnungen. Diese stammen aus einer Lehr - Lernsituation mit Standardisierten Patienten innerhalb des Studiums der Humanmedizin am Medizinischen Interprofessionellen Trainingszentrum der Technischen Universität Dresden. Forschungserkenntnisse aus zahlreichen Studien der Sozialpsychologie und der Kommunikationswissenschaft finden ebenso Eingang in die Arbeit wie die Grundlagen und zahlreiche Beiträge aus der Sprachwissenschaft. Der spezielle Kontext der Palliatvepflege bietet aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Perspektive ein interessantes Untersuchungsfeld des fachsprachlichen Diskurses in der Arzt-Patienten-Kommunikation. Einzelne Gesprächskonstituenten wie Kopfbewegung, Handbewegung, Handberührungen, Blickverhalten, Körperposition und Organisation des Rederechts werden herangezogen, um deren Einfluß auf das Regelsystem der Distanzen im persönlichen und teilweise im Intimraum zwischen Arzt/Ärztin und Patient/Patientin zu erforschen. Um zur Interpretation des nonverbalen Verhaltens die Verbalität heranzuziehen, wurden die Videoaufzeichnungen nach dem Gesprächsanalytischen Transkriptionssystem (Selting et al. 1998) transkribiert. Zur Abbildung selbst subtiler Veränderungen der interpersonalen Distanzen wurden deren Kopfbewegungen mit dem LSM-Alghoritmus verfolgt und in Distanzverlaufskurven umgerechnet. Die Analyse und Interpretation der Daten konnte belegen, dass nonverbale Signale auf mehreren Kanälen synchron gesendet werden können und dabei die kognitive Strukturieung der Verbalität beeinflussen. Nonverbale Signale können nicht nur multimodalen, sondern intermodalen Charakter besitzen.