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The fast expansion of the shadow banking industry and its unregulated risks pose great challenges to the People's Bank of China. This paper uses the classic money multiplier and velocity models to investigate the impact of shadow banks on the effectiveness of monetary policies from 2006 to 2016.The time-series regression results show that shadow banks have a positive relationship with the velocity and a negative one with the multiplier. As the non-banks disrupt the traditional credit creation process and the central bank loses control of two important monetary indicators, the paper then discusses possible new intermediate targets and reforms that can alleviate the shadow banking problems.

Thesis advisor: Kathleen McInnis-Dittrich / The purpose of this study was to investigate the dynamics of decision-making in formulating anti-poverty policies in Palestine. Particularly, this study was concerned with exploring the key decision makers, their roles, and how the power relationship among them influences the process of formulating anti-poverty policies. In addition, this study was intended to investigate the knowledge about the dynamics of decision making within the Palestinian National Authority (PNA): how actual decisions are made about anti-poverty policies and who is making decisions. Moreover, the scope of this study also included how the unique economic, social, and political contexts of Palestine influence the process of formulating anti-poverty policies. Further, this study explored how anti-poverty policies impact the lives of everyday poor Palestinians. This study utilized political theories, colonialism theory, and hegemony theory, to understand the external factors that affect the formulation of anti-poverty policies. Also, it used public policy theories, elitism, pluralism, and bounded rationality theory, to explore how anti-poverty policies are made and who made such policies in Palestine. This study employed a qualitative approach with a social constructivist paradigm of inquiry. This case study focused on two major sites that are responsible for formulating social policies in Palestine: the Ministry of Social Affairs (MOSA) and the Ministry of Planning and Administrative Development (MOPAD) in Ramallah. The findings of this study indicated that significant changes have occurred as regards who the key decision makers are and what roles they play in the formulation of anti-poverty policies. In analyzing the power relationship among the key decision makers, the findings showed that although the PNA has increased its control over the decision-making process, the international donor agencies continue to significantly influence this process. The data also revealed that unlike the models of policy making in democratic countries (such as elitism or pluralism), the approach to developing anti-poverty policies in Palestine reflects the participatory model. Consistent with the theory of bounded rationality, the findings revealed that anti-poverty policies have been made with financial, material, political, and other limitations. Implications for formulating anti-poverty policies and for future research are discussed. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work. / Discipline: Social Work.

A criminalidade é fonte geradora de externalidades negativas para economia e geradora de perda de bem estar social sob vários aspectos. Estudos no Brasil tem abordado com maior freqüência os custos diretos da criminalidade em termos de perdas patrimoniais e de capital humano com crimes. Este trabalho traz uma contribuição adicional com a análise da efetividade de quatro políticas públicas distintas implementadas em municípios paulistas a partir da segunda metade da década de noventa. Além da melhora de aspectos sócio-econômicos, os municípios paulistas perceberam que podem implementar políticas de segurança complementares ao trabalho estadual e federal para contenção da violência. Disque Denúnica, Lei Seca, Guardas Municipais e Secretaria de Segurança Pública Municipal são exemplos de políticas de segurança implementadas nos municípios paulistas e que se mostraram, em alguns casos, efetivas para o controle dos diferentes tipos de crimes. São utilizadas estimações em cross section e em forma de painel com variáveis de intervenção (dummies) para cada política de segurança e são avaliados os efeitos sobre o grupo de municípios tratado vis-á-vis o grupo de municípios de controle para avaliar o efeito de cada uma das políticas e sob quais crimes agem de forma mais efetiva. / Crime generates negative externalities to economy and low welfare for society. Papers in Brazil treat with high frequency direct criminality costs, focusing in patrimonial losses and human resource losses. This article tries to contribute with the analysis of four municipal security policy effects. Those polices were implemented in São Paulo?s districts on 1990´s second half. More than better economic and social conditions the São Paulo?s districts show that complementar security policy could help to decrease the criminal occurrences in some cases. Disque Denúncia, Lei Seca, Guarda Municipal and Secretaria de Segurança Municipal are the four policies that were tested in this article. Cross section and panel data methods were estimated to measure the effect of different securities policy to reduce crime in districts that implemented such kind of policy. Such methods are using to measure the effects of each policy to reduce criminality and test each kind of crime is better contained by such policies.