This work is aimed to the study of mixtures of solvents type "green" and nanoparticles in direct interaction with selected polymeric surface treatment. The values in question are resistance of surface treatment to effect of solvent mixtures with additions of nanoparticles agents and removability of selected impurities from coating layers of polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane and polyester by solvents of the basis of mixed esters.

Technologies that facilitate reusing and recycling printed textile products will contribute to achieving a circular textile industry. This project was done in collaboration with Vividye, a company developing a technology to create removable textile prints to be able to extend the lifespan of screen-printed textile products without affecting their quality. The technology involves several steps, including re-formulating printing paste and using a treatment to remove the print. This particular treatment consists of the use of different organic solvents. The aim of this project was to evaluate the effect of four organic solvent treatments, which are of interest to the company, on the physical and sensorial properties of conventional cotton (CO) and polyester (PET) knitted fabrics. Three cycles of the treatment were evaluated. Significant changes in yarn and fabric properties, such as tension and thickness, were found after the treatment, also for fabric sensorial properties, such as stiffness, softness, and smoothness. The behavior was different for each type of material which can be attributed to the affinity between the polymer and the solvent and the polymer, yarn, and fabric structure that facilitates the swelling. The properties assessed within this project can be related to the fabric's quality and feel. Therefore, it can be an essential factor in the user's preferences or influence the material's printability.

No description available.

Amid growing environmental concern and continuous depletion of natural resources (such as water), the textile industry is constantly searching for sustainable production process. Traditional dyeing processes, notorious for their enormous water consumption, have led society to search alternative dyeing method. Super critical carbon dioxide (scCO2), emerging as a promising dyeing medium shows a potential solution to mitigate water utilization, consequently raising sustainable textile material wet processing. As this innovative technology characterize by its waterless nature, no effluents are generated and conserves enormous amount of water, energy while increasing productivity. Although it has attained commercial focus in polyester fabric dyeing, the imperative remains to reduce energy demand during dyeing process including commercially available dyes. As a result, the optimization of dyeing conditions assumes crucial importance, broadening the feasibility of these eco-friendly dyeing techniques. The objective of this thesis work is to find out the optimum dyeing conditions of polyester (PET) fabric dyeing with an azo disperse dye (Corangar orange PE3330) utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a dyeing medium. The investigation aims to unravel the dynamic correlation withing scCO2 dyeing conditions and dye performance. To conduct this study, comprehensive methodology employing a statistical design of two-level three-factor (23) full factorial design was adopted. The studied factors enclose temperature, pressure and dyeing durations, enclosing ranges of 80-1200C, 10-25Mpa and 1-2 hours respectively. Dye concentration was kept constant at 0.2%. The study looks for individual conditions of studied parameters and their impacts on color strength (K/S). Moreover, an analysis of color fastness attributes, comprising washing, sublimation, rubbing and extraction, is carried out. The statistical analysis shows that the prominence of pressure and temperature as the principal factors in scCO2 dyeing medium. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis proves the negligible morphological transition in PET fabric following dyeing (crystallinity % for dyed and undyed fabric is 28.80 and 28.42% respectively). Findings also shows that comparable color properties to the traditional standard of PET fabric can be obtained by adapting dyeing pressure (20Mpa) and time (1 hour) while keeping the dyeing temperature (1200C). The findings concluded that satisfactory color strength (K/S) and color fastness related to the standard scCO2 dyeing process can be obtain with reduced energy and pressure. The outcome of this study subtle the relationship between temperature, pressure, and time towards color strength (K/S) and color fastness properties. Nonetheless, investigation of this study remained confined to laboratory-scale and for the purpose to upscale this finding for commercial use, it is crucial to carry out rigorous industrial trials.

No description available.

No description available.

"Thèse en cotutelle présentée pour obtenir le grade de docteur de l'Université de Bordeaux et de l'Université Laval"--Page de titre / Les maladies cardiovasculaires sont l’une des principales causes de mortalité dans le monde, engendrant le décès de plus de 17 millions de personnes par an. Ce chiffre éloquent augmentera jusqu’à atteindre selon l’OMS 23,4 millions de décès en 2030. Ces maladies sont associées à un rétrécissement de la lumière des vaisseaux sanguins qui peut entrainer une occlusion partielle ou complète du vaisseau. Le traitement le plus souvent utilisé est un traitement chirurgical visant à créer un pont qui va contourner la section obstruée, ou une section lésée. Actuellement, les conduits les plus utilisés pour les greffes sont les vaisseaux autologues, à savoir la veine saphène ou l’artère thoracique interne. Seulement, ces substituts ne peuvent être utilisés en remplace ment que s ’ils sont sains. L’alternative aux vaisseaux autologue s est l’utilisation de substituts synthétiques. Compte tenu du manque de biocompatibilité de ces greffons synthétiques, après quelques années seulement, une thrombose peut apparaitre. Une des cause s e st l’absence de cellules endothéliales (CEs) dans la lumière du substitut. Le point clé réside ici dans la fabrication d’un matériau capable de fournir au CEs un environnement favorable à leur adhésion et leur prolifération pour permettre la génération d’un endothélium dans la lumière du substitut synthétique. In vivo, les cellules capables de coloniser de tels matériaux sont les cellules progénitrices endothéliales, ces cellules sont capables de se différencier en cellules endothéliales matures et possèdent une capacité de prolifération supérieure aux cellules matures. Elles sont capables de réparer les vaisseaux et pourront donc être ciblées afin d’être recrutées in situ et ainsi endothélialiser le biomatériau. C’est dans ce contexte que nous avons choisi de modifier de façon chimique la surface d’un matériau modèle, un film de polyéthylène téréphtalate avec quatre principes actifs innovants sélectionnés pour leur capacité à induire l’adhésion des cellules ou leur différentiation pour permettre la régénérat ion d’un endothélium à la surface du matériau. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à concevoir et élaborer une méthode de fonctionnalisation homogène de ce polymère (par un lien covalent principe actif/matériau) par différents principes actifs avec une densité contrôlée et reproductible. Puis, ces principes actifs ont été disposés sous la forme de micro - patrons en surface du polymère par le biais de la technique de photolithographie. Ici, les peptides GRGDS et GHM ont été greffés pour améliorer l’adhésion des cellules, le dernier étant spécifique aux cellules endothéliales progénitrices. Le peptide SFLLRN et la sitagliptine ont été greffés pour induire ou accélérer la différenciation des EPCs en CEs matures. Toutes les surfaces ont été caractérisées pour valider le greffage covalent et connaitre la densité de molécules bioactives greffée. D’autre part avec une caractérisation approfondie des EPCs issues du sang de cordon ombilical, certains gènes et leur expression caractéristique des cellules souches et endothéliales ont été suivis par immunofluorescence et RT-qPCR pour déterminer leur état de différenciation. Ce travail n’aura été possible qu’après avoir déterminé quels gènes de références nous pouvions utiliser pour étudier le phénotype de trois types cellulaires à savoir, les cellules mononucléées CD34+, les EPCs et des CEs matures (extraites de la veine saphène). Finalement, ce projet de recherche a permis de mettre en évidence que certaines molécules bioactive s permettent d’améliorer l’adhésion de cellules mais peuvent aussi avoir un rôle pour accélérer ou retarder la différenciation des cellules. Aussi, la taille des micromotifs (micropatrons) a un impact sur l’expression de certains gènes spécifiques de la lignée endothéliale. En conclusion générale, ce projet prouve que la modification de surfaces des substituts avec des molécules bioactives est indispensable pour rendre le matériau attractif et pour régénérer un endothélium à la surface de celui-ci. Ce travail nous a aidé s à souligner l’importance de comprendre le comportement des EPCs et leur cinétique de différenciation pour leur utilisation en ingénierie vasculaire. / Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in the world, killing more than 17 million people a year. This eloquent figure will increase to 23.4 million deaths in 2030, according to the WHO. These diseases are associated with a narrowing of the lumen of the blood vessels that may cause partial or complete occlusion of the vessel. The treatment most often used is a surgical treatment designed to create a bridge that will bypass the obstructed section or an injured section. Currently, the most used conduits for transplants are autologous vessels, namely the saphenous vein or the internal thoracic artery. Only these substitutes can only be used as a replacement if they are healthy. The alternative to autologous vessels is the use of synthetic substitutes. Due to a certain lack of biocompatibility of these synthetic grafts, after only a few years, a phenomenon of thrombosis sets in; the absence of endothelial cells (ECs) that cover the interior of t he substitute. The key point her e lies in the manufacture of a material capable of providing the ECs with a favorable environment for their adhesion and proliferation to allow the generation of an endothelium within a synthetic substitute. In vivo, cells capable of colonizing such materials are endothelial progenitor cells, these cells are capable of differentiating into mature endothelial cells and possess a higher proliferation capacity than mature cells. They are able to repair the vessels and can, therefore, be targeted to be recruited in situ and thus endothelialize the biomaterial. It is in this context that we have chosen to chemically modify the surface of a model material, a PET film with four innovative active ingredients selected for their ability to induce cell adhesion or differentiation to allow regeneration. an endothelium on the surface of the material. This project has initially made it possible to develop a protocol for grafting active ingredients covalently with a reproducible density and in a microstructured manner using photolithography. Here, the GRGDS and GHM peptides were grafted to enhance cell adhesion, the latter being specific to endothelial progenitor cells. The SFLLRN peptide and sitagliptin have been grafted to induce or accelerate the differentiation of EPCs into mature ECs. All surfaces have been characterized to validate covalent grafting and to know the density of grafted bioactive molecules. On the other hand, with a thorough characterization of EPCs from umbilical cord blood, some characteristic genes and proteins expression of stem and endothelial cells were followed by immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR to determine their state of differentiation. This work will have been possible only after determining which reference genes we could use to study the phenotype v of three cell types namely, CD34 + mononuclear cells, EPCs and mature ECs (saphenous vein extract). Finally, this research project has shown that some bioactive molecules can improve cell adhesion but can also have a role to accelerate or delay cell differentiation. Also, the size of the micropatterns has an impact on the expression of certain genes specific to the endothelial line age. As a general conclusion, this project proves that surface modification of substitutes wit h bioactive molecules is essential to make the material attractive and to regenerate an endothelium on the surface of it. This work has helped us emphasize the importance of understanding the behavior of EPCs and their kinetics of differentiation for their use in vascular engineering.

The ring opening polymerization of D,L-lactide (DLLA) using multifunctional hydroxyl-terminated initiators and catalyst/coinitiator systems based on Sn(Oct)2 afforded the preparation of star-shaped, poly(D,L-lactide)s (PDLLA)s of controlled molar mass, narrow molar mass distributions, and well-defined chain end functionality. Various modifications of star-shaped PDLLA resulted in macromolecules with tailored functionalities for biomedical applications. Star-shaped PDLLAs were modified to contain photoreactive methacrylate end groups and subsequent photo-crosslinking was performed. Photo-crosslinked networks based on methacrylated star-shaped PDLLAs exhibited thermal properties and mechanical performance that were superior to current approved clinical adhesives. In addition, the thermal and mechanical properties of the networks were strongly dependent on the composition and molar mass of the star-shaped PDLLA precursors. Tensile strengths in the range of 8-21 MPa were obtained while the Young's modulus increased from 12 to 354 MPa and were higher for networks based on urethane containing polymers. Star-shaped PDLLAs bearing complementary adenine and thymine terminal units were also prepared. The hydrogen bonding associations between complementary PDLLA macromolecules depended strongly on molar mass and hence, the concentration of multiple hydrogen bonding units. 1H NMR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of hydrogen-bonded complexes with a 1:1 optimal stoichiometry and an association constant of 84 M-1. The hydrogen-bonded complexes also exhibited significantly higher solution viscosities than non-blended polymer solutions of similar molar mass and concentration. Thermoreversible associations of PDLLA-based complementary polymers were observed in the melt phase and the melt viscosity of a blended complex was consistently an order of magnitude higher than non-functionalized star-shaped PDLLA of similar molar mass. Furthermore, melt electrospinning of the hydrogen-bonded complexes successfully resulted in fibers of significantly larger diameter (9.8 ± 2.0 µm) compared to the individual precursors (PDLLA-A = 4.0 ± 0.6 µm and PDLLA-T = 4.4 ± 1.0 µm). These results suggested that thermoreversibility, as well as the strength of the hydrogen bonding interactions between the end groups of the tailored star-shaped PDLLA-based supramolecular polymers controlled the fiber diameter in the melt electrospinning process. Highly ordered microporous honeycomb structures were developed on photo-functional star-shaped PDLLA surfaces. The pore dimensions were dependent on polymer solution concentration, polymer molar mass and relative humidity. The combination of self-organizing and cross-linking techniques resulted in free-standing, PDLLA membranes with high chemical stability as well as higher mechanical strength for further material patterning. Amikacin, an antibiotic commonly used for treating infections was successfully encapsulated in star-shaped PDLLA fibers that were electrospun from solution. Preliminary results suggested that molecular architecture influenced the encapsulation of the antibiotic and subsequent drug release profile. / Ph. D.

Poly(arylene ether sulfone)s (PAES) are important commercial polymers and have been extensively studied due to their excellent thermal and mechanical properties. However, some applications are still limited when good solvent resistance and low thermal expansion coefficient are required. There has been a continuous interest in developing new PAES based on new monomers or polymer modifications to obtain new properties or to enhance existing properties. In this dissertation, the synthesis, characterization and structure-property relationship of new 1,4-cyclohexylene ring containing PAESs were comprehensively studied. Different polymerization techniques were used to synthesize polymers with different segmental lengths. The monomer, 4,4'-[trans-1,4-cyclohexanebis(methylene)] bisphenol (CMB), was synthesized and fully characterized. Based on 4,4′-dihydroxy-p-terphenyl (DHTP), 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl (DHBP) and the CMB monomer, homopolymer and random copolymers of PAES were prepared with high molecular weights and high glass transition temperatures. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) on these polymers showed multiple sub-Tg relaxations. A large increase in the ultimate elongation was obtained with the CMB and DHTP containing sample, which could be due to the strong sub-Tg relaxations observed from the DMA results. A series of four acid chloride monomers were synthesized and polymerized with phenol terminated PAES oligomers. Solution polymerization and pseudo-interfacial polymerization techniques were used to prepare both bisphenol-A (bis-A) based and DHBP based PAES oligomers. With the incorporation of the trans-1,4-cyclohexylene units, decreases in the glass transition temperatures were observed from both the bis-A based and the DHBP based polymers. However, melting transitions were only observed in the DHBP based trans-1,4-cyclohexylene containing PAESs. Crystallinity was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). A mechanical property study of the high molecular weight trans-1,4-cyclohexylene containing polymer samples showed moderate ultimate elongation enhancements. A series of PAES-polyester multiblock copolymers were synthesized with both solution method and melt polymerization. In the solution method, phenol terminated PAES oligomers and the acid chloride terminated poly(1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) (PCT) oligomers were presynthesized and coupled in solution. The molecular weights of the polymer products obtained from the solution method were limited by solubility issues. Melt phase polymerization was employed to obtain high molecular weight polymers. Hydroxy ethoxy terminated PAES oligomers were synthesized and polymerized with 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) in the melt. Polymers with high molecular weights were obtained. Tensile test results suggested that the mechanical properties of these polymers were dominated by the PAES components with polyester contents up to 20 wt%. Melting transitions were observed from polymers with higher polyester contents, and these polymers exhibited limited solubility in common organic solvents. / Ph. D.

Electrically conductive or electro-active fibers are the key components of smart and interactive textiles, which could be used in medical, sports, energy, and military applications in the near future. The functionalization of high-performance textile yarns/fibers with conjugated polymers can produce conductive fibers with better electro-mechanical properties, which is difficult with commonly used spinning techniques. In this thesis work, textile-based conductive yarns/fibers were prepared by coating viscose and polyester (PET) yarns with the conjugated polymer PEDOT. For coating purposes, an efficient technique called chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was used, which is a solventless technique and can produce PEDOT polymer layers with high conductivity values. The polymerization of EDOT monomer vapors and coating of oxidant (FeCl3 or FepTS) enriched viscose and PET yarns took place simultaneously. The PEDOT-coated viscose and polyester yarns showed relatively high conductivity values, which could be sufficient for many electronic applications. The polymerization process and the quality of PEDOT polymer strongly depends on different reaction conditions. In this research work, the impact of most of these reaction parameters on the electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties of PEDOT-coated conductive yarns was considered separately. Under specific reaction conditions, it was found that viscose fibers were successfully coated with PEDOT polymer and showed rather high electrical conductivity (≥ 15 S/cm). However, due to the acid hydrolysis of viscose fibers in FeCl3 solutions, the mechanical properties were drastically reduced. In order to improve the mechanical properties of conductive yarns, a relatively stable and chemical-resistant substrate (PET) was coated with PEDOT polymer. Comparative studies between PEDOT-coated viscose and PET conductive yarns showed that the electrical and mechanical properties were enhanced by changing the substrate material. Later on, PEDOT-coated conductive fibers were treated with silicone elastomer solution and due to the thin silicone layers, the hydrophobic properties, flexibility, and durability of coated yarns was improved. Furthermore, a novel electrical resistance-measuring setup was developed, which can be used not only for fibers but also for fabric structures. The electrical characterization of PEDOT-coated conductive yarns showed that it can be used effectively for sensitive fibers without damaging their surface morphology. Finally, the use of conductive yarns as stretch sensors was evaluated. For this purpose, small rectangular knitted patches of conductive yarns were prepared and then the change in electrical resistance values at different extension percentages (5–50%) was investigated. The constant variations in electrical resistance values at different extension and relaxation cycles for longer periods of time revealed that the conductive yarns produced have the potential to be used as stretch sensors for monitoring of vital signs in medical and sports applications. / <p>Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy to be presented on March 08, 2013, 10.00 in KA-salen, Kemigården 4, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg</p>