<p>This thesis covers sampling and analytical procedures for isocyanates (R-NCO) and amines (R-NH₂), two kinds of chemicals frequently used in association with the polymeric material polyurethane (PUR). Exposure to isocyanates may result in respiratory disorders and dermal sensitisation, and they are one of the main causes of occupational asthma. Several of the aromatic diamines associated with PUR production are classified as suspected carcinogens. Hence, the presence of these chemicals in different exposure situations must be monitored. </p><p>In the context of determining isocyanates in air, the methodologies included derivatisation with the reagent di-<i>n</i>-butylamine (DBA) upon collection and subsequent determination using liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometric detection (MS). A user-friendly solvent-free sampler for collection of airborne isocyanates was developed as an alternative to a more cumbersome impinger-filter sampling technique. The combination of the DBA reagent together with MS detection techniques revealed several new exposure situations for isocyanates, such as isocyanic acid during thermal degradation of PUR and urea-based resins. Further, a method for characterising isocyanates in technical products used in the production of PUR was developed. This enabled determination of isocyanates in air for which pure analytical standards are missing. Tandem MS (MS/MS) determination of isocyanates in air below 10^-6 of the threshold limit values was achieved.</p><p>As for the determination of amines, the analytical methods included derivatisation into pentafluoropropionic amide or ethyl carbamate ester derivatives and subsequent MS analysis. Several amines in biological fluids, as markers of exposure for either the amines themselves or the corresponding isocyanates, were determined by LC-MS/MS at amol level. In aqueous extraction solutions of flexible PUR foam products, toluene diamine and related compounds were found. </p><p>In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates the usefulness of well characterised analytical procedures and techniques for determination of hazardous compounds. Without reliable and robust methodologies there is a risk that exposure levels will be underestimated or, even worse, that relevant compounds will be completely missed.</p>

This research investigates the decomposition and burning behaviours of polyurethane foams experimentally and compares the experimental results obtained with the numerical results from the pyrolysis model of Fire Dynamics Simulator, Version 5 (FDS 5). Based on the comparison of model and experimental heat release rates, the accuracy of the pyrolysis model is quantified. In total, this research tested seven polyurethane foams consisting of three non-fire retardant (NFR) and four fire retardant (FR) foams. According to the simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (SDT) experiments, the decomposition behaviour of polyurethane foams under nitrogen environment is represented by two pyrolysis reactions. The first reaction consists of foam decomposition into melts and gases while the second reaction consists of the decomposition of the remaining melts into gases. The kinetic properties which govern the rate of decomposition are the activation energy (E), pre-exponential factor (A), reaction order (n) and heat of reaction (Δhr). Using graphical techniques, E, A and n of the first and second reactions are determined from the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results. Through analysing the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results, Δhr is determined from the changes in heat flow and sample mass. The thermophysical properties govern the heat transfer through material and these are the thermal conductivity (λ) and specific heat (cp) which are measured experimentally at ambient temperature through the Hot Disk method. Through the Sample Feeding Vertical Cone, the decomposition and melting behaviours of polyurethane foams in a vertical orientation are investigated and the foams tested can be categorised into those which produce melts only after ignition and those which produce melts and char after ignition. The 1-dimensional burning behaviour of foams is obtained from the cone calorimeter experiments. The NFR foams show a change from plateau burning behaviour at low heat flux to two stage burning behaviour at high heat flux while the FR foams consistently show two stage burning behaviour. The combustion property governs the amount of heat released when fuel combusts and this is the effective heat of combustion (Δhc,eff) which is determined from the heat released and mass consumed in the cone experiment. The 1-dimensional burning behaviour is simulated using the pyrolysis model of FDS 5 and two different modelling approaches are considered. The direct method uses the material properties determined experimentally as FDS 5 inputs while the refined method uses the genetic algorithm of Gpyro to refine the kinetic properties which are later used as FDS 5 inputs. The heat release rate of the model and experiment are compared through linear regression analysis which quantifies the accuracy of both methods. The accuracy is defined as the percentage of data points within the boundary of acceptance which is bounded by 25 % of the greatest experimental heat release rate. This assessment method places greater emphasis on the accuracy of developed burning phases and lesser emphasis on the accuracy of initial growth and final decay. The accuracy of the direct method is found to be 56 % while the refined method with estimated kinetic properties achieves a higher accuracy of 75 %. The 2-dimensional burning behaviours are investigated in the foam slab experiments for two different slab thicknesses, 120 and 100 mm. The opposed-flow spread of 120 mm slab is more intense and rapid while for the 100 mm slab, the flame spread is less intense and slow. FDS 5 is used to simulate the experimental results but when the material properties either developed experimentally or refined by Gpyro are used as inputs, the model fails to produce flame spread. This is because FDS 5 does not yet have the features which address the dynamics of foam melting and the reactive nature of the flame. In order to produce flame spread in the model, E of the reactions have been reduced to increase the decomposition rate.

De nos jours, des fibres et films photochromiques sont tournés vers le développement des matériaux intelligent qui sont appliqués pour évaluer, signaliser et réagir à un changement de couleur et de spectre d’absorbance. Dans ce travail, l’activité photochromique de six différents types commerciaux de polyuréthane contenant de petites quantités de spiropyrane [1-hexyle-3,3-diméthyle-6'-nitrospiro (indoline-2',2'-benzopyrane)] a été étudiée. Les effets d'épaisseur du film, du temps d'irradiation, et de la concentration en SP sur la réponse photochromique des films de PU/SP ont été étudiés et également leurs interactions. En outre, le comportement photochromique de ces films sous étirement et leurs cinétiques de décoloration ont été abordés. La cinétique et la caractérisation des systèmes photochromiques de spiropyrane incorporé dans le polyuréthane et irradié avec la lumière monochromatique ont été modélisées. Les modèles obtenus peuvent être correctement appliqués dans tous les cas (avec et sans irradiation, avec et sans étirement), en particulier pour tous les rapports massique de SP et pour toute l’épaisseur de film. Le comportement mécanique des polyuréthanes et sa relation avec leurs propriétés photochromiques ont été étudiés et modélisées. Ce modèle est capable de déterminer le taux d’étirement qui peut être traduit en compression locale à partir de quatre mesures photochromiques, et ceci ouvre la porte à des applications potentielles. Un intérêt particulier dans ce contexte, peut être porté aux textiles utilisés pour des applications biomédicales, y compris les bas de contention destinés à empêcher ou traiter la thrombose profonde des veines. Une autre application possible est le développement récent de l'habillement sportif pour améliorer la récupération après des efforts violents / Nowadays, photochromic fibers and films are turned towards the development of intelligent “smart” materials which are applied to evaluate, signalize and react to a change in color and absorbance spectra. In this work, the photochromic activity of six commercial grades of polyurethane that contains small quantities of spiropyran [1-hexyle-3,3-diméthyle-6'-nitrospiro (indoline-2',2'-benzopyran)] has been studied. The effects of film thickness, irradiation time, and SP concentration on the photochromic response of PU/SP films have been studied and also their couplings. Furthermore, the photochromic behaviors of these films under stretching and their decoloration kinetics have been investigated. The kinetics and characterization of the photochromic system of spiropyran incorporated into polyurethane and irradiated with monochromatic light was modeled. The obtained models can be correctly applied in all cases (with and without irradiation, with and without stretching), in particular for all SP mass ratios and for all film thickness. The mechanical behavior of polyurethanes and its relation with the photochromic properties is studied and modeled. This model has the capability to determine the stretching ratio which can be translate to the local compression by employing only four photochromic measurements and this open the way for a wide range of potential applications. Of particular interest in this context are the textiles used for biomedical applications, including graduated compression stockings for preventing or treating deep vein thrombosis. Another related application is the recent development of special sport clothing for improving recovery after strong efforts

Contact antimicrobial coatings with poly-alkylammonium compositions have been a subject of increasing interest in part because of the contribution of biocide release coatings to antibiotic resistance. Herein, a concept for antimicrobial coatings is developed based on thermodynamically driven surface concentration of soft block side chains. The concept incorporates structural and compositional guidance from naturally occurring antimicrobial proteins and achieves compositional economy via a polymer surface modifier (PSM). For this purpose, polyurethanes having P[AB] co-polyoxetane soft blocks, where A is a surface active (fluorous) or PEG-like side chain and B represents a desired function (alkylammonium) were prepared. Specifically, poly(2,2-substituted-1,3-propylene oxide) ran-co-telechelics with bromobutoxymethyl (CH2O(CH2)4Br) and either trifluoroethoxymethyl (3FOx, -CH2OCH2CF3)) or PEG-like (2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)methyl (ME2Ox, (-CH2(OCH2CH2) 2OCH3)) side chains were prepared via cationic ring opening polymerization. Characterization utilized 1H NMR spectroscopy, temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Molecular weights (Mn) by 1H NMR end group analysis were ~6000-8000g/mole. Bromobutoxymethyl groups were completely substituted with N,N-dimethylalkyl amines to obtain alkylammonium co-telechelics. Two alkyl ammonium chain lengths, six carbons (C6) and twelve carbons (C12) were used. Tgs of bromobutoxymethyl co-telechelics were -68 degrees C and -48 degrees C for ME2Ox and 3FOx, respectively. Tgs remained low after amine substitution. Alkylammonium co-telechelics decomposed at 220-230 degrees C regenerating amine. Telechelics were incorporated into polyurethanes (PUs) having 4,4'-(methylene bis (p-cyclohexyl isocyanate) (H12MDI) and butanediol (BD) as the hard block (30wt%). Characterization by 1H NMR, GPC, MDSC and TGA is described. From DSC data, using the Fox equation, the weight fraction of pure soft block in the soft block domain (w1) was very high (0.96-0.99) for polyurethanes with fluorous soft blocks, while soft blocks with PEG-like side chains were phase mixed (w1 = 0.73-0.75). To our knowledge, this is the first time that a polycationic telechelic has been incorporated into a polyurethane. By using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, dynamic contact angle (DCA) analysis, sessile drop measurement, and Tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy (TM-AFM), surface properties of polyurethanes were examined. These polyurethanes were co-processed with base polyurethanes to modify surfaces. Surface concentration of 2 wt % P[AB]-polyurethanes was studied by using the same surface characterization methods. Surface concentration of semifluorinated and alkylammonium side chains (C6 and C12) was observed. Miscibility of PEG-like side chains resulted in weak concentration of short alkyl ammonium side chains (C6). However, longer alkylammonium side chains (C12) can 'self-chaperone' and surface concentrate better compared to shorter side chain analogs. For biocidal testing, aerosol and touch tests were designed and implemented. Coatings were tested for zone of inhibition. The polyurethanes were first tested as 100 wt % coatings and found to be highly effective against both Gram(-) (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) and Gram(+) (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Polyurethane modified surfaces (2 wt %) were tested against aerosol challenges of the same bacteria strains. The 2 wt % PSM with soft block containing trifluoroethoxy (A, 89 mol %) and C12 alkylammonium (B, 11mol %) side chains gave the highest biocidal effectiveness against all bacteria strains in 30 min (100% kill, 3.6-4.4 log reduction).

This thesis deals with optimalization of flexible polyurethane foam recycling with using of natural polyols based on rape seed oil and fish oil and it explores applications of depolymerized polyol product by formulations of new polyurethane materials. The experiments of depolymerisation showed that both tested natural oil (rape seed oil and fish oil) can be used as effective reagents for polyurethane recycling. Reaction conditions of depolymerisation were optimised with model flexible polyurethane foam and applied on waste foam from real conditions. Gain of depolymerisation is one-faze low viscosity (to 1500 mPa.s) liquid polyol products with content of hydroxyl groups ca 3 mmol/g. These polyols can be used for polymerisation of new materials. First application of recycled polyols was formulation of polyurethane foam systems. Through optimising of formula was prepared low-density semirigid foam containing 100 percentage of recycled polyol. Properties of these foams correspond to commercial foams. To prepare of homogenous cast polyurethane system based on recycled polyols it was necessary to add proper solvent, therefor extent of application has been lowered. On that account the systems were tested for study of polyaddition reaction and for following properties of the material. In these tests, the reactivity...

O biodiesel, que possui grande potencial para substituição do diesel tradicional na matriz energética, é amplamente estudado pela rota enzimática, cujo biocatalisador pode ser usado de duas formas principais: extra e intracelular. A forma intracelular é considerada mais vantajosa por evitar processos complexos de isolamento, purificação e imobilização, diminuindo o custo efetivo das enzimas. O custo enzimático também pode ser reduzido pela imobilização em suporte adequado. Com base neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar e caracterizar espumas de poliuretano utilizando diferentes formulações e verificar a influência das variáveis temperatura, pH, tempo de cultivo e quantidade mássica de suporte no crescimento de biomassa microbiana in situ de Mucor circinelloides URM 4182 nas espumas de poliuretano sintetizadas, visando a aplicação em processo não contínuo e contínuo de produção de biodiesel etílico a partir do óleo de babaçu. Definidas as melhores condições de cultivo, o trabalho teve como foco a otimização dos parâmetros de produção em sistema contínuo e reator de leito fixo: tempo espacial e razão molar óleo:álcool. Na primeira etapa de trabalho, a biomassa imobilizada em pH 5,5 a 35 ºC em 96 h e com 100 cubos de suporte EPU3 foi a que apresentou resultados de conversão mais elevados no sistema não contínuo (98%). Esta condição foi utilizada para definir os parâmetros da produção de biodiesel em reator de leito fixo e regime de fluxo contínuo. Inicialmente utilizou-se um reator com 44 mm de diâmetro e 56 mm de altura. Com este reator o melhor resultado em termos de rendimento foi da ordem de 64 ± 1,66 % obtido com um tempo espacial de 86 h e razão molar óleo:álcool de 1:6 com 120 cubos de biomassa imobilizada. Outras geometrias de suporte foram analisadas, mas o formato cúbico foi o mais estável, mantendo o rendimento durante o período analisado, apresentando uma perda de biomassa de 2% e produtividade de 5,68 ± 0,15 mg éster g-1 meio h-1. Visando aumentar o rendimento e a produtividade do sistema contínuo, utilizou-se uma segunda configuração de reator com 30 mm de diâmetro e 420 mm de altura. Utilizando os parâmetros já definidos e a nova configuração de reator, obteve-se um rendimento médio de 86 ± 3,53 % a partir do primeiro tempo espacial. A reação foi conduzida por um período máximo de 30 dias. O resultado apresentado em termos de produtividade foi de 7,57 ± 0,31 mg éster g-1 meio h-1 e a perda da biomassa de 44,55 ± 2,40 %. Os resultados de rendimento e produtividade apresentados pelo reator de razão diâmetro:altura de 1:14 foram superiores aos do primeiro reator utilizado que possuía essa razão de 1:1,3. Todavia, grande perda de biomassa foi observada. De forma geral, os resultados encontrados foram promissores para a utilização das células íntegras de Mucor circinelloides imobilizadas em espuma de poliuretano EPU3 para produção de biodiesel em reator de leito fixo operando em fluxo contínuo. Alguns ajustes ainda são necessários, como reduzir a vazão de alimentação inicial para estabilização do leito, visando uma menor perda de biomassa para obtenção de resultados ainda mais relevantes. / Biodiesel has a great potential to replace traditional diesel in the energy matrix and has been widely studied by enzymatic route, whose biocatalyst can be used in two main forms: extra and intracellular. The intracellular is considered more advantageous to avoid complex processes of isolation, purification and immobilization, reducing the effective cost of the enzymes which can also be reduced by immobilization of such biocatalysts on suitable matrix. This study aimed the synthesis and characterization of polyurethanes foams with different recipes and to verify the influence of the variables temperature, pH, cultivation time and mass amount of support in the growth in situ of Mucor circinelloides URM 4182 microbial biomass in the synthetized polyurethane foams, for application in noncontinuous and continuous production process of ethyl biodiesel from babassu oil. After the best growing conditions were defined, the focuses of this work changed to the optimization of the parameters of continuous production system in a fixed bed reactor: space time and molar ratio oil: alcohol. In the first stage of the work, the biomass immobilization in 100 cubes of support EPU3 at pH 5.5 and 35 °C in a period of 96h showed the highest conversion results in non-continuous system (98%). This condition was used to define the parameters of biodiesel production in a continuous flow fixed bed reactor. Initially, a 45 mm diameter and 55 mm height reactor was used. The best yield result with this reactor was approximately 64 ± 1.66% with a space-time of 86 h and the molar ratio oil: alcohol of 1:6 with 120 cubes of immobilized biomass. Different geometries of support were also analyzed, but the cuboid was the most stable, maintaining stable during the period analyzed, with a loss of 2% of biomass and productivity of 5.68 ± 0.15 mg ester. g-1 medium. h-1. In order to increase the yield and productivity in the continuous system, we used a second configuration of reactor: 30 mm in diameter and 420 mm height. It was obtained an average yield of 86 ± 3.53% from the first residence time using the parameters defined and the new configuration of the reactor. The reaction was carried for a period of 30 days. The productivity of was 7.57 ± 0.31 mg ester g-1 medium. h-1 and the biomass loss 44.55 ± 2.40%. The yield and productivity results presented with the second reactor, which diameter:height ratio was 1:14 was higher than that used in the first reactor which the diameter:height ratio was 1:1.3. However, great loss of biomass was observed. Overall, the results were promising for the use of whole cells of Mucor circinelloides immobilized in polyurethane foam EPU3 for biodiesel production in fixed bed reactor operating in continuous flow. Some adjustments are still needed, as the reduction the initial flow feed to stabilize the bed, in order to decrease biomass loss.

O novo paradigma de se preservar o meio ambiente e de se utilizar produtos naturais vem contribuindo para um maior interesse na utilização de materiais derivados da biomassa. Neste sentido, os compósitos poliméricos com fibras vegetais surgem como uma boa alternativa no campo dos materiais para aplicações de engenharia. Os principais objetivos deste trabalho foram o processamento e a caracterização do compósito formado por uma resina poliuretano derivada do óleo de mamona e fibras de sisal e coco. O processamento foi realizado utilizando-se a técnica de moldagem por compressão. As fibras foram utilizadas em diferentes formas como fibras curtas, fibras longas, tecido e fios contínuos. A caracterização foi realizada através dos seguintes ensaios: tração, flexão, impacto, tenacidade à fratura, absorção d’água e DMTA. Foi também avaliado o efeito do tratamento com hidróxido de sódio (10%), nas fibras de sisal e coco, nas análises realizadas. O resultados mostraram que o desempenho dos compósitos com fibras de coco foi inferior aos compósitos com fibras de sisal, e mesmo ao poliuretano. Nos ensaios de tração e flexão, as fibras longas de sisal apresentaram o melhor efeito de reforçamento, seguido dos fios contínuos, fibras curtas e tecido. Nos ensaios de impacto e tenacidade à fratura, o melhor desempenho foi dos compósitos com tecido de sisal. O efeito do tratamento alcalino variou em função do tipo de ensaio e da geometria do reforço. Nos ensaios de tração e flexão, o seu efeito foi positivo para os compósitos com fibras longas e curtas, e negativo para os compósitos com tecido e fios, devido à deterioração da estrutura dos fios. Nos ensaios de tenacidade e impacto foi prejudicial, pois ao melhorar a aderência na interface, reduziu os principais mecanismos de absorção de energia, que são, a extração de fibras e o descolamento na interface. Com relação às medidas de absorção d’água, foi observado aumento no nível de absorção dos compósitos com o aumento da fração volumétrica de fibras. O máximo percentual de absorção foi de 17%, para os compósitos com fibras curtas de coco não tratadas. Este percentual diminuiu com o tratamento alcalino das fibras. Na análise térmica dinâmico mecânica, de uma forma geral, os compósitos mostraram acréscimo do módulo de armazenamento e decréscimo do amortecimento e da temperatura de transição vítrea, Tg, em relação ao poliuretano. Este comportamento foi proporcional ao aumento da fração volumétrica de fibras. / The new paradigm in preserving the environment and the use of natural products has contributed to increase the interest in the development and use of derived biomass materials. In this sense, the polymeric composites with natural fibers appear to be a good alternative for engineering applications. The main targets of this work were the processing and characterization of composites obtained by a polyurethane resin derived from castor oil and sisal and coir fibers. The compression moulding technique was used to process the composite. The fibers were employed in different forms such as: short fibers, long fibers, biaxial weave and continuos yarns. Tension, bend, impact, fracture toughness, water absorption and DMTA tests were used to characterize the composites. The sodium hidroxide (10%) treatment effect on the sisal and coir fibers was also evaluated. The results showed, in general, that the coir fibers composites performance were inferior to the sisal fibers composites, and even to the polyurethane matrix. Under tension and bending conditions, the long sisal fibers presented the best reinforcement effect, followed by the continuous yarns, short fibers, and the biaxial weave. Under impact and fracture toughness tests, the best performance was enhanced by sisal weave composites. The alkaline treatment effect varied in accordance with test type and reinforcement geometry. In tension and bending tests, its effect was positive for composites with short and long fibers and negative for composites with weave and yarns. This late was due to deterioration of the yarn structure. In the impact and toughness tests, the alkaline treatment effect was harmful, because when adherence is improved at the interface, the main energy absorption mechanisms are reduced, that mean, the fibers are pulled out and interface is debonded. Water absorption measurements showed an increase in the absorption level for the composites with higher volumetric fraction of fibers. The maximum water absorption was 17% for composites with non-treated coir short fibers. This percentage decreased for composites with treated fibers. In the dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) the composites showed an increased storage modulus and a decreased glass transition temperature, Tg, when compared to polyurethane matrix. This behaviour was proportional to the increase of the fibers volumetric fraction.

O objetivo deste estudo foi a análise da interface entre o implante derivado do polímero da mamona (Ricinus communis) com o canal medular ósseo, por meio dos estudos de diagnósticos por imagem (radiografias simples e tomografias computadorizadas) e análise histológica (microscópica de luz). Foram selecionados 44 coelhos machos, Oryctolagus cuniculus, da linhagem Nova Zelândia, albinos, divididos em dois grupos, sendo o grupo 1, composto por 12 animais controle, cujas fresagens do canal medular foram produzidas bilateralmente nas tíbias e não preenchidas, o grupo 2, com 30 animais, cujos canais medulares da tíbia, após fresagem, foram preenchidos bilateralmente com os cilindros derivados da poliuretana da mamona. Os 30 animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em 3 subgrupos experimentais (G2a, G2b e G2c) de 10 animais, conforme as datas de eutanásia pré-determinadas em 90, 120, 150 dias após o ato operatório. O mesmo foi feito no grupo controle, com mesma data de eutanásia, sendo realizadas em 3 grupos de 4 animais. Um animal não foi submetido ao procedimento de fresagem, sendo utilizado para controle histológico e outro foi morto após o implante do polímero, sendo utilizado para controle do estudo com tomografia computadorizada. Decorridos os períodos experimentais, os animais foram mortos, as peças removidas e submetidas ao processamento histológico. A análise histológica foi realizada subjetivamente em microscópio óptico, observando-se a presença ou não de um processo inflamatório, tipo e grau do mesmo quando presente, de uma cápsula fibrosa envolvendo o material implantado e da seqüência biológica envolvida no reparo do tecido ósseo. No grupo experimental, aos 90 dias, a interface com o polímero apresentava espessa camada de tecido ósseo neoformado rico em osteócitos. Este tecido encontrava-se em processo de amadurecimento. No período de 120 dias, a superfície interna do osso neoformado encontrava-se em franco processo de amadurecimento, com poucos osteócitos no interior da matriz e a organização das fibras colágenas em lamelas concêntricas. Aos 150 dias, havia uma diminuição de osteócitos, com formação tecido ósseo bem organizado. No grupo controle, a superfície interna junto ao canal medular apresentava-se revestida por osteoblastos, seguida de faixa de tecido ósseo, com poucas lacunas preenchidas por osteócitos. O amadurecimento do tecido da superfície interna medular acontece na região interior, sendo o osso alamelar, constituído por fibras colágenas menos amadurecidas que o osso lamelar. A avaliação por radiografias simples não demonstrou ser um método eficaz para identificar a interação do polímero e o tecido ósseo. Nos grupos de animais mortos após 90, 120 e 150 dias, as imagens tomográficas demonstraram não haver espaço entre a superfície do material e do osso na interface implante/medula óssea. A densidade dos tecidos medida junto a esta interface foi igual à densidade das demais porções da medula óssea. A análise histológica demonstrou que o polímero é biocompatível, osteoindutor e osteocondutor. A análise radiográfica permitiu documentar a posição intramedular do polímero e as imagens tomográficas demonstraram limites mal definidos entre o implante e o canal medular, evidenciando, assim, a boa interação entre ambos. / The purpose of this study was to analyze the interface between the implant derived from castor oil polymer (Ricinus communis) and the bone medullary canal by diagnostic imaging (conventional radiography and computed tomography) and histological analysis (optical microscopy). For such purpose, 44 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus, New Zealand, albinus) were selected and assigned to two groups. In group 1, composed of 12 animals (control), reamings of the medullary canal were produced bilaterally in the tibiae of the rabbits and were not filled. In group 2, composed of 30 animals, the medullary canals of the tibiae, after reaming, were filled bilaterally and implanted with cylinders derived from castor oil polyurethane. The 30 animals were randomly divided into 3 experimental subgroups (G2a, G2b and G2c), according to the periods of predetermined euthanasia, i.e., 90, 120 and 150 days postoperatively. The same protocol was carried out for the control group, with the same euthanasia dates (3 groups of 4 animals each). One animal was not submitted to the reaming process and served as a histological control; another animal was sacrificed after placement of the polymer implant and served as a control for computed tomography imaging. Euthanasia was performed at the established experimental periods and the pieces were removed and submitted to standard histological processing. The histological analysis was carried out subjectively in optical microscopy and the following events were assessed: presence or not of inflammatory process, type and severity of the inflammatory process (if present), presence of a fibrous capsule surrounding the implanted material and the biological sequence involved in bone tissue healing. In the experimental group, at 90 days, the interface with the polymer presented a thick layer of neoformed bone tissue rich in osteocytes. This tissue was in an ongoing maturating process. In the 120-day period, the internal surface of the neoformed bone was in frank maturating process, with few osteocytes within the matrix and collagen fibers organized in concentric lamellas. At 150 days, there was a decrease in the number of osteocytes, with the formation of a well-organized bone tissue. In the control group, the internal surface close to the medullary canal was lined with osteoblasts, followed by a bone tissue zone with few lacunae filled with osteocytes. The maturation of the tissue of the medullary internal surface occurs in the inner region, the bone being alamellar, i.e., constituted of collagen fibers less maturated than the lamellar bone. The evaluation by conventional radiography demonstrated not to be an effective method to identify the interaction between the polymer and the bone tissue. In the groups of animals sacrificed at the 90th, 120th and 150th postoperative days, the computed tomography images showed no space between the material surface and the bone at the implant/bone marrow interface. The density of the tissues, measured close to this interface was similar to the density measured in the other areas of the bone marrow. The histological analysis demonstrated that the polymer is biocompatible, osteoinductive and osteoconductive. The radiographic analysis allowed documenting the intramedullar position of the polymer, while the tomographic images demonstrated ill-defined limits between the implant and the medullar canal, therefore evidencing a good interaction between them.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de um novo material nanocompósito com propriedades biocidas, alta porosidade e alta permeabilidade ao ar, possibilitando sua aplicação na área biomédica. Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidas membranas compósitas de poliuretano termoplástico (TPU) contendo prata (Ag) e óxido de zinco (ZnO), a partir da evaporação de soluções durante o processo de eletrofiação. Mediu-se as propriedades de viscosidade e de condutividade elétrica das soluções preparadas para eletrofiação. Avaliou-se a modificação da morfologia do material pelo uso de vários solventes em diferentes concentrações. Uma morfologia mais uniforme das membranas contendo fibras eletrofiadas foi obtida com o sistema de solventes tetra-hidrofurano (THF) e dimetilformamida (DMF), na proporção de 50:50. A avaliação da morfologia e da distribuição da fase dispersa inorgânica nas membranas foi efetuada utilizando-se microscopia ótica (MO) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), e a formação de fibras com diâmetros na faixa de 250 a 800 nanômetros foi observada. As fases dispersas apresentaram-se distribuídas na membrana, sem a presença de regiões de aglomeração. A presença de prata ou de óxido de zinco nas membranas eletrofiadas foi confirmada através da espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios- X (EDS) e por difratometria de raios-X. As propriedades bactericidas das membranas compósitas de TPU/ZnO e TPU/Ag foram avaliadas e estabelecidas em testes com as bactérias S. aureus e K. pneumoniae. O teste de citotoxicidade das membranas de TPU foi executado e numa avaliação inicial foi observada a sua biocompatibilidade. / The aim of this study is to develop nanostructured polyurethane composite membranes which have antibacterial properties, high porosity and high air permeability, suitable for medical applications. Membranes of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) having silver and zinc oxide particles as additives were prepared by electrospinning. The impact of the solvents nature on the electrospinning process was studied. The best results were obtained using a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethylformamide (DMF), at 50:50 ratio. Viscosity and electrical conductivity of the solutions were measured. Morphology of the membranes formed by the fibers was verified using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and fibers presenting diameters from 250 to 800 nanometers were observed. The presence of silver and zinc oxide particles in the membranes was confirmed using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and wide angle X-ray diffractometry. Antibacterial properties of the membranes were evaluated by testing its activity against suspensions of S. aureus and K. pneumoniae. Additionally, cytotoxicity tests were performed for initial evaluation of the biocompatibility of the TPU membranes having silver as additive.

Neste trabalho foi realizada a caracterização de um poliuretano derivado de óleo vegetal para ser utilizado na confecção de dispositivos de assistência ventricular, DAVs. Esses dispositivos são muito importantes na área cardiovascular, pois, possuem a função de suprir a falha dos ventrículos direitos ou esquerdo do coração durante o bombeamento em casos de transplante. Para que esse material seja apto para ser utilizado, precisa-se ter propriedades mecânicas, térmicas e biológicas compatíveis com as necessidades médicas da área cardiovascular. Neste estudo foram utilizadas as técnicas de ensaio mecânico de tração e compressão, as técnicas termoanalíticas DMA, TGA, DSC, bem como espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho. Para os ensaios biológicos foram feitos os teste de tempo de coagulação sanguínea (método Lee White) e o estudo de crescimento celular acompanhado por análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios mecânicos mostraram que o poliuretano possui propriedades que não comprometem sua utilização na confecção dos DAVs. Com relação às análises térmicas, os resultados obtidos pelas curvas DMA mostraram que o poliuretano aumenta seu grau de cura e sua rigidez com o tratamento térmico. As curvas TG e as TG/DSC-FTIR mostram que o poliuretano é termicamente estável e não libera nenhum tipo de substância prejudicial ao ser humano até a temperatura de 200°C, viabilizando uma condição de serviço satisfatória a temperatura corpórea entre 36ºC e 40°C. Os testes biológicos demonstraram que o poliuretano possui potencial para ser utilizado em dispositivos médicos que entram em contato com o sangue, tornando-se necessários estudos para a sua total comprovação de ser um material hemocompatível. / In this study the characterization of a polyurethane derived from vegetable oil was studied for the use in the production of ventricular assistance devices, VADs. These devices are very important in the cardiovascular area, therefore they have the function of supplying the failure of the right or left ventricles of the heart while pumping in transplants. For this material to be used in this application, it must have mechanical, thermal and biological properties compatible with the medical require of the cardiovascular area. In this study was to used the techniques of mechanical tensile and compressive, the thermoanalytical techniques such as DMA, TGA, DSC and absorption spectroscopy in the infrared region. The biological analysis were the test of blood coagulation time (Lee White method) and the study of cellular growth measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results obtained in the mechanical tests showed that the polyurethane has properties that do not compromise their use in the production of VADs. In relation the thermal analysis of the results obtained by DMA, the curves showed that the polyurethane increases its cure and rigity degrees with thermal treatment. The TG and TG/DSC-FTIR curves showed that the polyurethane is thermally stable does not release any prejudicial substances to the human body until the temperature of 200°C, enabling a satisfactory service condition to body temperature between 36 and 40°C. The biological tests showed that the polyurethane has the potential to be used in medical devices that come into contact with blood, however it\'s needing more studies for its full proof of being a hemocompatible material.