This study explores the perceptions of women who had migrated to Gqebera, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, from Zimbabwe, in terms of their own identity. In-depth interviews were conducted, situated within a phenomenological paradigm with a feminist epistemological orientation, in order to describe the rich detail of a woman’s quotidian existence subsequent to the migratory experience. Findings suggest that women’s identities are constructed in relation to other people, both those who form their in-group and their out-group. The process of migration and difficulties associated with assimilation into the host community impacts on felt ethnicity, strengthening ties to the homeland and to fellow Zimbabweans. Identity is also impacted on by spatiality, or lived space, in terms of both memories of home and present space occupied. Migration incorporating even the post-migration period may well form an extended liminal experience for women.

Multidrug resistant (MDR) extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria have become an international health issue limiting treatment options. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of carbapenem-susceptible (CS) and carbapenem-resistant (CR) Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and investigate clinical isolates for their resistant genes/ determinants. A total of 98 bacterial isolates (59 CS and 39 CR) were collected between February 2012 and February 2013 at NHLS, after being recovered from various clinical specimens from PE hospital complex. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the VITEK 2® system, E-test and microbroth dilution method. PCR and DNA sequencing were used to investigate: (i) ESBLs: CTX-M, TEM, SHV and OXA-1; (ii) plasmidmediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes: qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, qepA and aac(6’)-lb-cr; (iii) Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131); (iv) carbapenemases: NDM, VIM, IMP, KPC, BIC, SME, IMI, NMC-A, GES, OXA-23, OXA-24, OXA-48, OXA-51 and OXA-58; and (v) insertion sequence ISAba1 upstream blaOXA-23/-24/-51/-58 genes. Porin loss in CR isolates was determined by SDSPAGE while genetic relatedness between E. coli ST131 isolates was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). MDR ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (mainly K. pneumoniae) and CR A. baumannii isolates were recovered from neonatal/ infant specimens. The majority of CS and CR isolates were MDR, possessing multiple ESBL genotypes (CTX-M, TEM, SHV and OXA-1). ESBL variants identified included: CTX-M-1, CTX-M-3, CTX-M-15, CTX-M-22, CTX-M-9, CTX-M-14, TEM-1, SHV-1, SHV-11 and OXA-1. PMQRs identified included: aac(6’)- lb-cr, qnrB1, qnrB2, qnrB13 and qnrS1. Twelve of 21 (57.1 percent) E. coli isolates belonged to the ST131 clonal complex and were genetically diverse, mainly producing CTX-M-15. Carbapenem resistance mechanisms identified included: (i) OXA-23 preceded by ISAba1 in 10 A. baumannii and 2 P. aeruginosa isolates; (ii) IMI-2 carbapenemase in an E. asburiae isolate; and (iii) combination of porin loss and ESBL production in 1 K. pneumoniae and 1 E. coli isolate. This is the first report in South Africa describing the occurrence of CTX-M-9, CTX-M-22 and IMI-2 among Enterobacteriaceae; CTX-M-15 in A. baumannii; and OXA-23 in combination with OXA-51 in P. aeruginosa. However, resistance determinants could not be detected for 24 carbapenem-resistant isolates which requires further investigation.

Local Government has a critical role to play in rebuilding local communities and environments as the basis for a democratic, with specific reference to the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality. The main aim was to evaluate the public participation in the Integrated Development Plan in the NMBM and whether public participation is seen as vehicle to enhance policy formulation and implementation of the Integrated Development Plan. To provide strategies to remedy the situation. The sample comprised of senior officials, Mayoral Committee, Ward councillors, and officials who deals with IDP. Questionnaires with open and closed questions were employed to councillors and officials, interviews were conducted with senior officials, ward councillors and members in the ward. Findings suggest that the current public participation strategies are inadequate, because Budget and IDP processes are not properly integrated; the plans approved by council are not adhered to resulting to fighting fires. Based on the research findings, councillors and political leaders should consider structuring and moderating the public debate in the IDP process to ensure IDP is real and above all implemental. Finally internal communication between the administrative and political arms of the NMBM needs to be managed in a way that builds trust and understanding of the key process such as the IDP cycle, mid‐term and annual budget cycle.

This study explores issues of sustainability, viability and stability in the projects funded by the Department of Social Development, situated in the Nelson Mandela Bay. The researcher makes use of a combination of qualitative and quantitative research designs to gather data. The sample consisted of about three members from each of the four projects selected, as well as two officials of the Department of Social Development in the Nelson Mandela Bay. The respondents participated in structured and semi-structured interviews exploring their demographic information, information about the project and how it is managed, views and opinions about differences between a business venture and a project, their understanding of what constitutes a sustainable, viable and stable income-generating project as well as their opinions about what would contribute to ensuring sustainability, viability and stability in these projects. The results of the study reveal that it is important to structure and run the income generating projects using business principles which include vigorous marketing and proper costing. There is also a need to train the participants in business management so that they can run the ventures successfully. It has also become apparent that a clear leader or manager is lacking and thus decision making process is too long, meaning a meeting must take place involving all project members before a decision that affects the operations can be made. Almost all key factors contributing to a sustainable and viable income generating project, as defined by Mango (2004) and Madi (2007) were also found to be lacking in these projects.

The initiative of land restitution in South Africa was an advantage to some people who were forcibly removed from Korsten area, which was a mixed residential area and the only area in Port Elizabeth where Black people had freehold tenure rights. The intention of the South African land reform programme which is to restore land and transform socio-economic relations has been achieved by means of land restitution. Successful Korsten land claimants have been granted land in Fairview through the land restitution programme. The successful resolution of land claims has shown the democracy and development in the country of South Africa.

The provision of low cost housing has become one of the current South African government‟s top priorities. With the establishment of these new housing developments comes the need for accompanying social infrastructure. This includes the provisioning of schools, police stations, clinics and sports fields. In this study, I attempted to identify and explore the key basic elements that needed to be present when opening a new community school in one of these low income housing developments. The study gives voice to what key stakeholders thought these elements should be. The stakeholders were the teachers and community volunteers, which included parents of the learners. They actively participated in this study through the methodology of participatory action learning and action research (PALAR). The participants identified strong, compassionate and visionary leadership as an essential element that need to be present when opening up a new school. The study further shows that this leadership must have some knowledge of effective management systems in order to support the establishment of a new school. The findings also show that leadership and the effective implementation of these management systems rely heavily on the support of a variety of internal and external stakeholders, especially when support was lacking from the Department of Basic Education. The study further shows that the roles of the various stakeholders should be clearly defined and managed, so as to avoid tensions that might arise by having a large number of people involved in a confined space like a school. Teachers and community volunteers emerged as the key stakeholders who contributed to the effective functioning of the new school. Their continued involvement in the school requires on-going professional development and support.

The role played by medical doctors and the employment positions they hold in South Africa and in the world today has shifted from being clinical only to include management. They were once only responsible for patient care, now are responsible for their organization's management. Physician managers have difficult tasks for which medical school provides no preparation. Doctors in an assortment of roles take on management responsibilities to varying degrees: these may be a single-handed private practitioner or lead a small clinical team; or a clinical or medical director or a chief executive; or hold senior management positions in National or Regional Legislature. Some are also managing and supervising colleagues in public or private hospitals and are responsible for managing budgets, allocation of resources; developing policies and making other management decisions. These roles require knowledge and competence of managerial skills in order to facilitate and lead in an effective and efficient manner. This study revealed that medical doctors, as business owners, in Mercantile Hospital are running their businesses, the medical private practices, without any managerial skills’ training. There was a general consensus that there is a need for managerial skills in any business and the respondents confirmed that managerial skills are important and necessary for the successful achievement of goals in a medical private practice.

South Africa as integral part of the global village has been affected by the global economic meltdown that affected some parts of the globe. The Government has her other three monsters to deal with which exacerbated after the meltdown, inter alia; poverty, unemployment and inequality. The heat is felt most on unemployment and poverty. The masses on the ground are the greatest victims. Missionvale just like other small areas is not immune to the scourge caused by the crisis alluded to before. The ripple effect of the crisis is felt in classroom, when manifestations emerge in different forms, leaving victims by the way side. Poverty is rife in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality as a consequence to that the title of the study on poverty alleviation came into being. South Africa as a country rich in natural and human resource experiences a high rate of unemployment and harbours the majority of people living in squalor and chronic poverty. Methodology approach to gather information for this study is through relevant literature consisting of books, legislation and interviews with knowledgeable individuals in the field. The study points out the major role the municipality in collaboration with other stakeholder, inter alia; social development, and other sister departments and NGO‟s can play towards poverty alleviation in Missionvale.

The purpose of the study was to determine factors essential to the effective promotion of public school adult education in a suburban Canadian community. The city of Port Coquitlam, British Columbia was chosen. A map of the city was divided into block areas, and a twenty per cent random sample was used to examine several aspects of the problem. Four areas of study were identified: 1. the nature of the community 2. participation in adult education 3. subject area interest 4. patterns of mass media use. In a sample block the first and the fifth house was selected and the adult who answered the door at each was interviewed for a total of 112 respondents. The structured interview technique was employed to gather data from respondents. The hypothesis tested in this study was that no significant difference exists between males and females or between respondents living in urban, service and rural land zones and the following characteristics: 1. marital status 2. employment 3. adult kinship in home 4. social participation 5. participation in adult education 6. interest in adult education 7. patterns of media utilization. The distributions within the groups were tested for significant differences using either the chi-square or the Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test while linear relationships were indicated by frequency distributions. From the findings it appears that Port Coquitlam is a very homogeneous community. Most occupations are at the level of skilled and semi-skilled work and the social participation of respondents is low. Except for employment status, no statistically significant difference was found to exist between the factors studied for males and females and no statistically significant differences for the three residential pairs. The participation of respondents in adult education is low and mainly in the area of job-oriented and leisure-time classes. The stated interests of respondents indicate that participation will likely continue to be focused in these subject areas. Therefore, job-oriented and leisure-time courses offerred in Port Coquitlam should have a particular appeal for residents. Patterns of communication indicate that many more women than men receive door-to-door communications. The most frequently listened to radio stations were CKNW--a metropolitan station--and CJJC--located in a rural area. Most respondents view Canadian television stations and more of them subscribe to the local weekly newspaper than to either of the metropolitan dailies. If the use of media outlets listed here were utilized by the adult administrator communications would have the best chance of reaching Port Coquitlam residents. Areas suggested for further research include: more extensive investigation of the community to verify the apparent homogeneity of the population; investigation of how influence operates in this community; and continuing investigation of changing patterns of interest and participation in adult education so that communications can be properly addressed. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

Ces dernières années, le contexte concurrentiel a démontré la nécessité de réformer la politique portuaire française. C’est ainsi que la réforme portuaire issue de la loi n°2008-660 du 4 juillet 2008 a créé les grands ports maritimes. Le modèle du « landlord port », autrement dénommé port propriétaire/aménageur, a été consacré en France. Le grand port maritime voit ses activités recentrées sur ses missions régaliennes, ses missions d’exploitation ayant été transférées aux opérateurs privés portuaires. Face aux contraintes domaniales, issues du droit administratif, les grands ports maritimes ont dû valoriser leur domaine portuaire en attirant les investisseurs privés et en développant leurs activités avec leur « hinterland ». Le partenariat public/privé est donc la solution pour améliorer la compétitivité des grands ports maritimes. Si du point de vue juridique, l’autorité portuaire est en position « dominante » par son rôle décisionnaire d’attribution d’espaces portuaires aux différents opérateurs, du point de vue économique, le rapport de force est inversé au profit des opérateurs. Il est donc indispensable de parvenir à équilibrer ces visions dans le respect du libre jeu de la concurrence. / These last years, the competitive context demonstrated the necessity of reforming the French port policy. This is how the port reform stemming from the law n°2008-660 of July 4th, 2008 created the Major seaports. The model of landlord port was recognized in France. The Major seaport sees its activities refocused on its kingly missions, its missions of operation having been transferred to the port private operators. In front of state property constraints, stemming from the administrative law, the Major seaports had to value their port domain by attracting the private investors and by developing their activities with their «hinterland». The public / private partnership is thus the solution to improve the competitiveness of the Major seaports. If, from the legal point of view, the port authority belongs in «dominant» position by its decision-making role of allocation of port spaces to the various operators, from the economic point of view, the balance of power is inverted for the benefit of the operators. It is thus essential to succeed in balancing these visions in the respect for the free play of competition.