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<p>Tillståndsmaskiner är vanliga komponenter i många digitala konstruktioner. En vanlig typ av tillståndsmaskin är räknare. Räknare är ofta ganska kostsamma att implementera, med avseende på antalet grindar. För att reducera denna kostnad kan istället en PRBS (Pseudo Random Binary Sequence) användas. Denna byggs upp av ett register där en xor - operation utförs mellan två positioner, som beror på längden av registret. Resultatet från denna operation skiftas sedan in i registret. På detta sätt fås en till synes slumpmässig sekvens. Talen är dock inte på något sätt slumpmässiga utan kan hela tiden förutsägas. I detta examensarbete har en undersökning för att konstruera en billig tillståndsmaskin med hjälp av PRBS:er gjorts i MatLab. Tre olika program har skrivits för att beräkna olika kostnader vid implementering av en tillståndsmaskin.</p> / <p>Finite state machines are common components in digital designs. A common type of finite state machine is a counter. Counters are often quite expensive to implement, with respect to the number of gates. To reduce this cost, a PRBS (Pseudo Random Binary Sequence) can be used. It is constructed of a register where a xor - operation is performed between two positions, which depend on the length of the register. The result from this operation is then shifted back into the register yielding a random-like sequence. The numbers are not random, but can always be predicted. In this thesis work finite state machine using PRBS are designed in MatLab. Three different programs have been written to calculate the costs for implementation of a PRBS.</p>

Tillståndsmaskiner är vanliga komponenter i många digitala konstruktioner. En vanlig typ av tillståndsmaskin är räknare. Räknare är ofta ganska kostsamma att implementera, med avseende på antalet grindar. För att reducera denna kostnad kan istället en PRBS (Pseudo Random Binary Sequence) användas. Denna byggs upp av ett register där en xor - operation utförs mellan två positioner, som beror på längden av registret. Resultatet från denna operation skiftas sedan in i registret. På detta sätt fås en till synes slumpmässig sekvens. Talen är dock inte på något sätt slumpmässiga utan kan hela tiden förutsägas. I detta examensarbete har en undersökning för att konstruera en billig tillståndsmaskin med hjälp av PRBS:er gjorts i MatLab. Tre olika program har skrivits för att beräkna olika kostnader vid implementering av en tillståndsmaskin. / Finite state machines are common components in digital designs. A common type of finite state machine is a counter. Counters are often quite expensive to implement, with respect to the number of gates. To reduce this cost, a PRBS (Pseudo Random Binary Sequence) can be used. It is constructed of a register where a xor - operation is performed between two positions, which depend on the length of the register. The result from this operation is then shifted back into the register yielding a random-like sequence. The numbers are not random, but can always be predicted. In this thesis work finite state machine using PRBS are designed in MatLab. Three different programs have been written to calculate the costs for implementation of a PRBS.

Hydrogen gas production occurs in permeable reactive iron barriers (PRBs) due to the anaerobic corrosion of granular iron. Once produced, this hydrogen gas can have detrimental physical effects on PRB performance. Corrosion-produced hydrogen may accumulate in pore spaces within the PRB, thereby reducing the porosity and permeability. It may also escape the PRB system, representing a lost electron resource that may otherwise be used in reductive remediation reactions. In addition to these physical effects of hydrogen on PRB performance, chemical interactions between hydrogen and iron also occur. Hydrogen may become absorbed by the iron and stored as an electron resource within lattice imperfections. It may also interact with iron surfaces to influence the corrosion rate of the iron. These chemical interactions between hydrogen and iron may impact the reactivity of the iron granules and therefore affect PRB performance. Currently, the chemical effects of hydrogen on PRB performance remain largely unexplored. In this study, the effect of hydrogen on iron reactivity was investigated by considering hydrogen absorption into iron and hydrogen induced changes to iron corrosion rates. Hydrogen absorption by iron creates a stored electron resource within the iron granules. Release of this stored hydrogen from trapping sites represents an additional electron resource that may be used in contaminant degradation reactions. Therefore, improved hydrogen absorption may contribute to increased iron reactivity. Hydrogen absorption by granular irons has been largely unexplored in PRB performance investigations and the effect of hydrogen absorption on contaminant remediation remains unknown. In this study, an investigation of the factors governing hydrogen absorption by three granular irons, H2Omet56, H2Omet58 and H2Omet86 was conducted. The results demonstrated that rapidly corroding H2Omet86 absorbed hydrogen at a higher rate than the other more slowly corroding irons. The presence of an oxide film on H2Omet56 appeared to improve the proportion of hydrogen absorption compared to the bare irons. Ultrasonic treatment was explored as potential method of release of trapped hydrogen for improved iron reactivity. Ultrasonic treatment appeared to be unsuccessful at releasing stored hydrogen from trapping sites, but further investigations into different ultrasound conditions as well as other methods of hydrogen release could prove useful. Hydrogen gas may also influence iron reactivity by interacting with iron surfaces to alter the corrosion rate of the iron. This may occur by processes such as hydrogen enhanced anodic dissolution, hydrogen induced cracking, enhanced pitting susceptibility and reduction of iron oxides by hydrogen gas. In this study, the effect of hydrogen on iron corrosion rates was assessed by treating two iron materials (H2Omet56 and Connelly) under high pressures of hydrogen for 14 d, then comparing the post-treatment corrosion rates of hydrogen treated irons to the post-treatment corrosion rates of corresponding irons treated under low hydrogen pressures for the same period. The results demonstrated that the post-treatment corrosion rate of high hydrogen treated H2Omet56 iron was lower than the post-treatment corrosion rate of low hydrogen treated H2Omet56 iron. Hydrogen treatment did not appear to affect the post-treatment corrosion rates of Connelly iron. The effect of hydrogen on the corrosion rate of H2Omet56 iron may be a result of hydrogen enhanced anodic dissolution. The presence of a continuous oxide film on Connelly iron appeared to inhibit the effect of hydrogen enhanced anodic dissolution on Connelly iron corrosion rates. The effects of iron oxide reduction by hydrogen and hydrogen induced pitting corrosion were also considered.

Devido à crescente implementação do Controle Preditivo baseado em Modelo (MPC) em outros processos além de refino e plantas petroquímicas, que geralmente possuem múltiplas entradas e saídas, tem-se um aumento na demanda de modelos gerados por identificação de sistemas. Identificar modelos que representem fielmente a dinâmica do processo depende em grande medida das características dos sinais de excitação dos processos. Assim, o foco deste trabalho é realizar um estudo dos sinais típicos usados em identificação de sistemas, PRBS e GBN, em uma abordagem multivariável. O estudo feito neste trabalho parte das características da geração dos sinais individualmente, depois é feita uma análise de correlação cruzada dos sinais de entrada, observando a influência desta sobre os resultados de identificação. Evitar uma alta correlação entre os sinais de entrada permite determinar o efeito de cada entrada sobre a saída no processo de identificação. Um ponto importante no projeto de sinais de identificação de sistemas multivariáveis é a frequência dos mesmos para conseguir excitar os processos nas regiões de frequência de operação normal e assim extrair a maior informação dinâmica possível do processo. As características estudadas são avaliadas por meio de testes em três plantas simuladas diferentes, categorizadas como mal, medianamente e bem condicionadas. Estas implementações foram feitas usando sinais GBN e PRBS de diferentes frequências. Expressões para a caracterização dos sinais de excitação foram avaliadas identificando os processos em malha aberta e malha fechada. Para as plantas mal condicionadas foram implementados sinais compostos por uma parte completamente correlacionada e uma parte não-correlacionada, conhecido como método de dois passos. Finalmente são realizados experimentos de identificação em uma aplicação em tempo real de uma planta piloto de neutralização de pH. Os testes realizados na planta foram feitos visando avaliar os estudos de frequência e correlação em uma aplicaficção real. Os resultados mostram que a condição de sinais completamente descorrelacionados n~ao deve ser cumprida para ter bons resultados nos modelos identificados. Isto permite ter mais exibilidade na geração do conjunto de sinais de excitação. / Due to the Predictive Control based on Model (MPC) rising in other process beyond refining and petrochemical plants, which in general have multiple inputs and outputs, there have been an increase in demand of models generated by system identification. Identify models that accurately represent the dynamics of the process depends largely on the characteristics of the processes excitation signals. Thus, the focus of this work is to perform a study of the typical signals used in identification systems, PRBS and GBN, in a multivariable approach. The study carried out in this work begins on the individual generation characteristics of the signals, and then an analysis is made of input signals cross-correlation, by observing the in uence of this on the identification results. Avoid a high correlation among the input signals allows to determine the effect of each input on the output of the identification process. An important point in the signals design for multivariable system identification is its frequency to get excite the processes in the normal operation frequency regions and thus extract the maximum dynamic information possible of the process. The studied characteristics are evaluated by testing three different simulated plants, categorized as well, medium and ill conditioned. These implementations were made using GBN and PRBS signals of dierent frequencies. Expressions to characterize the excitation signals were evaluated identifying the processes in open and closed-loop. For ill-conditioned plants were implemented signals composed by a fully correlated part and a non-correlated part, known as two-step method. Finally, identification experiments are performed on a real time application in a pilot pH neutralization plant. The tests were made in the plant in order to evaluate the frequency and correlation studies in a real application. The results show that the completely uncorrelated signals condition must not be satisfied to have good results on the identified models, which besides allows greater exibility in the generation of the excitation signals set.

Devido à crescente implementação do Controle Preditivo baseado em Modelo (MPC) em outros processos além de refino e plantas petroquímicas, que geralmente possuem múltiplas entradas e saídas, tem-se um aumento na demanda de modelos gerados por identificação de sistemas. Identificar modelos que representem fielmente a dinâmica do processo depende em grande medida das características dos sinais de excitação dos processos. Assim, o foco deste trabalho é realizar um estudo dos sinais típicos usados em identificação de sistemas, PRBS e GBN, em uma abordagem multivariável. O estudo feito neste trabalho parte das características da geração dos sinais individualmente, depois é feita uma análise de correlação cruzada dos sinais de entrada, observando a influência desta sobre os resultados de identificação. Evitar uma alta correlação entre os sinais de entrada permite determinar o efeito de cada entrada sobre a saída no processo de identificação. Um ponto importante no projeto de sinais de identificação de sistemas multivariáveis é a frequência dos mesmos para conseguir excitar os processos nas regiões de frequência de operação normal e assim extrair a maior informação dinâmica possível do processo. As características estudadas são avaliadas por meio de testes em três plantas simuladas diferentes, categorizadas como mal, medianamente e bem condicionadas. Estas implementações foram feitas usando sinais GBN e PRBS de diferentes frequências. Expressões para a caracterização dos sinais de excitação foram avaliadas identificando os processos em malha aberta e malha fechada. Para as plantas mal condicionadas foram implementados sinais compostos por uma parte completamente correlacionada e uma parte não-correlacionada, conhecido como método de dois passos. Finalmente são realizados experimentos de identificação em uma aplicação em tempo real de uma planta piloto de neutralização de pH. Os testes realizados na planta foram feitos visando avaliar os estudos de frequência e correlação em uma aplicaficção real. Os resultados mostram que a condição de sinais completamente descorrelacionados n~ao deve ser cumprida para ter bons resultados nos modelos identificados. Isto permite ter mais exibilidade na geração do conjunto de sinais de excitação. / Due to the Predictive Control based on Model (MPC) rising in other process beyond refining and petrochemical plants, which in general have multiple inputs and outputs, there have been an increase in demand of models generated by system identification. Identify models that accurately represent the dynamics of the process depends largely on the characteristics of the processes excitation signals. Thus, the focus of this work is to perform a study of the typical signals used in identification systems, PRBS and GBN, in a multivariable approach. The study carried out in this work begins on the individual generation characteristics of the signals, and then an analysis is made of input signals cross-correlation, by observing the in uence of this on the identification results. Avoid a high correlation among the input signals allows to determine the effect of each input on the output of the identification process. An important point in the signals design for multivariable system identification is its frequency to get excite the processes in the normal operation frequency regions and thus extract the maximum dynamic information possible of the process. The studied characteristics are evaluated by testing three different simulated plants, categorized as well, medium and ill conditioned. These implementations were made using GBN and PRBS signals of dierent frequencies. Expressions to characterize the excitation signals were evaluated identifying the processes in open and closed-loop. For ill-conditioned plants were implemented signals composed by a fully correlated part and a non-correlated part, known as two-step method. Finally, identification experiments are performed on a real time application in a pilot pH neutralization plant. The tests were made in the plant in order to evaluate the frequency and correlation studies in a real application. The results show that the completely uncorrelated signals condition must not be satisfied to have good results on the identified models, which besides allows greater exibility in the generation of the excitation signals set.

Free Space Optical (FSO) satellite communications is proving to be a key enabling technology for global connectivity with the ability to provide connection across Europe with only 12 ground stations. For this, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) is working on implementing a robust communication system for FSO on a Xilinx RFSoC Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)( ZU28DR). However, FSO is susceptible to deep fades and atmospheric turbulence affecting the quality of the communication system. Thus, measuring the performance of the communication system is crucial for choosing system parameters and designing new blocks to enhance the performance. In this thesis, a high speed test-bed implementation exploiting Parallel Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) to measure the performance of the system is implemented. The test-bed is designed to mitigate channel fading problems to correctly calculate the Bit Error Rate (BER). The test-bed is designed to allow for online adjustment of the communication system to facilitate parameter optimizations. / FSO-satellitkommunikation visar sig vara en viktig teknologi för global anslutning med förmågan att tillhandahålla anslutning över Europa med endast 12 markstationer. För detta arbetar DLR med att implementera ett robust kommunikationssystem för FSO på en Xilinx RFSoC FPGA (ZU28DR). Men FSO är känsligt för djupa fades och atmosfärisk turbulens som påverkar kvaliteten på kommunikationssystemet. Därför är mätningen av systemets prestanda avgörande för att välja systemparametrar och designa nya block för att förbättra prestanda. I denna avhandling implementeras en höghastighets testbädd som utnyttjar parallel PRBS för att mäta systemets prestanda. Testbädden är designad för att motverka kanalförlustproblem för att korrekt beräkna BER. Testbädden är designad för att tillåta justering av kommunikationssystemet online för att underlätta optimering av parametrar

<p>In the era of VLSI the technological advancements have lead us to integrate not only digital circuits of high device density but both digital and analog circuits on to the same chip. In recent years the number of devices on a chip has spectacularly increased, all</p><p>because of the downward scaling in sizes of the devices. But because of this dramatic scaling the devices have become more sensitive to the power-ground noise. Now in designing a mix signal system within single silicon die that has high speed digital circuits</p><p>along with high performance analog circuits the digital switching noise becomes a foremost concern for the correct functioning of the system.</p><p>The purpose of the thesis is to evaluate the reduction of Simultaneous Switching Noise in analog signal band with in the chip. The experiment is done by the use of DCVSL circuits combined with a novel method of implementation, instead of the common static circuits in the core design. These DCVSL circuits have the property to draw periodic currents from the power supply. So if the circuit draws equal amount of current at each clock cycle independent of the input fed to it, the generated noise’s frequency content, produced due to current spikes will then be shifted above the input clock frequency.</p><p>The idea is to reduce Simultaneous Switching Noise (SSN) by half of the clock frequency in the frequency band. This frequency band often contains to the analog signal band of a digital-to-analog converter. To evaluate the method two pipelined adders have been implemented in 0.13 μm CMOS technology. The proposed method (test circuit) is</p><p>implemented using DCVSL techniques and the reference circuit using static CMOS logic. For testing of the design we generated the input data on-chip. The pseudo-random data is generated by implementing two different length PRBS. We have also implemented a ROM containing specific test patterns. In the end, we have achieved a 10 dB decrease of noise level at the substrate node on the chip.</p>

Environmental and economic reasons have lead automotive companies towards the direction of EVs and HEVs. Stricter emission legislations along with the consumer needs for more cost-efficient and environmental friendly vehicles have increased immensely the amount of hybrid and electric vehicles available in the market. It is essential though for Li-ion batteries, the main propulsion force of EVs and HEVs, to be able to read the battery characteristics in a high accuracy manner, predict life expectancy and behaviour and act accordingly. The following thesis constitutes a concept study of a battery diagnostics method. The method is based on the notion of a pseudo-random binary signal used as the current input and from its voltage response, the impedance is used for the estimation of parameters such as the state of charge and more. The feasibility of the PRBS method at a battery cell has been examined through various tests, both in an experimental manner at the lab but also in a simulation manner. The method is compared for validation against the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method which is being used as a reference. For both the experimental and the simulation examinations, the PRBS method has been validated and proven to work. No matter the change in the parameters of the system, the method behaves in a similar manner as in the reference EIS method. The level of detail in the research and the performed experiments is what makes the significance of the results of high importance. The method in all ways has been proven to work in the concept study and based on the findings, if implemented on an EV’s or HEV’s electric drive line and the same functionality is observed, be used as a diagnostics method of the battery of the vehicle.

In the era of VLSI the technological advancements have lead us to integrate not only digital circuits of high device density but both digital and analog circuits on to the same chip. In recent years the number of devices on a chip has spectacularly increased, all because of the downward scaling in sizes of the devices. But because of this dramatic scaling the devices have become more sensitive to the power-ground noise. Now in designing a mix signal system within single silicon die that has high speed digital circuits along with high performance analog circuits the digital switching noise becomes a foremost concern for the correct functioning of the system. The purpose of the thesis is to evaluate the reduction of Simultaneous Switching Noise in analog signal band with in the chip. The experiment is done by the use of DCVSL circuits combined with a novel method of implementation, instead of the common static circuits in the core design. These DCVSL circuits have the property to draw periodic currents from the power supply. So if the circuit draws equal amount of current at each clock cycle independent of the input fed to it, the generated noise’s frequency content, produced due to current spikes will then be shifted above the input clock frequency. The idea is to reduce Simultaneous Switching Noise (SSN) by half of the clock frequency in the frequency band. This frequency band often contains to the analog signal band of a digital-to-analog converter. To evaluate the method two pipelined adders have been implemented in 0.13 μm CMOS technology. The proposed method (test circuit) is implemented using DCVSL techniques and the reference circuit using static CMOS logic. For testing of the design we generated the input data on-chip. The pseudo-random data is generated by implementing two different length PRBS. We have also implemented a ROM containing specific test patterns. In the end, we have achieved a 10 dB decrease of noise level at the substrate node on the chip.