Theory predicts that when prey can reach a size refuge from predation, prey vulnerability to predation is a function of hatchling size, growth rate, and the handling limitations of its predator, which collectively influence the amount of time prey spend vulnerable. I examined the mechanistic role of prey size for the predator-prey interaction between predatory crayfish (Procambarus fallax) and apple snail prey (Pomacea paludosa and P. maculata) and found that crayfish feeding rates decreased with snail size, such that smaller hatchling P. maculata were more than twenty times more vulnerable than hatchling P. paludosa. Experimental manipulations of productivity increased apple snail growth rates, reducing the effects of predatory crayfish on P. maculata survivorship, but not P. paludosa survivorship. My results indicate that when prey can reach a size refuge from predation, increased system productivity decreases predator limitation of that prey. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Em ecossistemas lênticos a predação é uma das interações com maior influência sobre a estrutura das comunidades zooplanctônicas. No Lago Monte Alegre, diversos estudos mostraram que a predação por caoborídeos é um dos fatores mais importantes na estruturação da comunidade zooplanctônica. Contudo, a influência predatória de hemípteros Notonectidae e Gerridae sobre a comunidade ainda não havia sido investigada. A hipótese foi que a predação seria mais acentuada na zona litorânea, e seria exercida por notonectídeos e não por gerrídeos. O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar o potencial de predação de Rheumatobates crassifemur (Gerridae) e Martarega uruguayensis (Notonectidae) sobre os cladóceros Bosmina tubicen, Ceriodaphnia richardi e Daphnia gessneri. Assim, avaliou-se no lago a flutuação da densidade populacional e distribuição espacial dos insetos durante 12 meses, e a flutuação da densidade populacional e distribuição espacial dos estádios dos insetos (I a VI) durante sete meses. Dessa forma, foi possível avaliar em que zonas do lago e períodos o impacto seria mais intenso. As densidades foram comparadas em relação às zonas litorânea e limnética, às estações quente-chuvosa e fria-seca. Além disso, avaliou-se em 9 experimentos em laboratório, realizados em câmara incubadora a 27 ºC, utilizando-se béqueres de 1800 ml com 20 presas (6 réplicas), a predação de cladóceros por insetos jovens e adultos. Foram utilizados dois tratamentos, comparando-se, após duas horas, o número de presas intactas nos tratamentos com predador (P+) e sem predador (P-). As densidades de ambos os insetos durante os 12 meses foram maiores na zona litorânea, com distribuição espacial predominantemente agregada. Gerrídeos foram igualmente abundantes nas duas estações com maiores densidades em fevereiro e abril. Notonectídeos foram mais abundantes na estação fria-seca com maiores densidades em agosto e setembro. No litoral, os estádios de gerrídeos mais abundantes foram I, II e VI e para notonectídeos foram os estádios maiores. Nos experimentos, tanto gerrídeos quanto notonectídeos jovens predaram significativamente os microcrustáceos. Contudo, os adultos não os predaram, exceto gerrídeos adultos versus D. gessneri. A maior oferta alimentar no litoral pode ser o principal fator que levou às maiores densidades dos insetos na zona litorânea, pois além das presas potenciais de invertebrados aquáticos, também ocorrem presas de origem terrestre. Em conclusão, os resultados deste trabalho contribuíram com o conhecimento acumulado de que predadores invertebrados podem causar impactos na estrutura da comunidade zooplanctônica, sendo que os maiores impactos dos hemípteros sobre a comunidade zooplanctônica estão concentrados na zona litorânea, especialmente em relação aos estádios menores dos insetos. Os resultados dos experimentos foram obtidos em condições estruturais simplificadas, o que pode ter facilitado a predação. Nesse sentido, esses resultados auxiliam a explicar, ao menos qualitativamente, a preferência e o potencial de impacto dos hemípteros sobre os cladóceros. / Predation is one of the major interactions in lentic ecosystems, influencing the structure and fluctuations of zooplankton communities. In the Lake Monte Alegre, several studies have shown that predation by chaborids is one of the most important factors in structuring zooplankton community. However, this study was the first to investigate the hemipterans, Gerridae and Notonectidae, and their potential predation on zooplankton in the lake. The hypotheses were that predation pressure would be more intense in the littoral zone, and exerted by notonectids but not by gerrids. This study focused on the predation of Rheumatobates crassifemur (Gerridae) and Martarega uruguayensis (Notonectidae) on some cladocerans, such as Bosmina tubicen, Ceriodaphnia richardi and Daphnia gessneri, in laboratory experiments. Fluctuations of population density and spatial distribution of the insects for 12 months, and of the instars (I to VI) for seven months were evaluated. This approach allowed to assess the potential predation of the hemipterans in areas of the lake and periods of the year. Densities in the limnetic and littoral zones and in the warm-rainy and cool-dry seasons were compared. Cladoceran predation by young and adult insects was carried out in 9 laboratory experiments, performed in an environmental chamber at 27°C, using 1800 ml beakers with 20 prey (6 replicates). Two treatments were used to compare, after two hours, the number of intact prey in predator treatments (P +) and predator-free treatments (P-). The insects were mostly aggregated, with higher densities in the littoral zone. Gerrids were equally abundant in both seasons, peaking in February and April. Notonectids were more abundant in the cool season, with higher densities in August and September. In the littoral, the most abundant instars of gerrids were in this order I, II and VI, whereas the older instars of notonectids predominated in the area. Both young gerrids and notonectids significantly preyed on microcrustaceans, but not adults, except adult gerrids versus D. gessneri. The increased food supply, represented by aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, may be the main factor leading to higher densities of insects in the littoral. In conclusion, the greatest impacts on the zooplankton community are potentially concentrated inshore, and particularly exerted by smaller instars. The results obtained in the experiments, using simplified structural conditions, may have overestimated predation, however, may indicate the preference and the potential impact of hemipterans on cladocerans.

The ecosystem created by pelagic Sargassum is important in the life histories of a number of economically and ecologically important associated organisms. Fishes play a vital role in this food web and nutrient flow within these systems, but it is unknown how they locate these floating habitats. This study examined the role of natural chemical cues from Sargassum patches and the synthetic chemical Dimethylsulfonionpropionate (DMSP) for an associated fish, the planehead filefish (Stephanolepis hispidus) and a control fish species not associated with Sargassum, the masked goby (Coryphopterus personatus). Choice trials with a Y-maze apparatus determined that S. hispidus responded significantly to chemical cues from Sargassum while C. personatus did not. DMSP cues did not result in any significant behavioral responses for either fish. Demonstrating that S. hispidus can respond to chemical cues from Sargassum helps further our understanding of this unique floating algal reef and how fishes may locate it. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

This dissertation examined the natal origins, home-range, and in-situ foraging behavior of an aggregation of sub-adult hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) found off the coast of Palm Beach County, Florida. Surveys were conducted on approximately 30 linear km of reef between 15 and 30 m in depth. Tissue samples were retrieved from 112 turtles for mtDNA haplotype determination. GPS-linked satellite transmitters were deployed on six resident sub-adults, resulting in both minimum convex polygon (MCP) and 95%, 50%, and 25% kernel density estimates (KDE) of home-range size. A foraging ethogram was developed, and sequential analysis performed on thirty videos (141 total minutes) of in-situ foraging behavior. Seventeen total haplotypes were identified in this aggregation, the majority (75%) of which represented rookeries on Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula. Other sources, from most to least important, include Barbados, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Antigua, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Following nest emergence, sea turtle hatchling dispersal can be disrupted by artificial light or skyglow from urban areas. Mis- or disorientation increases exposure to predation, thermal stress, and dehydration, could consume valuable energy, and thus influence the likelihood of survival. This study utilized laboratory simulations of extended crawl distances and field observations to investigate the energy cost of disorientation crawling on loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and green (Chelonia mydas) sea turtle hatchlings and the impact on the subsequent swim frenzy. Extended crawls increased oxygen consumption, decreased plasma glucose, and reduced green hatchling swim performance following a 200m crawl. Surprisingly, plasma lactate concentrations did not increase with crawl distance, likely due to frequent rest periods that would, however, increase time on the beach and thus exposure to predators. This research may provide managers with physiological data to determine best practices for sea turtle conservation and adds to the biological knowledge of these animals. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Marine turtles produce many offspring which offsets the high mortality experienced by turtles during early development. Juvenile mortality might be reduced by evolving effective behavioral as well as morphological anti-predator defenses. Body proportions of three species (Caretta caretta, Chelonia mydas, Dermochelys coriacea) of turtles were measured in the first fourteen weeks of development to examine how growth may mitigate predation by gape-limited predators. Growth was categorized as isometric if shape did not change during development or allometric if body shape did change. All three species showed allometric growth in carapace width; however it was less pronounced in the larger D. coriacea turtles. Allometric growth in carapace width decreased as all three species grew in size. When high predation occurs in early development, many species will favor rapid growth into a size refuge. Juvenile sea turtles may optimize their survival by growing allometrically when predation risk is the greatest. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

The reproductive success of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) is typically the lowest of the seven sea turtle species. Why this vital rate is decreased has remained unanswered for nearly a century. Recently, detailed postmortem examination of leatherback hatchlings identified muscular pathologies that suggested possible selenium deficiency. High bodily burdens of mercury compounds are associated with selenium depletion. Selenium is a necessary detoxifying nutrient that itself can be toxic at elevated concentrations. Mercury compounds are toxicants with no known biological function. High bodily concentrations of mercury can be detrimental to marine organismal health, reproduction and survival, both directly and indirectly through inducing selenium depletion. The goals of this dissertation are to evaluate several related hypotheses to explain low leatherback nest success. ... Because leatherbacks take in high volumes of prey, high tissue concentrations of mercury and selenium can result. This study provides the first evidence that chemical contaminants may explain low reproductive success in leatherback sea turtles. / by Justin R. Perrault. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

Variation in the seasonal water level fluctuations of tropical and subtropical wetlands controls the production and concentration of aquatic fauna that support breeding wading birds. However, little is known about how particular components of the annual hydrologic cycle affect processes that control food availability and reproduction. This thesis identifies specific mechanisms responsible for transforming wet season prey standing stock into dry season prey concentrations, links landscape hydrological patterns to wading bird nesting, and presents a predictive model of Wood Stork nesting. I examined the supoort for several a priori hypotheses of factors affecting wading bird prey concentrations and wading bird nest effort. Factors affecting the concentration and vulnerability of prey were important for transferring secondary production to higher trophic levels. Receding water levels, microtopographic variation, and high standing stocks of prey were critical for generating pulses of food availabiltiy to meet the high energy requirements of breeding predatory birds. / by Bryan A. Botson. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012 / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

In examining the intentional relationship between the conservationist and the shark in South Florida, this thesis considers the latter as both a scarce natural resource - caught up in what Clifford Geertz citing Weber referred to as "webs of significance" (Geertz 1973:5) - and as a reflection of dynamic human conceptions of nature : a meta shark. This complex relationship is described by interpretations of conservation discourse recorded through ethnographic interviews that demonstrate how these perceptions have been influenced by factors such as personal experiences, film and text, and broad changes in the relationship between humans and nature since the early days of the environmental movement. By linking these perceptual changes with changes in American shark conservation policy, this work not only explains a relationship between culture, perception, and policy, but also celebrates the emergence of a multispecies marine community. / by Patrick Nason. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

The hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus kills Melongena corona solely to acquire a better fitting shell. This finding is contrary to previous studies, which found that hermit crabs of other species cannot kill gastropods or, in most instances, remove freshly dead gastropods from their shells. This interaction cannot be classified as predation because Melongena tissue was never consumed. Clibanarius killed Melongena only when by doing so they could trade up to a better fitting shell. It cannot be classified as competition because there is no opportunity for Melongena to gain from the interaction. Therefore the term “lethal eviction” is hereby proposed for this interaction. The ability to kill a gastropod to obtain a superior shell gives Clibanarius vittatus an evolutionary advantage over other hermit crab species. It is not known if the outcome of this interaction is widespread where both species occur or if it is confined to the study area. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection