The UN Charter recognizes the right to culture as a human right and UNESCO mandates the preservation and enhancement of indigenous cultures – reflecting how the international community values cultural diversity. Ignoring the acculturating effects of education in foreign languages in indigenous societies comes in conflict with these mandates. Current research in the instructional languages of primary school education usually revolves around the learning advantages. But the focus on learning advantages has diminished the impact of instructional language on culture to relative oblivion, despite the acculturating effects visibly found in indigenous, multilingual, and pluralist societies; effects that threaten the existence of many indigenous cultures in the wake of globalization. As remarked by Ngugi Wa Thiong’o in his book titled The Future of African Literature, language is “a system of communication” and “the carrier of culture”, therefore, striking a balance between its role in education and culture is essential. Indigenous culture and language should not be sacrificed by education that seeks to educate for inclusion in a world viewed as a global; the latter representative of the western culture and English language. Therefore, a strategy is needed to use education systems both as carriers of indigenous cultures and participation in a global world. This topic requires continuous research. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of mother tongue at the primary school level in the preservation of culture. For this purpose, the relationship of Pukhtunwali culture with Pukhtu language was investigated. This qualitative study consisted of interviews with six primary school teachers teaching grade five social studies curriculum in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. The teachers were asked to share their perspectives on the role of Pukhtu language used as a medium of instruction at the primary school level in the preservation of Pukhtun culture in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. Data analysis identified five themes that showed variations in the perspectives of teachers regarding the role of Pukhtu language in the preservation of Pukhtunwali if used as a medium of instruction in schools. / Thesis (Master, Education) -- Queen's University, 2013-10-09 13:35:40.547

This dissertation examines the preservation of Chinese kunqu, one of China’s indigenous operatic genres, in recent years with a special focus on renowned writer Pai Hsien-yung’s new adaptation of classic kunqu play The Peony Pavilion (Mudan ting). I use this adaptation as a case study to demonstrate how the actual shape of a stage production can be determined by a producer’s choice between tradition and innovation. The contention between the two variables can be identified in the hundreds of years of kunqu history. The introduction provides a brief overview of the ascension of kunqu to its dominance as a national opera between late Ming and early Qing dynasties (late sixteenth century to early nineteenth century). The first two chapters analyze the downfall of this genre and its struggle for existence and development from mid-Qing through the turbulent twentieth century with particular emphasis on exploring the interplay between tradition and innovation. The next two chapters focus entirely on Pai Hsien-yung’s stage production of Peony and its wide distribution. The last chapter examines the latest kunqu production modes developed under the influence of Pai’s approach. Through this detailed analysis of Pai’s kunqu production and its impact, this research identifies one of the most prominent trends in kunqu preservation and development in the twenty-first century. It explores the dialectical approach adopted in this trend to handle the relationship between tradition and innovation, and the particular redefinition of audience construction. A renewed wave of kunqu preservation efforts within China during the past decade created a favourable environment for Pai’s productions. The success of his works has drawn new attention to the opera and eased kunqu crisis to a fairly large extent. The most significant contribution of Pai’s works to Chinese kunqu discourse can be seen from the expansion of audience base, particularly among the educated youth, and the increasingly varied and creative strategies for kunqu production and distribution. These changes have greatly transformed the overall Chinese kunqu scene, and ushered in a new era when new kunqu stage works are made into collages of intrinsic kunqu aesthetics and certain traditional artistic values. Pai’s ability to negotiate a space for kunqu amidst fierce competition against the many different forms of modern entertainment has restored people’s confidence in both kunqu and Chinese cultural traditions at large. Pai’s experience of finding a particular balance between tradition and innovation, between art and market, has contributed critically not only to the emergence of more hybridized kunqu productions, but also to the preservation and development of other forms of traditional Chinese performing arts genres in the age of globalization and commercialization.

Since Chomsky & Halle (1968), English stress preservation – oríginal -> orìginálity, óbvious -> óbviousness – has been important in generative discussions of morphophonological interaction. This thesis carries out empirical investigations into English stress preservation, and uses their results to argue for a particular version of Optimality Theory: Stratal Optimality Theory (‘Stratal OT’) (Kiparsky, 1998a, 2000, 2003a; Bermúdez-Otero, 1999, 2003, in preparation). In particular, the version of Stratal OT proposed in Bermúdez-Otero (in preparation) and Bermúdez-Otero and McMahon (2006) is supported. The empirical investigations focus upon the type of preservation where preserved stress is subordinated in the preserving word (‘weak preservation’): e.g. oríginal -> orìginálity; àntícipate -> antìcipátion. Evidence for the existence of weak preservation is presented. However, it is also shown that weak preservation is not consistently successful, but that it is, rather, probabilistically dependent upon word frequency. This result is expected in light of work like Hay (2003), where it is proposed that word frequency affects the strength of relationships between words: stress preservation is an indicator of such a relationship. Stratal OT can handle the existence of English stress preservation: by incorporating the cyclic interaction between morphological and phonological modules proposed in Lexical Phonology and Morphology (‘LPM’), Stratal OT has the intrinsic serialism which is necessary to predict a phenomenon like English stress preservation. It is shown that the same cannot be said for those of models of OT which attempt to handle preservation while avoiding such serialism, notably, Benua (1997). Bermúdez-Otero’s (in preparation) proposal of ‘fake cyclicity’ for the first stratum in Stratal OT can capture weak preservation’s probabilistic dependence upon word frequency. Fake cyclicity rejects the cycle which has previously been proposed to handle weak stress preservation, in LPM and elsewhere; instead, fake cyclicity proposes that weak preservation is a result of blocking among stored lexical entries. Blocking is independently established as a psycholinguistic phenomenon that is probabilistically dependent upon word frequency; in contrast, the cycle is not a probabilistic mechanism, and so can only handle instances of stress preservation failure by stipulation.

Restoration seeks to heal the environment and make amends for damages done by human interference. Preservationists, however, claim that restoration is anthropocentric, hubristic, and ultimately misguided. I defend restoration against these criticisms, and examine narratives from Karl Marx and Lynn White, Jr. to explain human alienation from nature. I use a synthesis of lessons from Marx and White to favor a restoration paradigm over a preservationist model.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 X79 / Master of Science / Grain Science and Industry

Master of Regional and Community Planning / Architecture / John W. Keller / Similar to their urban counterparts, rural communities consider preservation of a site based on their most vital economic features. With the growing minority and non-white cultures becoming more predominant in American society, so too has the culture and significance of historic events changed. More emphasis is now on the surrounding environment of those landmarks historically preserved rather than just the landmarks themselves. And in turn with the environment, more grants and awards are passed down to those sites and locations that provide more options to limiting excess space and energy while utilizing them to the fullest potential. Some conflicts still occur in relation to preserving historical integrity with development, but the total consensus is that historic preservation provides economic benefit more than loss.

LD2668 .T4 1949 W32 / Master of Science

This evaluation examines a Community Intervention Program's goal of reducing out-of-home placements. The Community Intervention Program (CIP) is a home-based family preservation program that began servicing families in 1998. Out-of-Home placements are considered any placement for a child other than his/her natural home settings. Some examples of out-of-home placements include: foster homes, detention, hospitalization, group homes, residential treatment, wilderness camps and etc. This evaluation will include 14 families that were discharged from the Community Program of Atlanta, GA between the months of January-August, 2000. Out of the 14 families there are 21 children ranging between the ages of 5 and 17. The purpose of this evaluation is to assess how successful the program is in meeting its intended goal of reducing out-of-home placements among the children they service. Successful placements are defined as those in which the children remained in the home 3 months post-discharge. Unsuccessful placements are defined as those in which the children were placed out of the home 3 months post-discharge. All of the families included in the study had children who have been placed out of the home at some point, and are experiencing difficulties functioning, or families who had children who were at high risk of being placed out of the home. The findings of this evaluation are expected to raise awareness in the field of social work on the importance of tracking the placement of discharged clients. Many studies show programs were successful in preventing out-of-home placements during treatment and at discharge, but there is little to no information on placement stability 3, 6, or 12 months post discharge. Implications of social work practice are discussed.

MA RESEARCH REPORT Prepared for the Department of Development Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg June 2016 / This research argues that food sovereignty offers a plausible alternative to the current unjust, unsafe and unsustainable food system in South Africa. In addition, it argues that food sovereignty provides important solutions to hunger and the brutalities of the food system which current policies and interventions fail to address. Food sovereignty is an ideal that originated amongst a peasant movement in the global South. This ideal and framework to address hunger has since evolved and spread to international movements, and is making great strides in advocating for change in the current broken food system. Food sovereignty has lately been adapted in South Africa as a grassroots led initiative promoted by the nascent South African Food Sovereignty Campaign (SAFSC). This research uses the SAFSC as a case study to explore food sovereignty alternatives in South Africa. It does this by using in-depth interviews and participant observation in the campaign to draw out understandings of food sovereignty particular to South African activists. It further assesses tactics and strategies the SAFSC uses, and compares these to current state, business and civil society organisations’ solutions to show how a more grassroots-led approach, using the food sovereignty framework, has the potential to address the roots of hunger. These roots of hunger are shown to be at the corporate food regime level, as has been indicated by the literature and confirmed in this research. As food sovereignty is pursued by various actors in South Africa it provides important examples of approaches by which power in the food system can be reclaimed to benefit the majority instead of a few elites, as is currently the case.

This thesis analyzes the Brutalist Campus and its context within the collegiate environment of the 1950s-1970s. It first defines the significance of the nation-wide phenomenon by examining its social and physical characteristics. A primary case study, SUNY Old Westbury, is then analyzed under a historic preservation perspective to determine the primary preservation dilemma of the campuses: incorporation or modification of elements within the dense, concrete-heavy environment that does not break the fluidity or movement of the holistic, interconnected nature of Brutalist design. The primary preservation dilemma is broken down into its related issues and uses both the primary and supportive case studies as evidence. From the analysis, a set of processes is proposed for management of the Brutalist campus.