Universiẗat, Diss., 1998--Konstanz.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 146-170).

Les interruptions sont une menace pour la réalisation des procédures dans un contexte opérationnel critique tel que l’aéronautique. De nombreux accidents et incidents étudiés par des organismes d’enquêtes ont révélé que l’un des nombreux facteurs impliqué concerne les interruptions. Elles entraînent des effets délétères au niveau des performances à la fois en matière de temps et d’erreurs dans la mesure où elles créent la nécessité de reprendre la tâche interrompue, induisant alors une tâche de mémoire prospective. Notre travail vise à améliorer les performances d’individus qui, comme les pilotes, effectuent de mémoire des procédures dont la suite d’actions est spatialement située dans leur environnement de travail alors même que les instructions sont présentées verbalement. Nous appuyant sur le modèle d’activation de buts (Altmann & Trafton, 2002) mais aussi sur des travaux connexes qui nous suggèrent des conditions favorisant la récupération des intentions d’actions, nous explorons la possibilité de diminuer les effets délétères des interruptions en réalisant des changements dans l’environnement des individus. Ces modifications interviendront soit lors de l’encodage de la procédure soit lors de son exécution pour aider à reprendre la tâche interrompue. Deux expériences, dans lesquelles les participants devaient réaliser une procédure mimant le comportement attendu lors d’une procédure normale de vol, ont permis d’évaluer les changements proposés. Nous avons collecté des données générales temporelles et d’erreurs en nous intéressant particulièrement à la principale mesure étudiée dans la littérature sur les interruptions (le temps de reprise de la tâche principale). Ces expériences ont été complétées par un pré-test de l’adaptation du protocole avec des pilotes de ligne.Tout d’abord, lors l’encodage de la procédure, nous montrons à travers l’expérience 1 que favoriser des formats d’instruction qui respectent les caractéristiques spatiales de la procédure va améliorer les performances des individus. Le format d’instruction visuo-spatial, qui fournit les relations spatiales entre les objets de la procédure améliore en effet les performances, comparé au format verbal et favorise notamment la reprise de la tâche interrompue. La diminution du niveau d’interférence permet au but suspendu d’être récupéré plus rapidement et efficacement. Ensuite, lors de la phase d’exécution de la tâche, les résultats de l’expérience 2 montrent qu’il est possible de soutenir plus directement la récupération du but interrompu après une interruption de tâche en fournissant un indice visuel qui améliore la reprise de la tâche. Ce résultat s’observe notamment lorsque l’indice indique la prochaine action correcte (indice prospectif) comparé à un indice sur la dernière action effectuée (indice rétrospectif). Avec ces expériences, nous proposons également de nouvelles mesures d’ajustement du temps et des erreurs, ainsi qu’un possible effet diffus de l’interruption que nous avons observé après la reprise de la tâche. Finalement, nous fournissons des recommandations pour la conception de systèmes embarqués destinés à aider le pilote lors de la réalisation des procédures de vol. / Interruptions are a major threat for procedures completion especially in critical contexts such as aeronautics. A lot of accidents analyzed by legal security organizations have underscored the role of interruption as one of the many factors involved in accident frequency. In fact, interruptions create a prospective memory task as interrupting someone implies that he must remember the main task to continue it after the interruption. As a result, interruptions could bring negative effects such as long resumption lag or errors when someone tries to remember what he was doing. Our work aims to increase individuals’ performance, such as pilots, when they are performing procedures known by heart in a spatialized work environment with mostly verbal instructions. From the goal activation memory model (Altmann & Trafton, 2002) and others works, we will explore ways to decrease the negative effect of interruptions by modifying encoding format of the task and by providing cues in order to help them recovering the suspended goal. In our two experiments, people had to realize procedures that mimic aeronautical ones. These procedures are designed to collect general data (time and error), and most particularly concerning the main effect of interruption which is the resumption lag of the primary task. These two experiments have been followed by an adaptation of the method with pilots on a flight simulator. First, for the procedure encoding (experiment 1), results showed that when we use an instruction format that match the task characteristics, individual’s performance increases. Indeed, visuo-spatial format that gives spatial relationship between tasks’ elements, increases individuals’ performance compared to the verbal format. These results are linked to the decrease of the interference level due to the balanced strengthening goals. Second, we have focused our attention on the execution phase of the task (experiment 2) and our results showed that giving a visual cue may increase the performance especially concerning the resumption lag. These results can be observed when the cue concerns the next correct action of the sequence (prospective cue) rather than the last action before the interruption (retrospective cue). Along these experiments, we also propose new adjustment measures of time and error and a possible diffuse effect of the interruption after the task resumption. Finally, we will give recommendations to conceive future system that aims to help pilots to perform their job.

Les sports d'hiver regroupent un ensemble d’activité très répandus en France et dans le monde. Chaque année, les secouristes réalisent environ 50 000 interventions suite à des blessures sur les domaines skiables Français. Dans ce contexte, des campagnes de sensibilisation sont mises en place afin de diminuer l’adoption de comportements à risque sur les pistes de ski.Afin de renforcer ces campagnes, nous proposons d’utiliser les techniques d’amorçage développées en psychologie sociale. La technique développée consiste à réexposer les pratiquants à une amorce issue d’une affiche, à laquelle ils étaient préalablement exposés, préconisant de ralentir afin de diminuer leur vitesse sur les pistes. Plusieurs modérateurs impliqués dans la prise de risque ont été envisagés, à savoir la personnalité (recherche de sensation et impulsivité), l’autorégulation émotionnelle (fuite et évitement), le système nerveux autonome (représenté par le tonus vagal) et le risque objectif de se blesser.Dans trois études de laboratoire, nous montrons l’efficacité de la procédure d’amorçage afin de diminuer la prise de risque liée à la vitesse en ski. Parmi les principaux résultats, nous montrons que la recherche de sensation et le tonus vagal sont des facteurs modérateurs de la susceptibilité à l’amorçage. Nous montrons également, et de façon inattendue, la sensibilité particulière à l’amorçage d’un message de nature relaxante pour réduire la prise de risque en contexte de sports d’hiver.Deux études en situation écologique ont aussi été réalisées pour tester la procédure directement sur une piste de ski. Nous confirmons avec ces deux études que la réexposition à une amorce issue d’une affiche permet de réduire significativement la vitesse, particulièrement l’après-midi lorsque le risque de blessure est élevé.Ces travaux dans leur ensemble montrent que la procédure d’amorçage est efficace pour réduire la vitesse en sports d’hiver. La recherche de sensation, le système nerveux autonome et le risque objectif de se blesser devraient également être pris en compte dans la conception des campagnes de sensibilisation basée sur notre procédure d’amorçage. En conclusion, ces travaux sont les premiers du genre à avoir développé et testé une procédure originale de prévention afin de réduire la prise de risque en sports d’hiver. / Winter sports include a wide range of activities in France and around the world. Each year, rescuers perform about 50 000 intervention on French ski areas. In this context, prevention campaigns are developed to reduce risk behaviors on ski slopes.To enhance these campaigns, we propose to use the priming techniques. The technique consists in re-exposing skiers to a prime from a poster including a message advocating to slow down (to which they were previously exposed) in order to decrease the speed on ski slopes. Moderators involved in risk-taking were also considered, namely personality (sensation seeking and impulsivity), emotional self-regulation (escape and avoidance), autonomic nervous system (represented by vagal tone) and objective risk to injury.In three laboratory studies, we show the effectiveness of the priming procedure in order to reduce the risk-taking associated with speed in skiing. Among main results, we show that sensation seeking and vagal tone are important factors in susceptibility to the priming. We also show an unexpected result on the priming of a relaxing message to reduce the risk-taking in winter sports.Two ecological studies were also carried out to test the procedure directly on a ski slope. We confirm with these two studies that re-exposure to a leader from a poster significantly reduces speed, particularly for afternoon with a high risk injury.This work shows that the priming procedure is effective to reduce the speed in winter sports. The sensation-seeking, the autonomic nervous system and the objective injury risk should also be taken into account in the design of prevention campaigns based on our priming procedure. This work is the first to have developed and tested an original procedure to reduce the risk taking in winter sports.

OLIVEIRA, Alexandre Bosco de. Envelhecimento artificial, osmocondicionamento e estresse osmótico em sementes de sorgo: parâmetros fisiológicos, bioquímicos e citoquímicos. 2010. 231f. Tese(Doutorado em Agronomia/Fototecnia)- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2010. / Submitted by Maria Naires Souza (marianaires@ufc.br) on 2011-12-13T20:20:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-tese-aboliveira.pdf: 7321006 bytes, checksum: d1680e4e160548270363c2cb4a032508 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Nascimento(vieiraaline@yahoo.com.br) on 2011-12-19T14:49:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-tese-aboliveira.pdf: 7321006 bytes, checksum: d1680e4e160548270363c2cb4a032508 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-12-19T14:49:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010-tese-aboliveira.pdf: 7321006 bytes, checksum: d1680e4e160548270363c2cb4a032508 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-22 / This research was carried out in order to obtain basic data that can help them understand the physiological, biochemical and cytochemical responsible for the deterioration of aged seeds, reinvigoration of those primed and inhibition of germination and seedling establishment of sorghum under salt stress and study some of the mechanisms of adaptation to stress. The first chapter studies the effects of water stress (0, -0.2, -0.4 and -0.8 MPa) and saline (0, 75, 150 and 300 mM NaCl) on germination and seed vigor two genotypes of sorghum (CSF 18 and CSF 20). In the second and third chapter, to assess the quality of the seeds in the laboratory and the establishment of sorghum seedlings in the field, respectively, used a completely randomized design with four replications and a 2 x 2, consisting of four treatments: 1. aged seeds, 2. aging seeds 3. aged seeds and osmotically conditioned and 4. aging seeds and osmotically conditioned. In the fourth study we evaluated the water uptake, germination and early growth of seedlings derived from seeds aged, primed and under salt stress (0, 100, 200 or 300 mM NaCl). In the fifth chapter cytochemical tests were performed on seeds of sorghum subjected to the treatments described in the fourth chapter, but under a salinity of only 100 mM. The same treatments were used in the sixth chapter to evaluate the effect of these factors on seedling establishment, absorption of ions, organic solutes accumulation, lipid peroxidation and changes in enzymatic antioxidant system in seedlings grown in hydroponics in the presence or absence of NaCl. The sorghum genotypes show differential tolerance to osmotic stress caused by PEG-6000 and by NaCl, and the sensitivity to them varies depending on the stage of plant development. The artificial aging and salt stress promote adverse effects on germination, vigor and stand establishment of sorghum, which can be partly alleviated by the technique of priming seeds. Salt stress leads to significant reductions in the quality of the seeds and early growth of sorghum seedlings, causing some cytochemical changes in the seeds and various biochemical and physiological changes in seedlings under hydroponic cultivation. / Esta pesquisa foi realizada visando a obtenção de dados básicos que possam auxiliar na compreensão dos mecanismos fisiológicos, bioquímicos e citoquímicos responsáveis pela deterioração de sementes envelhecidas, revigoração daquelas osmocondicionadas e inibição da germinação e estabelecimento de plântulas de sorgo sob condições de estresse salino, bem como estudar alguns dos mecanismos de adaptação ao estresse. No primeiro capítulo foram avaliados os efeitos dos estresses hídrico (0, -0,2, -0,4 e -0,8 MPa) e salino (0, 75, 150 e 300 mM de NaCl) na germinação e vigor de sementes de dois genótipos de sorgo forrageiro (CSF 18 e CSF 20). No segundo e terceiro capítulo, a fim de avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes em laboratório e o estabelecimento de plântulas de sorgo no campo, respectivamente, utilizou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, no esquema fatorial 2 x 2, constando de quatro tratamentos: 1. sementes envelhecidas; 2. sementes não envelhecidas; 3. sementes envelhecidas e condicionadas osmoticamente e 4. sementes não envelhecidas e condicionadas osmoticamente. No quarto trabalho foram avaliadas a absorção de água, germinação e crescimento inicial de plântulas oriundas de semente envelhecidas, osmocondicionadas e sob estresse salino (0, 100, 200 ou 300 mM de NaCl). No quinto capítulo foram realizadas análises citoquímicas em sementes de sorgo submetidas aos tratamentos descritos no quarto capítulo, contudo sob salinidade de apenas 100 mM. Os mesmos tratamentos foram utilizados no sexto capítulo para avaliar o efeito desses fatores sobre o estabelecimento das plântulas, absorção de íons, acúmulo de solutos orgânicos, peroxidação de lipídios e alterações no sistema enzimático antioxidativo em plântulas cultivadas sob hidroponia na presença ou ausência de NaCl. Os genótipos de sorgo apresentam tolerância diferencial aos estresses osmóticos provocados pelo PEG-6000 e pelo NaCl, sendo que a sensibilidade aos mesmos varia em função do estádio de desenvolvimento da planta. O envelhecimento artificial e o estresse salino promovem efeitos prejudiciais à germinação, vigor e estabelecimento de plântulas de sorgo, os quais podem ser parcialmente atenuados com a técnica do condicionamento osmótico de sementes. O estresse salino provoca reduções significativas na qualidade fisiológica das sementes e no crescimento inicial das plântulas de sorgo, provocando algumas alterações citoquímicas nas sementes e várias alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas em plântulas sob cultivo hidropônico.

This research provides a thorough review of the research on priming and marketing (essay 1) as well as empirically explores several unintended consequences of priming (essay 2) and the antecedents to priming effects (essay 3). In essay 1, priming research is reviewed using a classification system based on priming outcome using the ABC model of attitudes (i.e., affective, behavioral, and cognitive priming). The priming process is discussed, and types of priming in each category are reviewed before challenges in the priming process are discussed. In essay 2, non-product-centric (i.e., collateral) primes (e.g., co-branding, sponsorship, cause marketing) are explored. This research explores how collateral information works as a prime to influence product evaluations, specifically with application to cause marketing. Study 1 of essay 2 explores the consumer outcomes of collateral communication primes by showing that adding a health cause to a cookie package (i.e., the prime) significantly increases product health perceptions. Study 2 explores limits on collateral communication priming and finds that health charities on product packaging increase brand attitude and purchase intentions, while disclaimers increase processing and reduce prime effects. Study 3 explores person specific antecedents to collateral communication primes revealing that an individual's theory of mind leads to ad skepticism that, in turn, influences reaction to primes. Essay 3 specifically examines the theoretical framework underlying priming effects by examining priming from two bodies of competing theory rooted in individual and social antecedents to behavior. Study 1 of essay 3 confirms past findings and develops materials to be used in studies 2 and 3 by showing that spokesfigures are marketer-supplied cues that vary in manipulativeness, and these cues interact with other cues, such as complexity and persuasion. Study 2 provides support for individual antecedents to cue-based primes (cognitive abilities, as measured by working memory capacity, and advertising skepticism). Study 3 builds on study 2 by adding in social antecedents (theory of mind and psychological reactance) to develop a comprehensive model of consumer information processing. All together, these three essays explore the literature on priming and marketing and provide a more holistic understanding of the antecedents to priming effects. / 2016-09-29

abstract: Attachment relationships serve a variety of important functions for infants and adults. Despite the importance of attachment relationships in adults, the mechanisms that underlie the formation or maintenance of these kinds of relationships outside of romantic relationships remains chronically understudied. The current research investigated whether the mechanism of synchrony, which is associated with attachment formation in the parent-infant literature, may still be tied to attachment in adults. To measure this association, these studies showed participants videos to prime synchrony, and then measured activation of attachment concepts in a word completion task. The results of Experiment 1 showed that attachment style moderated the effects of the video prime such that those who were securely attached showed activation of attachment concepts while watching the Synchrony video. Those with a preoccupied attachment style showed activation of attachment concepts when they viewed the Asynchrony video. Those with a dismissive attachment style showed an unhypothesized activation of social distance concepts when viewing the Synchrony video. Experiment 2 suggested an overall effect of the Synchrony video on activation of attachment concepts. However, there was no effect of attachment style on these results. Limits of these studies and future directions are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2015

Submitted by AMANDA CRISTINA ALFREDO CONTRUCCI SORBO DA SILVA null (amandasorbo@gmail.com) on 2017-10-18T17:23:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Amanda 18-10.pdf: 1227056 bytes, checksum: 3218b89243028421630227dd2ead9bf7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-10-23T18:10:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sorbo_acac_me_bot.pdf: 1227056 bytes, checksum: 3218b89243028421630227dd2ead9bf7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-23T18:10:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sorbo_acac_me_bot.pdf: 1227056 bytes, checksum: 3218b89243028421630227dd2ead9bf7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-23 / A cerveja é uma das bebidas mais consumidas no mundo. Seu consumo moderado é capaz de promover benefícios ao organismo pela presença de compostos bioativos, incluindo vitaminas do complexo B e minerais. O mercado de bebidas, sempre em busca de produtos exclusivos, favoreceu o surgimento do ramo de cervejas artesanais. Além disso, pela possibilidade de acesso às receitas, é concebível associar à bebida, certas características organolépticas e nutracêuticas de interesse funcional. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar possível associação dos efeitos funcionais da cerveja Pilsen ao potencial antioxidativo da polpa de maracujá. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo o controle, o Tratamento 1 (T1) representado pela cerveja Pilsen, produzida artesanalmente. Nos demais tratamentos, as cervejas foram suplementadas com polpa de maracujá em três concentrações, durante o processo de refermentação (priming). Para o tratamento 2 (T2), a cerveja foi suplementada com polpa integral de maracujá (120 mL); Para os tratamentos T3 e T4, a suplementação com polpa foi da ordem de 50 e 25 % da polpa diluída, respectivamente. Todos os tratamentos foram repetidos três vezes, em brassagens independentes. Os processos de mosturação e fermentação da cerveja seguiram os procedimentos padrões de brassagem e maturação típicas de cervejas lager, com temperatura controlada entre 11 e 13 °C. Após a produção das cervejas, realizou-se análise sensorial, por meio de teste de aceitação e demais análises físico-químicas. A adição de polpa de maracujá como adjunto no processamento da cerveja mostrou-se alternativa viável demonstrada pelos resultados satisfatórios na avaliação sensorial, além de apresentar características físico-químicas de cerveja artesanal frutada. O tratamento T2 apresentou o menor teor de açúcar e maiores teores de compostos fenólicos e capacidade antioxidante. A suplementação da cerveja com diferentes porcentagem de polpa de maracujá não interferiu na aceitabilidade da bebida pelos provadores quando comparada com a cerveja Pilsen tradicional. Entretanto, os avaliadores do sexo masculino tiveram preferência pelo tratamento T2 para atributos de sabor e odor. / Beer is one of the most consumed alcoholic drinks in the world and the moderate intake is able to promote benefits to the organism by the presence of bioactive compounds. The beverage market looks for exclusive products and it favors artisanal beer sector. It is possible associate some organoleptic and nutraceutical characteristics of functional interest at drink. The objective of this study was to identify a possible association of the functional effects of Pilsen beer with the antioxidant potential of passion fruit. The experimental design was random; the control (T1) treatment was Pilsen beer without addition of passion fruit pulp. The others treatments (T2, T3 e T4) containing passion fruit pulp added in 3 concentrations (100% of the whole pulp corresponding to 120ml, 50% in proportion 1 pulp: 1 water, and 25% in proportion 1 pulp: 3 water), with 3 replicates. It was used standard brewing procedures of Pilsen beer. Sensory analysis was accounted by means of acceptance test and physicochemical analysis. The supplemented with passion fruit pulp beers had higher values of biochemical parameters. The treatment T2 had the lowest sugar content and higher contents of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. The supplementation of beer with different percentage of passion fruit pulp did not interfere with the acceptability of the drink by the tasters when compared to the traditional Pilsen beer. However, male evaluators preferred treatment T2 for taste and smell attributes. The addition of passion fruit pulp proved to be a viable alternative demonstrated by the satisfactory results in the sensorial evaluation.

Internationally mobile individuals such as migrants and expatriates exhibit a higher level of entrepreneurial activity than people without cross-cultural experience. Current research suggests that this pattern is rooted in specific resources and institutional arrangements that increase the attractiveness of exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities. In this study, we provide an additional explanation: We argue that cross-cultural experience increases the ability to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities. This argument is supported by two complementary studies - a longitudinal quasi-experiment and a priming experiment. We find convergent evidence that cross-cultural experience increases a person's capabilities to recognize particularly profitable types of opportunities by facilitating the application of cross-cultural knowledge for the discovery of arbitrage opportunities and creative recombination. (authors' abstract)

No description available.