This thesis examines the question of international responses to system criminality. It argues that the assignation of moral responsibility, expressed in the act of prosecuting individuals, expresses a fundamental conceptual shift towards an international polity. Although political rhetoric, the media and international legislation express the moral dimension of system criminality, the character of humanitarian law and the contingency of its operation is the most concrete indicator of such a development. The status of an embryonic international polity becomes particularly evident- with 'individual responsibility' being a criminally liable offence, as set against 'collective responsibility' which entails 'civil', (non-penal) liabilities. However, the principle of individual criminal responsibility, and therefore the expression of a nascent international polity, is by no means as well developed as it may appear because the moral consensus necessary to fully support this shift is still undeveloped. A thoroughly radical re-orientation to a potential international polity had not fully arrived with the Nuremberg Principles and a paucity of individual prosecutions for system crimes indicates the limits of this development. Nevertheless, the contribution to knowledge of this thesis lies in its finding that with the radical developments of criminal tribunals and the International Criminal Court there has been a qualitative shift in the structure of international legal norms.

Canadian correctional institutions provide dental services to incarcerated young people, but data on the dental health of these groups do not exist. Objective: To determine the oral health status of youth in a closed-custody youth facility in the country’s largest urban centre. Methods: A cross-sectional study of male and female youth incarcerated at a Toronto-area facility was conducted from September 2010 till July 2011. Participants completed a survey on social, correctional and dental histories, and underwent oral examination. Results: The 101 adolescent participants had a mean DMFT of 4.39 with 81.2% having DMFT>0. The proportion of DT when DMFT>0 was 0.51. Race, custody history and dental pain were indicators of poor oral health. Conclusions: By quantifying the need for dental services and by identifying variables associated with greater dental disease experience, these findings may assist health care providers in youth correctional facilities with their program planning for their high-needs wards.

Canadian correctional institutions provide dental services to incarcerated young people, but data on the dental health of these groups do not exist. Objective: To determine the oral health status of youth in a closed-custody youth facility in the country’s largest urban centre. Methods: A cross-sectional study of male and female youth incarcerated at a Toronto-area facility was conducted from September 2010 till July 2011. Participants completed a survey on social, correctional and dental histories, and underwent oral examination. Results: The 101 adolescent participants had a mean DMFT of 4.39 with 81.2% having DMFT>0. The proportion of DT when DMFT>0 was 0.51. Race, custody history and dental pain were indicators of poor oral health. Conclusions: By quantifying the need for dental services and by identifying variables associated with greater dental disease experience, these findings may assist health care providers in youth correctional facilities with their program planning for their high-needs wards.

This project explores the challenges of managing in times of organisational stress. The New Zealand department of corrections is facing multiple pressures which are only set to increase including: financial strictures as government funding is being highly scrutinised, greater demand as inmate numbers increase, and reduced capabilities as many staff lack experience. A grounded theory in a case study setting (three prisons in Christchurch, New Zealand) was undertaken utilising repertory grid and semi-structured interviews to explore the ways in which managers cope during times of such stress. A total of 11 interviews were conducted. In the case, I considered what differentiates effective managers from those who appear less able to cope. It was found that effective managers are those who are able to build trust and respect with their constituents. When staff trust and respect their managers it is because they feel valued and perceive their manager to be on their side; they are then willing to reciprocate. Positive regard, demonstrations of support, and leading by example were found to be key factors leading to being perceived as being on the staff’s side. The links between trust, respect and performance along with the valuation of staff wellbeing were examined.

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of History, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-44).

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 108-114). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Duquesne University, 2004. / Title from document title page. Abstract included in electronic submission form. Includes bibliographical references (p. 342-355).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 243-258).

Thèse (D.Ps.)--Université de Sherbrooke (Canada), 2008. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 19 mars 2009). In ProQuest dissertations and theses. Publié aussi en version papier.

Thèse (D.Ps.)--Université de Sherbrooke (Canada), 2008. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 29 sept. 2009). In ProQuest dissertations and theses. Publié aussi en version papier.