O sistema de expressão baseado nos promotores PL ou PR do fago lambda que usualmente é regulado pelo repressor termo lábil (cIts) é amplamente utilizado para produzir proteínas recombinantes em células procarióticas. No entanto, o aumento da temperatura requerido neste sistema para promover a inativação do repressor apresenta algumas limitações, como o aumento da expressão de proteínas de HSP (Heat Shock Proteins), por exemplo, proteases, que dependendo da natureza da proteína expressa podem ser prejudiciais ou não. Uma outra limitação é a ativação da resposta SOS, resultando na parada da replicação do DNA celular ou dependendo da cepa pode ocorrer lise celular. Nesse trabalho nós descrevemos o uso do promotor λPL para expressão constitutiva, isto é, sem a regulação do repressor. Nós otimizamos diferentes condições de cultura para aumentar a secreção no espaço periplásmico de Escherichia coli de cinco proteínas: o hormônio do crescimento humano (hGH), que tem sido amplamente utilizado no tratamento de crianças com deficiência e/ou resistência ao hGH, síndrome de Turner, entre outras desordens; prolactina humana (hPRL), um hormônio polipeptídico conhecido por estimular a lactação e por exercer ação regulatória no crescimento e na diferenciação da glândula mamária, dois antagonistas de hPRL, estudados como potenciais fármacos para o tratamento de alguns tipos de cânceres e por fim o interferon α2a (IFN-α2a), que é uma citocina produzida pelas células, em resposta a diferentes estímulos, incluindo ácidos nucléicos virais, células estranhas (particularmente as neoplásicas), antígenos de bactérias, protozoários e vírus. No caso do IFN-α2a, essa citocina de alto valor agregado e de importante aplicação terapêutica, foi desenvolvida em nosso laboratório como parte desse trabalho, incluindo o desenvolvimento e a validação da metodologia de análise por HPLC de fase reversa para determinação do IFN presente no fluído periplásmico bacteriano ou na sua forma pura. As principais estratégias utilizadas para melhorar a expressão foram iniciar a indução junto à densidade óptica máxima do crescimento bacteriano e otimizar a temperatura de indução para controlar a expressão da proteína heteróloga. Essa metodologia pode ser utilizada nos casos onde o produto não será tóxico para a célula hospedeira ou quando a instabilidade do plasmídeo não é problema. A possibilidade de cultivo em temperaturas mais baixas, já que o repressor termo-sensível não se encontra presente, colaborou para o aumento significativo da expressão, mesmo para proteínas menos sensíveis à temperatura de cultivo, como o hGH. / The expression system based on the PL or PR promoters of the lambda phage that is usually regulated by the term labile repressor (clts) is widely used to produce recombinant proteins in prokaryotic cells. However, the temperature increase required in this system to promote the repressor inactivation shows some limitations, like the increase of the HSP (Heat Shock Proteins) proteins expression, proteases e.g., that depending on the nature of the expressed protein can be harmful or not. Another limitation is the activation of SOS response, resulting on the stop of the DNA cell replication or depending on the strain can occur cell lysis. In this paper we describe the use of the λPL promoter for constitutive expression, without the repressor regulation. We optimized different cultivation conditions to increase the secretion in the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli of five proteins: the human growth hormone (hGH), that is being widely used in the treatment of children with disabilities and/or resistance to hGH, Turner syndrome, within another disorders; human prolactin (hPRL), a polypeptide hormone known for stimulating the lactation and for exercising regulatory action on growth and on the differentiation of the mammary gland; two hPRL antagonists, studied as potential medicine to the treatment of some kinds of cancers and finally the interferon α2a (IFN-α2a), that is a cytokine produced by the cells, in response to different actions, including viral nucleic acids, neoplastic cells, antigens of bacteria, protozoa and viruses. In the case of IFN-α2a, this high value added and important therapeutic application, was developed in our laboratory as a part of this paper, including the development and the validation of the analysis methodology by reversed-phase HPLC to determine the IFN present in the bacterial periplasmic fluid or in its pure form. The main strategies used to improve the expression were to start the induction with the maximum optical density of bacterial growth and optimize the induction temperature to control the expression of heterologous protein. This methodology can be used in cases where the product wont be toxic to the host cell or when the instability of the plasmid is not a problem. The possibility of cultivation in lower temperatures, since the heat-sensitive repressor is not present, contributed to the significant increase of the expression, even to proteins that are less sensitive to the cultivation temperature, like the hGH.

Neurônios GnRH e kisspeptina representam as populações neuronais de maior importância no controle da reprodução. Estradiol liga-se ao seu receptor expresso pelos neurônios kisspeptina para regular a libertação de GnRH. No modelo animal OVX+E a atividade do neurônio GnRH e pico de LH é depende do estradiol e hora do dia. Nesse estudo, embora a taxa de disparo dos neurônios GnRH seja similar entre os grupos, o padrão dos potenciais revelou uma mudança para maior duração do estouro em camundongos no proestrous, além do fato de uma maior resposta da hipófise. A prolactina tem grande impacto na modulação do eixo HPG e kisspeptina são mediadores dos efeitos da prolactina sobre a reprodução. Uma pequena porcentagem de neurônios de kisspeptina do AVPV foi indiretamente despolarizada pela prolactina. Este efeito requeria a via de sinalização PI3K. Camundongos portadores de inativação de Stat5a/b em células kisspeptina exibiram um início precoce de ciclicidade estro, indicando que os fatores de transcrição STAT5 exercem um efeito inibitório sobre o momento da puberdade. / GnRH and kisspeptina neurons represent the most important neuronal populations in the control of reproduction. Estradiol binds to its receptor expressed by the kisspeptina neurons to regulate the release of GnRH. In the animal model OVX+E the activity of the GnRH neuron and LH surge is dependent of estradiol and time of day. In this study, although the firing rate of GnRH neurons was similar between groups, the pattern of potentials revealed a change to longer burst duration in mice in proestrous, and the pituitary response was greater in this group. Prolactin has impact on HPG axis modulation and kisspeptin is a mediator of the effects of prolactin on reproduction. A small percentage of AVPV kisspeptin neurons were indirectly depolarized by prolactin. This effect required the PI3K signaling pathway. Mice bearing Stat5a/b inactivation on kisspeptin cells exhibited an early onset of estrus cyclicity, indicating that STAT5 transcription factors exert an inhibitory effect on the time of puberty.

O sistema de expressão baseado nos promotores PL ou PR do fago lambda que usualmente é regulado pelo repressor termo lábil (cIts) é amplamente utilizado para produzir proteínas recombinantes em células procarióticas. No entanto, o aumento da temperatura requerido neste sistema para promover a inativação do repressor apresenta algumas limitações, como o aumento da expressão de proteínas de HSP (Heat Shock Proteins), por exemplo, proteases, que dependendo da natureza da proteína expressa podem ser prejudiciais ou não. Uma outra limitação é a ativação da resposta SOS, resultando na parada da replicação do DNA celular ou dependendo da cepa pode ocorrer lise celular. Nesse trabalho nós descrevemos o uso do promotor λPL para expressão constitutiva, isto é, sem a regulação do repressor. Nós otimizamos diferentes condições de cultura para aumentar a secreção no espaço periplásmico de Escherichia coli de cinco proteínas: o hormônio do crescimento humano (hGH), que tem sido amplamente utilizado no tratamento de crianças com deficiência e/ou resistência ao hGH, síndrome de Turner, entre outras desordens; prolactina humana (hPRL), um hormônio polipeptídico conhecido por estimular a lactação e por exercer ação regulatória no crescimento e na diferenciação da glândula mamária, dois antagonistas de hPRL, estudados como potenciais fármacos para o tratamento de alguns tipos de cânceres e por fim o interferon α2a (IFN-α2a), que é uma citocina produzida pelas células, em resposta a diferentes estímulos, incluindo ácidos nucléicos virais, células estranhas (particularmente as neoplásicas), antígenos de bactérias, protozoários e vírus. No caso do IFN-α2a, essa citocina de alto valor agregado e de importante aplicação terapêutica, foi desenvolvida em nosso laboratório como parte desse trabalho, incluindo o desenvolvimento e a validação da metodologia de análise por HPLC de fase reversa para determinação do IFN presente no fluído periplásmico bacteriano ou na sua forma pura. As principais estratégias utilizadas para melhorar a expressão foram iniciar a indução junto à densidade óptica máxima do crescimento bacteriano e otimizar a temperatura de indução para controlar a expressão da proteína heteróloga. Essa metodologia pode ser utilizada nos casos onde o produto não será tóxico para a célula hospedeira ou quando a instabilidade do plasmídeo não é problema. A possibilidade de cultivo em temperaturas mais baixas, já que o repressor termo-sensível não se encontra presente, colaborou para o aumento significativo da expressão, mesmo para proteínas menos sensíveis à temperatura de cultivo, como o hGH. / The expression system based on the PL or PR promoters of the lambda phage that is usually regulated by the term labile repressor (clts) is widely used to produce recombinant proteins in prokaryotic cells. However, the temperature increase required in this system to promote the repressor inactivation shows some limitations, like the increase of the HSP (Heat Shock Proteins) proteins expression, proteases e.g., that depending on the nature of the expressed protein can be harmful or not. Another limitation is the activation of SOS response, resulting on the stop of the DNA cell replication or depending on the strain can occur cell lysis. In this paper we describe the use of the λPL promoter for constitutive expression, without the repressor regulation. We optimized different cultivation conditions to increase the secretion in the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli of five proteins: the human growth hormone (hGH), that is being widely used in the treatment of children with disabilities and/or resistance to hGH, Turner syndrome, within another disorders; human prolactin (hPRL), a polypeptide hormone known for stimulating the lactation and for exercising regulatory action on growth and on the differentiation of the mammary gland; two hPRL antagonists, studied as potential medicine to the treatment of some kinds of cancers and finally the interferon α2a (IFN-α2a), that is a cytokine produced by the cells, in response to different actions, including viral nucleic acids, neoplastic cells, antigens of bacteria, protozoa and viruses. In the case of IFN-α2a, this high value added and important therapeutic application, was developed in our laboratory as a part of this paper, including the development and the validation of the analysis methodology by reversed-phase HPLC to determine the IFN present in the bacterial periplasmic fluid or in its pure form. The main strategies used to improve the expression were to start the induction with the maximum optical density of bacterial growth and optimize the induction temperature to control the expression of heterologous protein. This methodology can be used in cases where the product wont be toxic to the host cell or when the instability of the plasmid is not a problem. The possibility of cultivation in lower temperatures, since the heat-sensitive repressor is not present, contributed to the significant increase of the expression, even to proteins that are less sensitive to the cultivation temperature, like the hGH.

Consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue results in a syndrome of negatively altered physiological systems, collectively known as fescue toxicosis. Another challenge to endophyte-infected tall fescue -based beef cattle operations is that the soils often are selenium (Se) poor, necessitating the need to provide supplemental Se. To test the general hypothesis that different forms of supplemental Se would ameliorate the negative effects of fescue toxicosis, predominately-Angus steers (BW = 183 ± 34 kg) were randomly selected from herds of fall-calving cows grazing an endophyte-infected tall fescue pasture and consuming vitamin-mineral mixes that contained 35 ppm Se as sodium selenite (ISe), SELPLEX (OSe), or an 1:1 blend of ISe and OSe (MIX). Steers were commonly weaned and depleted of Se for 98 d. Steers were assigned (n = 8 per treatment) to the same Se-form treatments upon which they were raised and subjected to summer-long common grazing of an endophyte-infected tall fescue pasture (0.51 ppm ergot alkaloids: ergovaline plus ergovalinine; 10.1 ha). Selenium treatments were administered by daily top-dressing 85 g of vitamin-mineral mix onto 0.23 kg soyhulls, using in-pasture Calan gates. The first project objective was to determine the effect of forms of supplemental Se on whole blood Se, serum prolactin, liver glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, carcass parameters, and growth performance (Experiment 1). In Experiment 1, whole blood Se increased for all treatments from day 0 to 22 and then did not change. Across periods, MIX and OSe steers had greater whole blood Se than ISe steer. Compared to ISe steers, MIX and OSe steers had more serum prolactin. Liver GS mRNA, protein content, and activity were greater in MIX and OSe steers than ISe steers. However, the ADG and carcass parameters were not affected by Se treatments. The second project objective was to determine the effect of forms of supplemental Se on serum clinical parameters of Experiment 1 steers (Experiment 2). In Experiment 2, across periods, MIX steers had more serum albumin than OSe, and ISe steers, respectively. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was greater in MIX and OSe steers. In addition, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum sodium, phosphorus, and magnesium concentration were affected by Se treatments. Partial correlation analysis revealed that serum albumin, BUN, and ALP activity were correlated with whole blood Se concentration. The third project objective was to evaluate the hepatic transcriptome profiles of Experiment 1 steers using microarray and targeted RT-PCR analyses (Experiment 3). In Experiment 3, bioinformatic analysis of microarray data indicated that hepatic glutamate/glutamine, proline, arginine, and citrulline metabolism was affected by different forms of supplemental Se. The mRNA expression of critical proteins involved in glutamate/glutamine (GLS2, GLUD1, GLUL), proline (PYCR1, ALDH18A1), and urea (ARG1, ARG2, OAT, NAGS, OTC, ORNT1) metabolism were differentially expressed by Se treatments. Collectively, we conclude that consumption of 3 mg Se/d as OSe or MIX forms of Se in vitamin-mineral mixes 1) increased whole blood Se content, an indicator of greater whole-body Se assimilation; 2) increased serum prolactin, albumin, and ALP, the reduction of which are hallmarks of fescue toxicosis; and 3) altered hepatic nitrogen metabolism, as indicated by changes in key enzymes of glutamate/glutamine, proline, and urea metabolism. However, 4) these positive effects on metabolic parameters were not accompanied by increased growth performance.

The first goal of the current research was to determine whether gene expression profiles differed between whole pituitaries of growing beef steers grazing pastures containing high (HE) or low (LE) amounts of toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue. The global (microarray analysis) and selected targeted (RT-PCR) mRNA expression patterns of pituitaries collected from beef steers (BW = 266 ± 15.5 kg) that had been randomly assigned to undergo summer-long grazing (89 to 105 d) of either HE (0.52 ppm ergot alkaloids) or LE (< 0.03 ppm ergot alkaloids) pastures were compared. Gene expression data were subjected to one-way ANOVA. The pituitaries of HE steers had 542 differentially expressed genes, and the pattern of altered gene expression was dependent on treatment. Targeted RT-PCR analysis corroborated these findings, including decreased expression of DRD2, PRL, POU1F1, GAL, and VIP and that of POMC and PCSK1, respectively. Canonical pathway analysis (Integrated Pathway Analysis, IPA) identified HE-dependent alteration in signaling of additional pituitary-derived hormones, including growth hormone and GnRH. In conclusion, consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue alters the pituitary transcriptome profiles of steers in a manner consistent with their negatively affected physiological parameters. The second goal of this project was to test the hypothesis that sodium selenite (ISe), SEL-PLEX (OSe), vs. a 1:1 blend (MIX) of ISe and OSe in a basal vitamin-mineral (VM) mix would differentially alter pituitary transcriptome profiles in growing beef steers (BW = 183 ± 34 kg) commonly grazing an endophyte-infected tall fescue (HE) pasture. Steers were randomly selected from herds of fall-calving cows grazing HE pasture and consuming VM mixes that contained 35 ppm Se as either ISe, OSe, or MIX forms. Steers were weaned, depleted of Se for 98 d, and subjected to summer-long common grazing of a 10.1 ha HE pasture containing 0.51 ppm ergot alkaloids. Steers were assigned (n = 8) to the same Se-form treatments on which they were raised. Selenium treatments were administered by daily top-dressing 85 g of VM mix onto 0.23 kg soyhulls, using in-pasture Calan gates. Pituitaries were collected at slaughter and changes in global (microarray) and selected (RT-PCR) mRNA expression patterns determined. The effects of Se treatment on relative gene expression were subjected to one-way ANOVA. The form of Se affected the expression of 542 annotated genes. Integrated Pathway Analysis found a canonical pathway network between prolactin and POMC/ACTH/ α-MSH synthesis-related proteins, and that mitochondrial dysfunction was a top-affected canonical pathway. Targeted RT-PCR analysis found that the relative abundance of mRNA encoding prolactin and POMC/ACTH/ α-MSH synthesis-related proteins was affected by the form of Se, as were mitochondrial dysfunction-related proteins OSe steers appeared to have a greater prolactin synthesis capacity vs. ISe steers through decreased dopamine receptor D2 signaling, whereas MIX steers had a greater prolactin synthesis capacity and release potential by increasing TRH concentrations than ISe steers. OSe steers also had a greater ACTH and α-MSH synthesis potential than ISe steers. We conclude that form of Se in VM mixes affected genes responsible for prolactin and POMC/ACTH/α-MSH synthesis, and mitochondrial function in pituitaries of growing beef steers commonly grazing an HE pasture. The third goal was to test the hypothesis that sodium selenite (ISe), SEL-PLEX (OSe), vs. a 1:1 blend (MIX) of ISe and OSe in a basal vitamin-mineral (VM) mix would differentially alter selenoprotein profiles in pituitaries and livers of growing beef steers commonly grazing an endophyte-infected tall fescue (HE) pasture (i.e., the same steers used in Goal 2). The effects of Se treatment on relative gene expression were subjected to one-way ANOVA. The mRNA content of 6 selenoproteins in the pituitary was affected by Se treatments, along with two selenoprotein P receptors, whereas the expression of two selenoproteins was altered in the liver. We conclude that the change in selenoprotein gene expression in pituitaries indicates that OSe steers have a greater potential capacity to manage against oxidative damage, maintain cellular redox balance, and have a better quality control of protein-folding in their pituitaries than ISe steers. The change in selenoprotein gene expression by the liver indicates that MIX steers have a greater redox signaling capacity and capacity to manage oxidative damage than ISe steers.

<p>The overarching purpose of the current thesis was to assess the long term effects of a treatment program involving flotation-REST for the experience of pain, from the point of view of variables connected with Melzack´s neuromatrix theory, and to examine the extent of a potential attention-placebo effect in connection with flotation-REST.</p><p>The first study (Paper I) aimed to investigate long-term effects of flotation-REST four months after treatment. Seventy patients participated, diagnosed as having stress-related pain. Participants were randomly assigned to either a control group or a flotation-REST group and participated in a total of twelve flotation REST or control sessions. Results indicated that pain areas, stress, anxiety and depression decreased, while sleep quality, optimism, and prolactin increased. Positive effects generally maintained four months after treatment. The second (Paper II) examined the potential effects of attention-placebo. Thirty-two patients who were diagnosed as having stress-related muscular pain were treated for a period of six weeks. Half of the patients were also given attention for a period of 12 weeks, while the remainder received attention for 6 weeks. Participants in both groups exhibited lowered blood pressure, reduced pain, anxiety, depression, stress, and negative affectivity, as well as increased optimism, energy, and positive affectivity. The third (Paper III) investigated whether or not 33 flotation sessions were more effective for stress related ailments as compared to 12 sessions. Participants were 37 patients with stress related ailments. Analyzes for subjective pain and psychological variables typically indicated that 12 sessions were enough to get considerably improvements and no further improvements were noticed after 33 sessions. Finally, the fourth study (Paper IV) aimed to examine whether and how the combination of therapy and flotation tank could be used to treat patients with severe stress problems. Two women on long-term sick-leave participated in the study, which was carried out over a period of one year. Four overarching themes were generated: the therapeutic work model, transformation of feelings, self-insight and meaning. These together constituted a “therapeutic circle” which after a while transformed in to a “therapeutic spiral” of increased meaning and enhanced wellbeing.</p><p>It was therefore concluded that flotation tank therapy is an effective method for the treatment of stress-related pain.</p>

The overarching purpose of the current thesis was to assess the long term effects of a treatment program involving flotation-REST for the experience of pain, from the point of view of variables connected with Melzack´s neuromatrix theory, and to examine the extent of a potential attention-placebo effect in connection with flotation-REST. The first study (Paper I) aimed to investigate long-term effects of flotation-REST four months after treatment. Seventy patients participated, diagnosed as having stress-related pain. Participants were randomly assigned to either a control group or a flotation-REST group and participated in a total of twelve flotation REST or control sessions. Results indicated that pain areas, stress, anxiety and depression decreased, while sleep quality, optimism, and prolactin increased. Positive effects generally maintained four months after treatment. The second (Paper II) examined the potential effects of attention-placebo. Thirty-two patients who were diagnosed as having stress-related muscular pain were treated for a period of six weeks. Half of the patients were also given attention for a period of 12 weeks, while the remainder received attention for 6 weeks. Participants in both groups exhibited lowered blood pressure, reduced pain, anxiety, depression, stress, and negative affectivity, as well as increased optimism, energy, and positive affectivity. The third (Paper III) investigated whether or not 33 flotation sessions were more effective for stress related ailments as compared to 12 sessions. Participants were 37 patients with stress related ailments. Analyzes for subjective pain and psychological variables typically indicated that 12 sessions were enough to get considerably improvements and no further improvements were noticed after 33 sessions. Finally, the fourth study (Paper IV) aimed to examine whether and how the combination of therapy and flotation tank could be used to treat patients with severe stress problems. Two women on long-term sick-leave participated in the study, which was carried out over a period of one year. Four overarching themes were generated: the therapeutic work model, transformation of feelings, self-insight and meaning. These together constituted a “therapeutic circle” which after a while transformed in to a “therapeutic spiral” of increased meaning and enhanced wellbeing. It was therefore concluded that flotation tank therapy is an effective method for the treatment of stress-related pain.

Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 37-40).

A manipulação neonatal promove alterações neuroendócrinas e comportamentais em ratos. Os efeitos conhecidos deste procedimento não são observáveis após gonadectomia neonatal e antes da instalação da puberdade, sugerindo que os hormônios esteróides gonadais modulam os efeitos da manipulação neonatal. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar uma possível modulação dos efeitos da manipulação neonatal sobre comportamentos e a resposta ao estresse da PRL e do LH. O efeito da manipulação neonatal sobre a atividade noradrenérgica no PVN induzida por estresse também foi avaliada. A manipulação neonatal consistiu em manipular os filhotes do 1° ao 10° dia de vida. Os animais foram estudados na idade adulta. No experimento 1, o comportamento no campo aberto e as respostas da PRL e do LH ao estresse por contenção foram analisados em ratos e ratas nas fases do diestro, proestro e estro. No experimento 2, os animais nãomanipulados e manipulados foram submetidos à gonadectomia fictícia, gonadectomia e gonadectomia seguida de reposição hormonal de testosterona nos machos e estradiol nas fêmeas. Três semanas após as cirurgias, o comportamento no campo aberto e as respostas da PRL e do LH ao estresse foram realizados. No experimento 3 ratos machos e fêmeas em diestro foram subdivididos em basal e estresse. As concentrações plasmáticas de PRL foram determinadas por radioimunoensaio e os conteúdos de NA e MHPG foram determinados através de detecção eletroquímica. Ratos machos manipulados permaneceram mais tempo nos quadrantes centrais e ratas apresentaram aumento da duração de locomoção no campo aberto ao longo do ciclo estral. A gonadectomia em ratos machos e fêmeas manipulados reduziu a duração de locomoção no campo aberto e em ratas reduziu a freqüência de entrada nos quadrantes centrais. A manipulação neonatal reduziu a resposta da PRL e do LH ao estresse em ratos machos. Em ratas na fase do estro foi observada uma menor resposta da PRL ao estresse quando comparadas às ratas nãomanipuladas na fase do estro. O mesmo ocorreu com a resposta do LH ao estresse em ratas manipuladas nas fases do proestro e do estro. A redução da resposta da PRL ao estresse em ratas manipuladas foi observada apenas em ratas submetidas à ovariectomia fictícia. Ratas manipuladas não apresentaram aumento da razão MHPG/NA no PVN após aplicação do estresse. Os efeitos da manipulação neonatal sobre comportamentos em ratos machos e fêmeas e sobre a resposta da PRL ao estresse em fêmeas parecem depender da presença de hormônios esteróides gonadais. A ciclicidade dos hormônios esteróides gonadais durante o ciclo estral influencia os efeitos da manipulação neonatal sobre a resposta da PRL e do LH ao estresse em ratas. A manipulação neonatal reduz a responsividade do sistema noradrenérgico ao estresse em fêmeas. / Neonatal handling promotes neuroendocrine and behavioral changes in rats. Known effects of this procedure are not perceived after neonatal gonadectomy and before puberty, suggesting that gonadal steroids hormones modulate the effects of neonatal handling. The objective of this work is to investigate a possible modulation of the neonatal handling effects in behaviors and the stress response of PRL and LH. The neonatal handling effect over noradrenergic activity in PVN induced by stress was also evaluated. Neonatal handling consisted in handling pups from the 1º to the 10º day of life. Animals were studied in adult age. In experiment 1, the behavior in open field and the PRL and LH responses to stress through restraint were analised in male and female rats in diestrus, proestrus and estrus phases. In experiment 2, non-handled and handled animals were submitted to sham gonadectomy, gonadectomy and gonadectomy followed by testosterone hormonal replacement in males and estradiol hormonal replacement in females. Three weeks after surgery, open field behavior and PRL and LH responses to stress were conducted. In experiment 3 male and female rats in diestrus were grouped in basal and stress. PRL plasm levels were determined through radioimmunoassay and NA and MHPG contents were determined through electrochemical detection. Handled male rats remained more time in central squares and female rats showed an increase in locomotion duration in open field through estral cycle. Gonadectomy in male rats and handled females reduced locomotion duration in open field and in female rats reduced the frequency in central squares. Neonatal handling reduced PRL and LH response to stress in male rats. In the estrus phase of female rats was observed a lower PRL response to stress when compared to non-handled female rats in estrus phase. The same happened with LH response to stress in female handled rats in proestrus and estrus phases. The reduction in PRL response to stress in handled female rats was observed only in female rats submitted to sham ovariectomy. Handled female rats do not showed increase in MHPG/NA quocient in PVN after stress application. Neonatal handling effects over behaviors seems to depend of the gonadal steroids hormones presence. The cycling of gonadal steroids hormones during estral cycle influences the effects of neonatal handling over PRL and LH response to stress in female rats. Neonatal handling reduces the responsivity of the noradrenergic system to stress.

A manipulação neonatal promove alterações neuroendócrinas e comportamentais em ratos. Os efeitos conhecidos deste procedimento não são observáveis após gonadectomia neonatal e antes da instalação da puberdade, sugerindo que os hormônios esteróides gonadais modulam os efeitos da manipulação neonatal. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar uma possível modulação dos efeitos da manipulação neonatal sobre comportamentos e a resposta ao estresse da PRL e do LH. O efeito da manipulação neonatal sobre a atividade noradrenérgica no PVN induzida por estresse também foi avaliada. A manipulação neonatal consistiu em manipular os filhotes do 1° ao 10° dia de vida. Os animais foram estudados na idade adulta. No experimento 1, o comportamento no campo aberto e as respostas da PRL e do LH ao estresse por contenção foram analisados em ratos e ratas nas fases do diestro, proestro e estro. No experimento 2, os animais nãomanipulados e manipulados foram submetidos à gonadectomia fictícia, gonadectomia e gonadectomia seguida de reposição hormonal de testosterona nos machos e estradiol nas fêmeas. Três semanas após as cirurgias, o comportamento no campo aberto e as respostas da PRL e do LH ao estresse foram realizados. No experimento 3 ratos machos e fêmeas em diestro foram subdivididos em basal e estresse. As concentrações plasmáticas de PRL foram determinadas por radioimunoensaio e os conteúdos de NA e MHPG foram determinados através de detecção eletroquímica. Ratos machos manipulados permaneceram mais tempo nos quadrantes centrais e ratas apresentaram aumento da duração de locomoção no campo aberto ao longo do ciclo estral. A gonadectomia em ratos machos e fêmeas manipulados reduziu a duração de locomoção no campo aberto e em ratas reduziu a freqüência de entrada nos quadrantes centrais. A manipulação neonatal reduziu a resposta da PRL e do LH ao estresse em ratos machos. Em ratas na fase do estro foi observada uma menor resposta da PRL ao estresse quando comparadas às ratas nãomanipuladas na fase do estro. O mesmo ocorreu com a resposta do LH ao estresse em ratas manipuladas nas fases do proestro e do estro. A redução da resposta da PRL ao estresse em ratas manipuladas foi observada apenas em ratas submetidas à ovariectomia fictícia. Ratas manipuladas não apresentaram aumento da razão MHPG/NA no PVN após aplicação do estresse. Os efeitos da manipulação neonatal sobre comportamentos em ratos machos e fêmeas e sobre a resposta da PRL ao estresse em fêmeas parecem depender da presença de hormônios esteróides gonadais. A ciclicidade dos hormônios esteróides gonadais durante o ciclo estral influencia os efeitos da manipulação neonatal sobre a resposta da PRL e do LH ao estresse em ratas. A manipulação neonatal reduz a responsividade do sistema noradrenérgico ao estresse em fêmeas. / Neonatal handling promotes neuroendocrine and behavioral changes in rats. Known effects of this procedure are not perceived after neonatal gonadectomy and before puberty, suggesting that gonadal steroids hormones modulate the effects of neonatal handling. The objective of this work is to investigate a possible modulation of the neonatal handling effects in behaviors and the stress response of PRL and LH. The neonatal handling effect over noradrenergic activity in PVN induced by stress was also evaluated. Neonatal handling consisted in handling pups from the 1º to the 10º day of life. Animals were studied in adult age. In experiment 1, the behavior in open field and the PRL and LH responses to stress through restraint were analised in male and female rats in diestrus, proestrus and estrus phases. In experiment 2, non-handled and handled animals were submitted to sham gonadectomy, gonadectomy and gonadectomy followed by testosterone hormonal replacement in males and estradiol hormonal replacement in females. Three weeks after surgery, open field behavior and PRL and LH responses to stress were conducted. In experiment 3 male and female rats in diestrus were grouped in basal and stress. PRL plasm levels were determined through radioimmunoassay and NA and MHPG contents were determined through electrochemical detection. Handled male rats remained more time in central squares and female rats showed an increase in locomotion duration in open field through estral cycle. Gonadectomy in male rats and handled females reduced locomotion duration in open field and in female rats reduced the frequency in central squares. Neonatal handling reduced PRL and LH response to stress in male rats. In the estrus phase of female rats was observed a lower PRL response to stress when compared to non-handled female rats in estrus phase. The same happened with LH response to stress in female handled rats in proestrus and estrus phases. The reduction in PRL response to stress in handled female rats was observed only in female rats submitted to sham ovariectomy. Handled female rats do not showed increase in MHPG/NA quocient in PVN after stress application. Neonatal handling effects over behaviors seems to depend of the gonadal steroids hormones presence. The cycling of gonadal steroids hormones during estral cycle influences the effects of neonatal handling over PRL and LH response to stress in female rats. Neonatal handling reduces the responsivity of the noradrenergic system to stress.