O desenvolvimento tecnológico que se apresenta no dia-a-dia, mediante o aprimoramento de aparelhos domésticos, de videogames, de celulares, de computadores, de televisores, etc. é da mesma forma, porém paulatinamente, inserido no judiciário. Hoje é possível, por meio da videoconferência, percorrer centenas de quilômetros sem se deslocar, fazendo com que a distancia entre juízes e testemunhas ou réus seja limitada à distancia entre esses sujeitos e o aparelho de vídeo e televisão instalado em penitenciárias e fóruns. Outrossim, prestigia-se a dignidade da pessoa humana ao evitar a revitimização de crianças e adolescentes vítimas ou testemunhas de violência, diferenciando-as, nos termos do preconizado pela Constituição Federal, dos adultos, no decorrer do processo judicial. Por outro lado, o desenvolvimento alcança também as organizações criminosas, fazendo com que essas se tornem cada vez mais ameaçadoras à segurança pública, dificultando a produção de provas em seu desfavor, pelo que alguns Tribunais passaram a aceitar, de forma ainda polêmica, a produção de provas por meio de testemunha indireta e de testemunha anônima. Com todas essas transformações afetando diretamente o judiciário, e face ao surgimento de novas formas de se produzir provas consolidadas no direito, como é o caso da prova testemunhal, surge a necessidade de se fazer uma análise da admissibilidade desses novos meios de produção probatória. A análise de admissibilidade é feita inicialmente por meio de um estudo da tipicidade e dos elementos típicos da prova testemunhal como concebida no Código de Processo Penal atual. Após estabelecido o parâmetro, analisa-se os termos em que vêm sendo produzidas as novas formas de produção de prova testemunhal. Se essas estiverem de acordo com os elementos típicos da prova testemunhal, devem ser aceitas no ordenamento brasileiro como prova testemunhal típica. Se, por outro lado, os novos meios de produção probatória derivados da prova testemunhal mostrarem-se em desacordo com os elementos típicos da prova testemunhal, não poderão ser aceitos no ordenamento, exceto se não representarem prejuízo às partes. / The technological development that is presented in day-to-day, by upgrading household appliances, video games, cell phones, computers, televisions, etc. is in the same way, but gradually, inserted in the judiciary. Today it is possible, through video conferencing, travel hundreds of miles without moving, making the distance between judges and witnesses or defendants is limited to the distance between these subjects and the videocamera and television set in prisons and forums. Furthermore, honors the dignity of the human person to avoid revictimization of child victims or witnesses of violence , differentiating them, as recommended by the Federal Constitution, of the adults, in the course of judicial proceedings. Moreover, the development also reaches criminal organizations, making these become an increasingly threat to public security , dificulting the production of evidence in their disfavor, that´s why some courts have come to accept, in a still polemic form, the production of evidence through indirect and anonymous witness testimony. With all these changes directly affecting the judiciary, and with the emergence of new ways to produce consolidated evidence, as is the case of testimonial evidence, there is a need to do an analysis of the admissibility of these new means of evidentiary production. The analysis of admissibility is initially done through a study of typicality and typical elements of testimonial evidence as conceived in the current Code of Criminal Procedure. After the parameter is set, starts the analyze of the terms that are being produced the new forms of production of testimonial evidence. If these are in agreement with the typical elements of testimonial evidence, they should be accepted in the Brazilian system as typical witnesses. If, on the other hand, the new means of production derived from testimony show themselves against the typical elements of testimony, these can´t be accepted in the order, except if they do not represent harm to the parties.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal analisar o cabimento, no direito processual brasileiro, de uma distribuição dinâmica das regras do ônus da prova. Na primeira parte, são analisados o conceito, o objeto e a finalidade da prova, com apontamento da distinção entre fontes e meios. Após, são estudados o conceito de ônus da prova e sua distinção da obrigação, dando ênfase aos seus aspectos objetivo e subjetivo e às principais teorias, antigas e modernas, que tratam dos critérios para a distribuição do ônus da prova. Estudou-se, em seguida, os principais fenômenos relacionados ao ônus da prova, quais sejam a distribuição, cuja regra geral está no art. 333 do CPC, e a redistribuição como gênero, tendo com espécies a redistribuição strictu sensu, cabível em casos de probatio diabolica e em excepcionais casos em que a prova se apresenta difícil por fatores externos ao processo, e a inversão, cujo exemplo, no direito pátrio, é o art. 6o, inc. VIII, do CDC. Na segunda parte do trabalho, são apresentadas duas novas teorias sobre a distribuição do ônus da prova: a visão solidarista do ônus da prova e a teoria dinâmica dos ônus probatórios. Por fim, ante a necessidade de flexibilização das atuais regras gerais de distribuição do ônus da prova e, ao mesmo tempo, controle do excessivo subjetivismo judicial, analisa-se o cabimento da aplicação da teoria dinâmica no direito brasileiro, apontando-se os parâmetros para a decisão judicial que a aplique. Do estudo, concluiu-se que o direito processual brasileiro admite a aplicação da teoria dinâmica dos ônus probatórios em face da incidência do princípio da igualdade, dos poderes instrutórios do juiz e do dever de lealdade, boa-fé e colaboração das partes. Concluiuse, ainda, que embora possa acontecer em momento diverso, o momento mais oportuno para a ocorrência da redistribuição do ônus da prova é a audiência preliminar, não podendo se verificar, em nenhuma hipótese, surpresa às partes, sob pena de ferimento ao princípio do contraditório. Quanto à decisão judicial que aplica a teoria dinâmica, deve esta levar em conta que tal aplicação é de caráter excepcionalíssimo, devendo ser bem fundamentada. / This study has the purpose of analyzing a dynamic employment of the burden of proof in the Brazilian Procedural Law. In the first part of this study, the concept and object and the evidence are analyzed through distinguishing sources and ways. Afterwards, the concept of burden of proof and its difference from obligation are studied based on subjective and objective aspects of dominant old and modern theories. We also examined the main phenomena relating to the burden of proof in general presented on the art. 333 Brazilian Procedural Code, the presentation of the burden of proof strict sensu in case of probatio diabolica and the shifting of burden of proof based on the art. 6, inc.VII, Brazilian Consumption Code. In the second part of the study, two theories related to the shifting of the burden of proof are presented. Based on those two theories, we came to the conclusion that a more dynamic way of applying the general rules for shifting the burden of proof and excessive control of judicial subjectivism is necessary to reach fairness. Finally, we concluded that the Brazilian Procedural Law allows the application of the dynamic theory of burden of proof based on the principle of equity, discretion, loyalty, good faith and the collaboration of the parties. Besides, the best moment to submit some evidence for the shifting of the burden of proof is over the course of a hearing. The decision shall be based on legal matters, facts and principles due to the fact that the dynamic theory to analyze evidence in case of shifting the burden of proof is used in special cases.

The goal of this thesis is to find provably correct methods for detecting conflicts between XACML rules. A conflict occurs when one rule permits a request and another denies that same request. As XACML deals with access control, we can help prevent unwanted access by verifying that it contains rules that do not have unintended conflicts. In order to help with this, we propose an algorithm to find these conflicts then use the Coq Proof Assistant to prove correctness of this algorithm. The algorithm takes a rule set specified in XACML and returns a list of pairs of indices denoting which rules conflict. It is then up to the policy writer to see if the conflicts are intended, or if they need modifying. Since we will prove that this algorithm is sound and complete, we can be assured that the list we obtain is complete and only contains true conflicts.

Proof is an important component of advanced mathematical activity. Nevertheless, undergraduates struggle to write valid proofs. Research identifies many of the struggles students experience with the logical nature and structure of proofs. Little research examines the role mathematical content knowledge plays in proof production. This study begins to fill this gap in the research by analyzing what role mathematical content knowledge plays in the success of a proof and how undergraduates use mathematical content knowledge during proofs. Four undergraduates participated in a series of task-based interviews wherein they completed several proofs. The interviews were analyzed to determine how the students used mathematical content knowledge and how mathematical content knowledge affected a proof’s validity. The results show that using mathematical content knowledge during a proof is nontrivial for students. Several of the proofs attempted by the students were unsuccessful due to issues with mathematical content knowledge. The data also show that students use mathematical content knowledge in a variety of ways. Some student use of mathematical content is productive and efficient, while other student practices are less efficient in formal proofs.

Actividad formativa equivalente a tesis (AFET) para optar al grado académico de magíster en derecho con mención en derecho público. / Este trabajo examina la valoración que hace la autoridad administrativa del conjunto de los elementos de juicio aportados al procedimiento administrativo de determinación de la condición de refugiado. Constata la configuración de dos momentos valorativos, cada uno a cargo de órganos distintos y sometidos a leyes diversas, y de cómo esa circunstancia no contribuye a disolver la incertidumbre acerca de la condición de refugiado, imponiéndose la búsqueda de una solución. Para asegurar la fiabilidad de esa determinación se propone que en la decisión del hecho los órganos competentes apliquen combinadamente los métodos atomista y holista. / This paper examines the assessment made by the administrative authority of all the elements of judgment contributed to the administrative procedure for the determination of refugee status. It notes the configuration of two evaluative moments, each one in charge of different bodies and subject to different laws, and of how that circumstance does not contribute to dissolve the uncertainty about refugee status, imposing the search for a solution. In order to assure the reliability of this determination, it is proposed that in the decision of the fact the competent bodies apply in addition the atomistic and holistic methods.

The content and theme of this thesis is the expression of time in the photographic medium. I'm looking for a way to memories that I don't remember. The result is photo manipulation.

This dissertation investigates the manner in which facts are proven with specific emphasis on the role which the concept of ‘probabilities’ plays in achieving the ‘burden of proof. It is illustrated that the concept of ‘probabilities’ plays a central role throughout the process of determining the accountability of a litigant, including fact-finding during the evaluation of the adduced evidence and the application of the burden of proof. This study distinguishes between the findings of individual facts, as opposed to the finding of whether the case of a party, as reflected by the cumulative effect of the individually proven facts, has been proven. It is submitted that, despite traditionally perceived views, the concept of ‘probabilities’ is applied in exactly the same manner to both these aspects of a legal dispute, the only variable being the degree of probabilities as determined by a specific stage and nature of the litigation. The research focuses on both criminal and civil cases. The dissertation is based on current South African practices as reflected in judgments in different law reports and, to some extent, on English and American legal practices. Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Procedural Law / unrestricted

This thesis deals with the subject of proving negatives, i. e. proving non-existence of an object, a status or a process. The author of the thesis provides the reader with the definition of a negative and with a list of negatives mentioned in the case law of Czech public authorities. Also, the author analyses selected case law of Czech courts and describes proving negatives in specific cases. The thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter provides the definition of a negative. In this chapter the author points out potential problems linked to the identification of a negative, especially to the difference between a fact, a negative statement and a legal assessment. The second one addresses the possibility of a negative becoming the subject of proving as a practical way of finding of facts. The chapter also brings a brief analysis of proving a negative abroad, specifically in Slovakia, the Great Britain and the United States of America. The third, the fourth and the fifth chapter deal with the subject of proving negatives in civil proceedings, administrative proceedings and criminal proceedings respectively. In each of these chapters the author summarises the principles of proving related to corresponding type of proceedings and demonstrates proving negatives on specific cases (regarding...

- Means of Evidence in Civil Proceedings The topic of this thesis is means of evidence in civil process. The taking of evidence is the most important part of civil proceedings, and therefore this paper presents its comprehensive summary, together with an overview of the means of evidence available in civil proceedings. This work is divided into three main parts with many subchapters. The first part deals with the process of proving in general. It describes its course, main principles and rules that govern it. Likewise, this section focuses on partial issues in the taking of evidence, such as the standard of evidence or proving negative facts. Last but not least, it deals with the burden to claim and prove facts and their distribution among the parties. The second part deals with evidence expressly provided for in the Code of Civil Procedure. In practice, these means of proof are most often found in court proceedings, and therefore their application is dealt with in a number of texts and court decisions. Nevertheless, this section outlines how the individual evidence has evolved over time. The third part deals with non- regulated evidence in the Code of Civil Procedure. Of these, the most widespread is audio and video recordings whose crucial issue is their admissibility in the light of the right to...

Development of colour management systems, the level ofstandardisation, as well as the embedding of facilities forcolour management into computer operating systems and software,enables successful future interoperability of colour reproductionin the graphic arts industry. Yet colour reproduction from onemedium to another, still gives rise to inconsistencies. This thesis investigates colour management and controlprocesses in premedia and press process workflows in graphic artsproduction, including standards, instruments and procedures. Thegoal is to find methods for higher efficiency and control ofcolour print media production processes, aiming at increasingcolour consistency and process automation and of reducingoverheads. The focus is on the control of colour data by displaysin prepress processes producing low quality paper products. Inthis respect the greatest interest of this thesis is on technicaland visual characteristics of displays with respect tp thereproduction of colour, especially desktop Thin Film TransistorLiquid Crystal Displays (TFTLCD) compared to portable TFTLCDs andCathod Ray Tube (CRT) monitors. In order to reach the desired goal, this thesis is based on aliterature survey and empirical studies. The empirical studiesinclude both qualitative and quantitative methods, organised intothree parts:     Colour process management: Analysed case studies of theimplementation of colour management in entire graphic artsproduction workflow processes.     Display technology: LCD and CRT displays have been examinedthrough measurements to establish their fundamental strengthsand weaknesses in reproducing colours.     Comparison of reproduction: A perceptual experiment hasbeen conducted to determine the ability of the disparatecomponents included in a colour management system to co-operateand match reproduced colour, according to the perceivedpreference of observers. It was found that in most cases consistent colour fidelitydepends on the knowledge and experience of the actors involved inthe production process, including the utilisation of routines andequipment. Lack of these factors is not necessarily fatal for thefinal low quality paper colour product, but obstructs theautomation. In addition, increased digitalisation will increasethe importance of displays in such processes. The results showthat CRTs and desktop LCDs meet most of the demands of colourreproduction in various areas of low quality paper productionprocesses, e.g. newspaper production. However, some fundamentalaspects, such as low digital input values, viewing angles andcolour temperature, matters that concern characterisation andcalibration, still need to be developed. Concerning softproofing, the matching correspondence between hard and softcopies gives similar results for both CRT and LCDs forhigh-quality paper originals, if the luminance is decreased onthe LCD (to luminance levels of CRTs). Soft proofing of lowquality papers gives equally lower matching agreement for bothCRT and LCD, in this case when the luminance of the LCD is sethigher (e.g. about twice the levels luminance levels ofCRTs). Keywords:Displays, LCD, CRT, premedia, prepress, softproof, workflows, newspaper, colour management systems, colourcontrol, colour reproduction