Cette étude est une approche contrastive, multimodale et transculturelle décrivant et analysant l’espace gestuel et le rôle des gestes, du regard et de la prosodie dans des cas de reformulation chez des locuteurs francophones et chez des locuteurs hispanophones.A l’intérieur de chacune de ces aires linguistiques, nous comparons l’espace gestuel et la reformulation dans trois cultures différentes : dans l'aire francophone, nous comparons l’espace gestuel des locuteurs français de France Métropolitaine (Europe) à celui des locuteurs québécois,(Amérique du Nord) et des locuteurs cadjins de Louisiane (Amérique du Nord). Dans l'aire hispanophone, nous comparons l’espace gestuel des locuteurs espagnols (Europe) à celui des locuteurs argentins (Amérique du Sud) et des locuteurs vénézuéliens (Amérique du Sud). Nous analysons les différences et/ou similitudes qui existent chez des locuteurs parlant la même langue dans des contextes culturels différents. Nous avons choisi d’étudier l'espace gestuel et la reformulation de ces locuteurs à partir d'un corpus télévisé.Le corpus établi nous permet d’analyser l’espace gestuel des locuteurs selon le schéma de Pedelty repris par D. Mc Neill (1992) qui permet une double lecture de l’espace gestuel : sur l’axe vertical(buste, tête, au-dessus de la tête), sur l’axe horizontal (près du corps, loin du corps). Ensuite, nous étudions le rôle des gestes et du regard, en relation avec les variations intonatives, dans le processus de reformulation en situation d’interview orale. Nous analysons la fonction de l'amplitude gestuelle et des gestes de captage et points d'éclosion, étudiés par D. McNeill et M. A. Morel, en relation avec le rôle des orientations du regard et de la courbe de fréquence fondamentale, dans différents exemples de reformulation du discours oral. Nous analysons en quoi ces trois modalités du discours oral ont une double fonction d’aide à la construction du propre discours et d’aide à l’intercompréhension dans le contexte de co-énonciation. / We present a multimodal, contrastive and transcultural approach of the gesture space of French speaking area and Spanish-speaking area. We describe and analyse the gesture space on the one hand and on the other hand, the function of gesture, eyes directions and prosody in reformulation examples in French-speaking area and Spanish-speaking area.In each French or Spanish speaking area, we compare gesture space and reformulation in three different cultural areas : in French-speaking area, we compare the gesture space of French speakers of Metropolitan France, (Europe), Quebec speakers, (North America), Cajun speakers in Louisiana (North America) and in Spanish-speaking area, we compare the gesture space of Spanish speakers from Spain (Europe), speakers from Argentina (South America), speakers from Venezuela (South America). We analyse the differences and/or the similarities amongst speakers with a common language, either French or Spanish, but a different cultural environment. We decided to study gesture space and reformulation and recorded from a television corpus. Therefore, with this corpus,we can analyse gesture space speakers refering to the diagram “Division of the gesture space for transcription purposes” from Pedelty, which is presented in D. Mc Neill (1992). This diagram allows us to obtain a double reading of gesture space : on the vertical axis (trunk, head, beyondhead), on the horizontal axis (close to the body and far from the body). Afterwards, we analyse the function of gesture and eyes directions and their relationship with the intonative variations during the reformulation process in an oral interview. We analyse the functionof gesture amplitude and the function of catchments and growthpoints, studied by D. Mc Neill andM.A. Morel and their relationship with the function of eyes directions and the fundamentalfrequency (F0) variability with different examples of reformulation in the oral speech. Thereforewe analyse how these three modalities seem to have a double function to help the construction ofthe own speech and/or to help the intercomprehension, the mutual understanding in the coenunciativeprocess.

Orientador: Plínio Almeida Barbosa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T11:33:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Constantini_AnaCarolina_M.pdf: 2679463 bytes, checksum: 65309a00a02f2cde6ee2a55f9414e50f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal estudar a estruturação rítmica de enunciados de repórteres da TV Universitária - Unicamp que passaram por intervenção fonoaudiológica para aprimoramento vocal. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da FCM (CEP/FCM/UNICAMP 211/2005). O estudo da estruturação rítmica desses enunciados se deu pela análise da evolução dos picos de duração de unidades do tamanho da sílaba (doravante Unidades VV), que compreendem o segmento acústico que vai de um onset vocálico até onset imediatamente seguinte, incluindo as consoantes entre eles (Barbosa, 2006). As unidades VV revelam informações sobre a estruturação rítmica de enunciados (Barbosa, 1994; 1996), fato que justifica o estudo dessas unidades dentro de enunciados telejornalísticos com a finalidade de conhecer a organização rítmica deste tipo de narração. A partir da análise da evolução da duração das Unidades VV no discurso telejornalístico, foram traçados outros objetivos, como a relação da duração com a curva entoacional da leitura do texto, para cuja notação utilizamos o sistema DaTo (Lucente, 2007;2008). Em seguida, foram aplicados testes perceptivos com a finalidade de investigar como as estratégias utilizadas pelos sujeitos estudados eram percebidas pelo ouvinte. Outro ponto estudado foi a relação entre sintaxe e prosódia, a partir da Gramática de Dependência (Tesnière, 1965) e seu uso em dados do português brasileiro (Barbosa 2006). Após a análise dos resultados mostramos que os sujeitos realizam mudanças consistentes em pontos específicos do texto narrado na condição pós-intervenção. As mudanças se caracterizam pelo aumento do valor da duração de unidades VV em posições específicas de acento frasal, aumento da variação da curva da frequência fundamental para realização de ênfases. Essas mesmas ênfases foram julgadas por ouvintes a fim de saber a repercussão das mudanças observadas na análise acústica. Em relação aos dados correlacionando a sintaxe e a prosódia, as marcas de dependência mais encontradas foram IDF (marcador entre fim de sentença e início da próxima sentença) e DfD (marcador encontrado entre governante, um nome, por exemplo, e e governado, por exemplo, um adjetivo posposto). Os resultados obtidos mostram que após o aprimoramento vocal, os sujeitos tornaram-se mais expressivos ao narrarem o texto, melhoraram o conhecimento em relação aos parâmetros prosódicos que podem ser utilizados em suas narrações para compor o fonoestilo que desejam incorporar / Abstract: The objective of this work was the study of the rhythmic organization of announcements of TV broadcast from the Unicamp Universitary TV. Two students of journalism passed by vocal training workshops with a speech therapist. The vocal training workshops intended to improve phonoarticulatory aspects involved in journalistic announcement. The study of the rhythmic organization of the announcements was done by analyzing the duration of Vowel-to-Vowel Units (VV units) throughout the utterances before and after the training. These units reveal the rhythmic organization of announcements in Brazilian Portuguese (henceforth BP) and they include the acoustic segments that start at a vowel onset to the next vowel onset (Barbosa, 1994;1996; 2006). Besides duration, the relationship between the melodic contour and the duration of VV units (using the DaTo notation system by Lucente, 2007; 2008) was investigated too. Perceptual tests were applied to try to reveal how the strategies used by the subjects to read the announcement would be interpreted by the listeners. Another aspect studied was the relationship between prosody and syntax according to the Dependency Grammar (Tesnière, 1965) theory (DG theory) as used by (Barbosa, 2006) to investigate this relationship in BP. Results showed that the duration of specific VV units related to emphatic expression were higher in the utterances produced after training. These changes were located in stressed syllable position where the fundamental frequency also varies more in the case of particular emphasis. As to the relation with syntax, the most common DG marks founded were IDF (between utterances) and DfD (between a head and its right dependent). Results showed that after training the subjects became more expressive to read the announcement and they improve their knowledge about prosodic aspects that are involved in journalistic phonostyle / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-03T17:35:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciaribeirodovallecoutinho.pdf: 4641575 bytes, checksum: f6cd625c501789900949d693e209bc8c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-02-05T10:50:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciaribeirodovallecoutinho.pdf: 4641575 bytes, checksum: f6cd625c501789900949d693e209bc8c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-05T10:50:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciaribeirodovallecoutinho.pdf: 4641575 bytes, checksum: f6cd625c501789900949d693e209bc8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-10 / Esta tese reivindica a postulação de aspectos prosódicos no emparelhamento formal de construções gramaticais instanciadas na modalidade falada. Em conformidade com as bases teóricas da Gramática das Construções (GOLDBERG 1995, 2006), argumenta-se que construções gramaticais são coleções linguísticas sistemáticas de pareamentos forma-função aprendidos na linguagem cotidiana e que, por isso, podem ser mapeadas em dados reais e contextualizados de fala. Especificamente, o objetivo é descrever e analisar tendências prosódicas de construções de discurso reportado em amostras de corpus de fala espontânea do português carioca culto brasileiro (NURC-RJ). Pela constatação de que a prosódia agrega informações ao conteúdo estritamente linguístico da mensagem, são acrescidos outros aportes teóricos acerca da melodia da fala, como Grice e Baumann (2007), Madureira (2005) e Pierrehumbert (1980). O discurso reportado é discutido a partir de Rocha (2004), que sinalizou a contribuição da prosódia na distinção dos tipos construcionais de discurso reportado. As ocorrências do fenômeno discursivo em questão são submetidas ao programa PRAAT (BOERSMA & WEENINK, 2011), por meio do qual informações prosódicas são analisadas e correlacionadas para a sistematização e o tratamento dos dados. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que há informações prosódicas, tais como as relacionadas a tons de fronteira, média de frequência fundamental e gama de variação da F0, que podem ser consideradas tendências para as construções de discurso reportado em geral. Tendo como base o sistema de notação ToBi (Tones and Break indices), as tendências são: a unidade introdutora do discurso reportado se encerra com um tom de fronteira L%, antecedido pelo pitch accent H*+L; a medida de F0 média da unidade introdutora, comparada à medida de F0 média da unidade reportada, é mais alta; a medida da Gama de Variação da unidade introdutora, comparada à medida da Gama de Variação da unidade reportada, é mais baixa. Esses resultados foram alcançados por meio de uma análise intra e interfalantes. Além disso, quando adotada a distinção dos tipos de construções de discurso reportado, verifica-se que o discurso direto com verbo dicendi tende a receber uma ou mais ênfases; o discurso direto sem verbo dicendi tende a apresentar uma pausa entre a unidade introdutora e a unidade reportada; o discurso indireto não apresenta pausa separando as duas unidades; o discurso indireto livre apresenta a F0 média mais alta na unidade reportada e não na unidade ―introdutora‖. / This thesis claims the postulation of prosodic aspects in formal pairing of grammatical constructions instanced in speech modality. According to Construction Grammar theoretical bases (GOLDBERG 1995, 2006), it is argued that grammatical constructions are systematic collections of linguistic form-function pairings learned in everyday language and therefore they can be mapped to real and contextualized speech data. Specifically, the goal is to describe and analyze prosodic tendencies in reported speech constructions of spontaneous speech corpus samples of Brazilian Portuguese (Rio de Janeiro – standard dialect NURC/RJ). By the finding that the prosody adds information to the strictly linguistic content of the message, other theoretical contributions are increased about the melody of speech, as Grice and Baumann (2007), Madureira (2005) e Pierrehumbert (1980). The reported speech is discussed based on Rocha (2004), which pointed out the contribution of prosody in distinguishing constructional types of reported speech. Occurrences of discursive phenomenon are subjected to PRAAT program (BOERSMA & WEENINK, 2011), by which prosodic information is analyzed and correlated to the systematization and processing of the data. The results show that there is prosodic information such as related to boundary tone, average fundamental frequency (F0) and the rate of change of F0, which may be considered tendencies for the construction of reported speech in general. Based on the ToBi notation system (Tones and break indices), the tendencies are: the introducer unit reported speech ends with a boundary tone L%, preceded by the pitch accent H * + L; the measure of the average F0 introducer unit, as compared to the measure of average F0 reported unit, is higher; the measure of the rate of change of F0 introducer unit, as compared to the measure of the rate of change of F0 reported unit, is lower. These results were achieved by an intra- and cross-speakers analysis. In addition, when adopting the distinguish constructional types of reported speech, it appears that the direct speech with dicendi verbs tends to receive one or more emphasis; the direct speech without dicendi verbs tends to have a pause between the introducer unit and the reported unit; the indirect speech has no pause separating the two units; the free indirect speech displays the highest average F0 in reported unit and not in ―introducer‖ unit.

Esta tese busca averiguar as relações entre entoação frasal no guarani e melodia de músicas populares paraguaias. Foram analisados falas e cantos de sujeitos do gênero masculino e feminino. Segue-se por base o modelo de análise proposto por Ferreira Netto (2006), que analisou a prosódia da língua portuguesa observando a frequência fundamental como uma série temporal. Os dados, colhidos por meio de pesquisa de campo, foram analisados com o uso do aplicativo ExProsodia. A análise centrou-se nas finalizações de canto e de fala guarani do Paraguai da sociedade paraguaia popular. Os resultados obtidos apontaram para finalizações predominantemente plagais tanto na fala quanto no canto. / This research aims at describing the relationship between the sentence intonation of the Paraguayan Guarani and the melody of Paraguayan popular songs. Ferreira Netto (2006) model of analysis was used. He analyzed the Portuguese prosody considering the fundamental Frequency as a temporal series. The data were collected through field research. Analysis and tabulation of data were conducted using the software ExProsodia. The analysis focused specifically the end of sentences of spoken Guarani and the melody of songs. The results pointed out that the end of the spoken sentences as well as songs were similar and mainly plagal.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:48:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana_Paula_Nobre_Cunha_Tese.pdf: 3278523 bytes, checksum: 6b9457d8c594a54ab707709f0b23741f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-09 / This dissertation, which is based on the analysis of non-conventional segmentation data produzed by Brazilian and Portuguese children, shows the importance of initial writing data in order to discuss the linguistic rhythms of Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and European Portuguese (EP). The data were collected in texts which had been spontaneously written by Brazilian and Portuguese children who were attending the first grades in Elementary School (Pelotas, RS, Brazil) and the Basic School (Porto, Portugal). All texts belong to the a database named Banco de Textos de Aquisição da Escrita, at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (FaE UFPel). Studies of rhythm in Phonology have been rather polemical and controversial, mainly the ones that discuss the rhythmic classification of languages. Abaurre and Galves (1998), based on an optimalist and minimalist approach, have developed a study of the rhythmic differences between BP and EP. The authors believe that the rhythm of every language is the result of the hierarchization of three principles: the integrity of the phonological word , the trochaic foot , and the foot binarity . After the detailed data description and analysis which link the prosodic constituents, the phonological processes and the stress, the central issue of this study was determined in the light of Abaurre and Galves s proposal (1998). Nonconventional segmentation such as tever ( para te ver melhor to see you better ), in BP, and parate ( para te ver melhor to see you better ), in EP, show that the directionality that the clitic uses to associate to the content word proclitic in BP and enclitic in EP may be evidence of the rhythm in writing (according to CARVALHO, 1989). Regarding the formation of rhythmic groups, the data of this study agree with Abaurre and Galves s (1998) and also show different hierarchization of principles in BP and EP. The integrity of the phonological word is found in the highest level in the Brazilian variety, whereas the trochaic foot has supremacy over the other principles in EP. Therefore, it can be concluded that the data analyzed in this study, collected from written texts, show evidence of rhythmic differences in both Portuguese varieties / Esta tese, baseada na análise de segmentações não-convencionais produzidas por crianças brasileiras e portuguesas, mostra a relevância dos dados de escrita inicial para a discussão sobre o ritmo linguístico do português brasileiro (PB) e do português europeu (PE). Os dados analisados foram extraídos de textos produzidos de maneira espontânea por crianças brasileiras e portuguesas, que cursavam, à época das coletas, as séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental (Pelotas- Brasil) / Básico (Porto-Portugal). Essas produções textuais pertencem ao Banco de Textos de Aquisição da Escrita (FaE UFPel). Estudos sobre ritmo em fonologia são ainda relativamente polêmicos e controversos, em particular, os que discutem a classificação rítmica das línguas. Abaurre e Galves (1998), com base em uma abordagem otimalista e minimalista, desenvolvem um estudo sobre as diferenças rítmicas entre o PB e o PE. As autoras partem da ideia de que o ritmo de cada língua seria o resultado da hierarquização de três princípios: integridade da palavra fonológica , pé trocaico e binariedade do pé . Após detalhada descrição e análise que relacionam os constituintes prosódicos, os processos fonológicos e o acento, chegamos à questão central do estudo a partir da análise de nossos dados de acordo com a proposta de Abaurre e Galves (1998). Segmentações nãoconvencionais, como tever ( para te ver melhor ), no PB, e parate ( para te ver melhor ), no PE, mostram que a direcionalidade com que o clítico se associa à palavra de conteúdo, proclítico no PB e enclítico no PE, pode apresentar evidências do ritmo na escrita (cf. CARVALHO, 1989). No que diz respeito à formação de grupos rítmicos, nossos dados, assim como os de Abaurre e Galves (1998), apontaram para uma diferente hierarquização de princípios, no PB e no PE. Na variedade brasileira, a integridade da palavra fonológica encontra-se no nível mais alto, enquanto na variedade lusitana o pé trocaico tem supremacia em relação aos demais princípios. Portanto, podemos afirmar que, em nossos dados, encontramos, em ambas as variedades do português, evidências de diferenças rítmicas

The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible differences in the way American and Swedish journalists writing in English use maximizers, i.e. intensifying adverbs. In order to fulfill the purpose, information about how maximizers are used in two different sub-corpora, namely SWENC (The Swedish-English Corpus) and TIME (Time Corpus of American English) is collected. The data in SWENC has been collected from various websites where the crucial criterion was that the authors of the articles must have Swedish as their first language. The data from TIME has been collected from Time Magazine’s online corpora which is freely available on the Internet. The results show that there are some differences in the way Swedes and Americans use maximizers. The number of tokens for each maximizer does not differ to a great extent between the two corpora. However, there are larger deviances in the use of collocations and semantic prosody. The conclusion drawn from this is that there are indeed some differences in how American and Swedish journalists writing in English use maximizers, although they are not very many.

In this corpus-based study, the two verb pairs arise and rise and awake and wake are investigated. The paper focuses on seven research questions that are related to the meanings of the verbs in question, the semantic specialisations of those verbs, and the semantic relation of the specific verb pair constituents. Furthermore, tendencies of language change are investigated, and an attempt is made to generalise over the influence of the prefix a- on those tendencies. The results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis show that the verbs awake and wake are more synonymous than the verbs arise and rise. It seems as if due to this difference, the two verbs arise and awake are subject to different processes of language change that take their development into different directions. The observations made about the characteristics of the prefix a- that is involved in the two verbs arise and awake are often ambiguous and inconclusive. Therefore, the influence of this prefix on the processes of language change needs to be analysed further by investigating more word pairs distinguished by the absence or presence of the prefix a-.

This corpus based investigation deals with the present-day usage of and the semantic relation between the two verbs rise and arise. Concordance lines containing various forms of the two verbs in question have been taken from six different (sub)corpora and were examined in view of their collocational and semantic characteristics. The basic aims were to investigate the nowadays status of the verbs rise and arise and whether they (still) can be regarded as synonyms. The results show that both verbs can sometimes be used synonymously. Their general semantic relation appeared to be near-synonymy. Furthermore, both verbs seem to have developed a semantic specialisation, which is regarded a counterargument for the thesis that the verb arise is on the verge of dying out.

A central area of research in linguistics is the study of changes in vocabulary over time, be it over historical time periods or faster changes within generations. One contributing factor driving such fast changes could be “fashion cycles”, as this is a very general cultural phenomenon. Here, results are reported from a corpus study investigating trends over time in the use of cyber as the first part of compound nouns, and of alternatives which carry a similar meaning, such as e- as short for electronic. It is found that cyber was commonly used in the time period 1995-2004. Usage then strongly declined, but there was a new peak in popularity in the last year of available data (2012). Interestingly, cyber was initially used in positively charged or neutral contexts (e.g. cyberspace), but in recent years mostly in negatively charged words such as cyberbullying or cyber warfare. The hypothesis that cyber has been replaced with e- was partially supported (in particular in the case of e-mail, but e-books is another prominent example of a recent rising trend in vocabulary). However, in most other contexts usage of e- actually peaked a few years before the last years of the available corpus data. In general, results were consistent with “fashion cycles” in that the popularity of using cyber or e-, and in particular of specific words including these compound noun parts, seems to come and go rapidly over time. Interestingly use of cyber was seen mostly in negative contexts during later time periods. No such change was apparent in the use of e-. An emerging hypothesis partially supported by the data is that words in commercial contexts (e.g. cyber-business, e-business) rapidly lose their positive charge as they become common and are replaced by other, more novel and more fashionable words. Corpus linguistics is a very powerful tool for investigating such patterns of change in the popularity of words, and the processes behind them.

This study is about the use of three Discourse Markers (henceforth DMs) in news interviews. It is an attempt to demonstrate how well, you know and I mean are employed in news interviews. It also shows what participants accomplish using the DMs as rhetorical devices.