付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第22111号 / 経博第604号 / 新制||経||291(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 依田 高典, 教授 岡 敏弘, 講師 五十川 大也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

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The thesis takes as its starting point the importance of community in contemporary political societies across the world, most notably, for present purposes, the Third World. Community importantly determines questions of social inclusion, exclusion, identity, belonging and well-being. As is no surprise, the role and significance of community is well recognised in several academic disciplines today. Consider this one example. Recent literature on development has generally drawn attention to the potential benefits of participation in certain aspects of governance. More specifically, proposals for community participation have emerged in response to State failure, or now the pervasiveness of market exclusion. Community participation is motivated by several grievances, the most emphatic of which is the profound gap between the lived experiences of the poor and institutions that affect their lives. This gap between discourse and lived experience is more vividly evident in human rights practice, and this not only reflects the dominance, but also the inadequacies of State and market-based understandings alike. A fundamental aspect of this debate – largely overlooked by human rights discourse – is the role of community. Whilst there remain marginal references to community in certain aspects of human rights discourse, over all it has not sufficiently or comprehensively embraced community. More specifically, the Declaration of Right to Development, Rights-Based Approaches to Development and the World Bank‘s concept of good governance fail to offer an adequate role for community in human rights terms. Drawing from a range of literature in legal theory, political theory, philosophy and sociology, and developing its insights in the context of the supply of the – human right and – public good of electricity in Nigeria, the thesis offers a theory of community, which seeks to enable individuals, particularly, the poor and vulnerable, to organise themselves democratically, to claim ownership of the processes that determine their human rights.

Public goods are goods that are non-rival and non-excludable. One person enjoying the benefits of a public good will not reduce the value of the good for others. And nobody within a particular population can be excluded from enjoying those benefits. While we often think of the relevant population being co-citizens of a state - national defence is taken to be the archetypal public good - in recent years the importance of public goods that benefit individuals across different countries has increasingly been recognised. We can refer to these as "global public goods". When global public goods are supplied, various costs and benefits are generated, and these costs and benefits can be shared among countries in different ways. This thesis explores how justice requires us to share them; I develop a theory of distributive justice for global public goods. I begin by developing two principles for assigning the costs and benefits of supplying public goods within a state, and then argue that these should, for the most part, also govern the distribution of costs and benefits arising from global public good production. Finally, I assess how certain private goods that the supply of public goods make possible should be shared among states. The fact that these goods rely for their production on the supply of global public goods, I argue, will affect the principles of distributive justice that should govern these.

The fact that public goods exist is often taken as a rationale for government provision of such goods, mostly because of the free rider phenomenon. In the given paper the author challenges this view through theoretical discussion of alternative views on public goods and empirical evidence of private provision of public goods, such as zoning, rule creation and infrastructure development. Private property rights and contracting with communities based on these institutional tools are the main focal point in the research of private provision. Author examines proprietary communities in USA and Czech Republic and shows that private provision of public goods is subject to market demand and this demand is met with supply, given the appropriate institutional context.

Thesis advisor: Claudia Olivetti / This dissertation tracks a particular public health program and examines the economic causes and consequences of the institution of public health. I follow the United States rollout of county-level health departments (CHDs) over 1908 to 1933 and track the short-run benefits, the long-run benefits, and the factors that led to adoption. At the turn of the twentieth century, rural areas lagged behind urban centers in access to public health services, despite the fact that there had been convergence in urban-rural mortality. With 60 percent of the US population living in rural areas, this lack of public health was a population-wide problem. By 1908 the rural health problem drew national attention from the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) and health-interested private organizations. These organizations targeted rural health conditions by opening local public health departments that were operated by the existing county government. This revolutionary approach initiated the first nationwide rural public health program in United States history. The rollout of health infrastructure improved sanitation and provided access to child health services in under-served areas throughout the US. The sanitation improvements included inspections, hygiene training, and installation of toilets, wells, and drainage. Health services appeared in the form of exams, nutritional consults, immunizations, and midwife hygiene training. Local tax dollars provided the majority of funding for this program, although supplemental support arrived from outside organizations including the USPHS, state governments, the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission (RSC), and the Sheppard-Towner Act. In the first chapter, Taxation, Inequality, and the Provision of Local Public Health, I consider the factors that shaped the appropriation of rural public health. Using digitized county-level records on property values and taxation, I argue that adopting regions had local governments centered around the county as compared to the town or township. Within state, specific counties that adopted this program had more active local governments, as measured by county taxation, county debt, and measured property values. Next, because CHDs provided a bridge between the rural and urban areas of the county, I consider whether the CHDs were redistributive in nature. I find that CHDs operated in areas with higher levels of land and income inequality, which is distinct from what related literature has established with education spending. These results suggest that public programs based on local revenue may help to mitigate disparities within the region of jurisdiction but may exacerbate inequalities between adopting and non-adopting areas. External funding from higher levels of government as well as private donors helped to randomize the effort and spread the health services more evenly between counties. In the second chapter, Explaining Declines in US Rural Mortality, 1910-1933: The Role of County Health Departments, I assess the short-run impact of CHDs in terms of aggregate county-level mortality. Using two novel datasets--CHD administrative records and US county-level rural mortality--I track the rollout of CHDs throughout the United States and use variation in when and where CHDs operated to identify the mortality benefits. With an event study design, I establish that CHD entry led to a decline in infant mortality, but provided little advantage to overall population health. For infants, CHDs prevented two deaths per 1,000 births, which accounts for 8-10% of the period-specific mortality decline. The effect is most substantial in rural-only counties, as well as in the Midwestern region of the United States. In these areas, infant mortality declined by three to four deaths per 1,000 births. In the final chapter, The Long-term Impact of Public Health Measures Targeting Children, I examine whether the public health initiative was effective at improving adult human capital. While previous studies have established the lasting detrimental effect of poor child health, fewer studies have evaluated whether public health programs can mitigate these adverse effects. To address this question, I estimate whether childhood exposure to a public health intervention affects adult income, education, and health. The historical vantage point of the CHD program allows me to follow exposed children through adulthood and observe the life-cycle benefits, including the total lifespan. To estimate the long-term benefits, I use linked census data, World War II enlistment records, and Social Security death records and exploit variation in the timing, location, and age of CHD exposure. Based on this methodology, I find that children treated under the age of five show later-life earnings improvements of three to four percent. I investigate the mechanisms underlying the effect and demonstrate that higher earnings emerge from better adult health, measured by cognition, body mass index, and the probability of living past age 80. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

This graduation thesis is focused on the road communication as a form of public goods. In the beginning, the author briefly described important and related terms. Then autor freely continued his theoretical description of the issue. The practical part contains analyzes of the operation and use of roads. He specially focuses on the area around České Budějovice and looks for possibilities for optimization of the setting.

P.A.Samuelson 於1954年發表了 " The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure " 一文，為純粹公共財之最適提供條件（ΣMRS＝MRT）做了一個最佳的註解，成為後人討論純粹公共財理論時之比較基礎。然而公共支出與公共收入為一體之兩面，租稅融通方式之不同將影響公共支出之水準。而 A.C. Pigou於1947年就曾提出租稅融通方式之不同，將影響公共支出之水準。亦即當政府採用扭曲性租稅來融通公共財之提供時，將造成效率上之損失，此時應將此社會成本列入為公共財提供之成本，進而修正了公共財提供之最適條件。 而本篇論文之目的，即在討論當不確定之下，最適公共財提供條件之修正，並加入了人力資本（Human Capital）之探討，分析修正項目對最適公共支出水準之影響，嘗試得出不確定因素影響公共收入面時，與公共支出間之關係，以期能做為公共決策時之考量。 本文以Eaton & Rosen (1980a)不確定工資下最適課稅的模型作為分析之基礎，並加入公共財之提供，分別以不確定工資稅、定額稅、以及不確定利息所得稅來融通公財之提供，可分別得出修正後公共財之最適提供條件。其中在不確定性之下，以定額稅來融通公共財，並不會產生社會成本，故根據所得出之公共財提供之最適條件，政府利用定額稅來融通公共支出時，只須考慮公共財提供之直接成本。但若分別以不確定工資稅及利息所得稅來融通公共財之提供時，由於其最適提供條件所產生出之修正項目，將影響其公共財之最適提供水準。故我們將分別在確定性及不確定之下分析其修正項目，並探討這些修正項目將如何影響公共財之提供水準。 結論是在確定性之下，課稅使得第二期之休閒減少，即課稅使得第二期之勞動供給增加，用以融通公共財之稅收增加，減輕了公共財融通之負擔。故其社會成本將小於直接成本，公共財提供之最適水準可以提供較多。在加入公共財時反而使得勞動供給增加時，此時之扭曲效果為負，與Pigou認為課稅之造成之扭曲效果應使公共財之最適提供水準較低之傳統理論恰好相反。公共財與所得（私有財）之間為互補之關係，則公共財之提供將使休閒增加，即勞動供給將減少，進一步使得稅收減少，以稅收來融通公共財之成本將因此增加，故社會成本大於直接成本，公共財提供之最適水準應較低；反之公共財與所得（私有財）之間為替代之關係，則公共財提供將使休閒減少，則勞動供給增加，融通公共財之成本減少，公共財供之最適水準可以較高。 但在不確定性之下，不僅會發生上述之結果，亦須考慮稅率對人力資本之影響，消費者意識到公共財之融通必須以人力資本投資之增加為代價，以及不確定性實現之程度而定。在風險趨避程度為固定，且第一期之非勞動所得大於第一期之消費時（即不工作仍有由儲蓄時），課稅將使人力資本投資增加，但仍須配合不確定性實現之程度而定。在當不確定性之程度大於其平均值時，由於消費者之風險趨避程度為固定，消費者較不能忍受風險太大之情況，將造成消費者額外之成本，公共財提供之社會成本大於直接成本，公共財可提供較少。當不確定性之程度小於其平均值時，公共財提供之社會成本小於直接成本，公共財可提供較多。

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