Ce travail de recherche est axé sur la compréhension du comportement en flexion, statique et instantané, des structures multimatériaux acier-béton collées du génie civil. La première étape consiste à mener une analyse expérimentale et numérique par éléments finis non linéaire sur la caractérisation de la connexion. L'essai Push-Out a été retenu : deux dallettes de béton C25/30 sont connectées à un profilé métallique. Nous faisons varier la géométrie des dallettes et du joint de colle. La ruine est cohésive dans le béton proche de l'interface par cisaillement. Un effet favorable du frottement entre dallette et presse peut se développer et induire le développement de contraintes de compression et augmenter la contrainte de cisaillement moyenne à l'interface. Les dimensions des éprouvettes et du joint de colle influent sur la charge de ruine. Ainsi, l'essai Push-Out est, dans l'état actuel de connaissances, difficile à utiliser pour la caractérisation de la connexion collée acier-béton en vue du dimensionnement de structures. La seconde partie est consacrée à l'analyse du comportement de poutres mixtes acier béton collées. Un essai sur poutre constituée de prédalles et d'une dalle de compression confirme que le collage est une alternative aux connexions traditionnelles. Nous développons aussi un modèle de calcul en variables généralisées et en variables locales en 3D non linéaire. La modélisation par éléments finis apporte plus de précisions, notamment sur l'état de contraintes à proximité de l'interface et à l'approche de la ruine. Les dimensions du joint de colle et la plastification du profilé influent sur la zone de rupture dans le béton.

Recently more and more buildings of light structures have been built in Lithuania as well as in other European and world countries. Nevertheless, timber products are not widely used for floors in this share of construction market. Traditional light timber frame floors are characterized by vibrations, acoustic transmission and low fire resistance. The above-mentioned problems can be rationally solved by using timber-concrete composite (hereinafter TCC) floors. In comparison with entirely timber floors such type of floors are characterised not only by increased strength and stiffness but also by increased fire resistance and better sound insulation. In comparison with reinforced concrete floors manufactured of non-regenerative sources TCC floors are lighter and more economic. These characteristics stimulate usage of TCC floors in newly built buildings. It should also be noted that usage of timber in building structures instead of concrete or steel could substantially decrease energy demand and emission of carbon dioxide during production. In this work author presents TCC structural solution when thin-webbed beams (I-joists) used for timber floor beams instead of solid or glued rectangular beams. Thin-webbed beams are without upper flange of structural timber. Embedding in concrete a part of web of oriented strand board (hereinafter OSB) connects the OSB web and the concrete slab. This concept allows to save structural materials and production costs. Nevertheless, not so many... [to full text]

Recently more and more buildings of light structures have been built in Lithuania as well as in other European and world countries. Nevertheless, timber products are not widely used for floors in this share of construction market. Traditional light timber frame floors are characterized by vibrations, acoustic transmission and low fire resistance. The above-mentioned problems can be rationally solved by using timber-concrete composite (hereinafter TCC) floors. In comparison with entirely timber floors such type of floors are characterised not only by increased strength and stiffness but also by increased fire resistance and better sound insulation. In comparison with reinforced concrete floors manufactured of non-regenerative sources TCC floors are lighter and more economic. These characteristics stimulate usage of TCC floors in newly built buildings. It should also be noted that usage of timber in building structures instead of concrete or steel could substantially decrease energy demand and emission of carbon dioxide during production. In this work author presents TCC structural solution when thin-webbed beams (I-joists) used for timber floor beams instead of solid or glued rectangular beams. Thin-webbed beams are without upper flange of structural timber. Embedding in concrete a part of web of oriented strand board (hereinafter OSB) connects the OSB web and the concrete slab. This concept allows to save structural materials and production costs. Nevertheless, not so many... [to full text]

Greece is a well-known and recommended summer destination since the 1800’s. Greece have has its ups and downs however, travelers have always visited the country. When the economic crisis hit the country a reduction in the numbers of travelers and how those travelers spent their money differently became visable. In social media Greece were presented as an unattractive and unsafe destination to be in. Despite that Greece has developed and went from a stagnation phase to a rejuvenation phase. The Greek economy crisis hit the country hard and Greece did not want to lose its largest source of income – their travelers. In order to not lose their travelers Greece needed help. Theories such as push and pull factors, SWOT-analysis and Butler’s sequence model will be presented and used on Greece as a tourist destination in need of development. In order to approach this problemareas, selected theories and interviews have been the key factor. By including previous research that touches the problem areas, situations can be explained. The previous research will help readers to see on similar ways of handeling crisis problems that have been brought to the surface because of the crisis. Deeper interviews have been done with Apollo, the Greek National Tourism Organisation, students at Södertörns University and also infomers at an event about Greece here in Stockholm. This dissertation will show that Greece was considered being an attractive destination before and also during the year of the crisis, according to its travelers. Travelers did indeed travel to Greece, however, they did not spend much money or time at the destination as earlier. That requiers a re-attraction of travelers and their spendings. In order to re-attract travelers, Greece has to work with its image, marketing and promotion. The figures in this dissertation will show what has to be done, and how to follow some crisis management steps in order to prevent this situations of happening again. As any destination has areas to improve, so has Greece.

The aim of the research presented in this dissertation was to further the implementation of push-pull for control of Eldana saccharina on sugarcane in the Midlands North region, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Eldana saccharina, an indigenous stem borer, is the most damaging pest of sugarcane in South Africa, and sustainable control has still not been achieved. The push-pull strategy, a form of habitat management, has been developed for E. saccharina and is recommended as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) approach. Implementation of this strategy for both large- and small-scale farmers was facilitated through mixed methods social research. It included a novel exploratory network analysis to understand the process of technology adoption by farmers. Surveys showed that large-scale farmers have a good knowledge of E. saccharina, IPM and push-pull but that they needed more practical knowledge for implementation of the strategy. Farmers recommended experiential learning opportunities such as field days and model farms to get to know more about this technology. Despite demonstrating a positive attitude towards push-pull, farmers perceived it to be a ‘hassle’ and this is potentially the biggest barrier to its adoption. However, with suitable learning opportunities for farmers and good support for planting inputs, implementation of push-pull is likely to succeed. Sugarcane was shown to play an important role in the livelihoods and farming systems of small-scale growers. They did not perceive E. saccharina as a serious production constraint and had poor knowledge of the pest and its control. Extension for small-scale growers in this region should focus primarily on weed management and on reducing input costs, but still raising awareness of the increasing threat of E. saccharina. On-farm push-pull field trials showed a significant reduction of E. saccharina damage on two farms. Mean percentage damaged internodes decreased from 4.1% to 2.7% and from 1.7% to 1.1% in the presence of the repellent grass species, Melinis minutiflora. Where farmers did not manage their crops well, push-pull was not effective. It is therefore crucial that push-pull within an IPM framework be implemented together with good crop management practices. Stem borer surveys in wetlands on sugarcane farms revealed a high diversity of indigenous stem borers and parasitoids, including a stem borer species, Pirateolea piscator, which may pose a threat to crops in the future. These findings, together with a literature review on the significance of on-farm biodiversity and ecosystem services, demonstrated the value which wetlands have for pest management on sugarcane farms. Wetland health assessments were used to develop a tool for farmers to assess and utilise the wetlands on their farms for improved management of E. saccharina. This study highlights the importance of a farmer-participatory approach to implementation of knowledge-intensive farming practices such as push-pull. The importance of wetlands for providing pest regulatory services on sugarcane farms has shown that environmental sustainability needs to become a fundamental principle of farming and agricultural research. Participatory implementation of push-pull, as recommended in this dissertation, could act as a driving force for agroecology in the South African sugar industry and move sustainable farming practices off the pages of journals and manuals onto farmers’ fields. / Thesis (MSc (Zoology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The aim of the research presented in this dissertation was to further the implementation of push-pull for control of Eldana saccharina on sugarcane in the Midlands North region, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Eldana saccharina, an indigenous stem borer, is the most damaging pest of sugarcane in South Africa, and sustainable control has still not been achieved. The push-pull strategy, a form of habitat management, has been developed for E. saccharina and is recommended as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) approach. Implementation of this strategy for both large- and small-scale farmers was facilitated through mixed methods social research. It included a novel exploratory network analysis to understand the process of technology adoption by farmers. Surveys showed that large-scale farmers have a good knowledge of E. saccharina, IPM and push-pull but that they needed more practical knowledge for implementation of the strategy. Farmers recommended experiential learning opportunities such as field days and model farms to get to know more about this technology. Despite demonstrating a positive attitude towards push-pull, farmers perceived it to be a ‘hassle’ and this is potentially the biggest barrier to its adoption. However, with suitable learning opportunities for farmers and good support for planting inputs, implementation of push-pull is likely to succeed. Sugarcane was shown to play an important role in the livelihoods and farming systems of small-scale growers. They did not perceive E. saccharina as a serious production constraint and had poor knowledge of the pest and its control. Extension for small-scale growers in this region should focus primarily on weed management and on reducing input costs, but still raising awareness of the increasing threat of E. saccharina. On-farm push-pull field trials showed a significant reduction of E. saccharina damage on two farms. Mean percentage damaged internodes decreased from 4.1% to 2.7% and from 1.7% to 1.1% in the presence of the repellent grass species, Melinis minutiflora. Where farmers did not manage their crops well, push-pull was not effective. It is therefore crucial that push-pull within an IPM framework be implemented together with good crop management practices. Stem borer surveys in wetlands on sugarcane farms revealed a high diversity of indigenous stem borers and parasitoids, including a stem borer species, Pirateolea piscator, which may pose a threat to crops in the future. These findings, together with a literature review on the significance of on-farm biodiversity and ecosystem services, demonstrated the value which wetlands have for pest management on sugarcane farms. Wetland health assessments were used to develop a tool for farmers to assess and utilise the wetlands on their farms for improved management of E. saccharina. This study highlights the importance of a farmer-participatory approach to implementation of knowledge-intensive farming practices such as push-pull. The importance of wetlands for providing pest regulatory services on sugarcane farms has shown that environmental sustainability needs to become a fundamental principle of farming and agricultural research. Participatory implementation of push-pull, as recommended in this dissertation, could act as a driving force for agroecology in the South African sugar industry and move sustainable farming practices off the pages of journals and manuals onto farmers’ fields. / Thesis (MSc (Zoology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Universiẗat, Diss.--St. Gallen, 1998. / Literaturverz. S. 225 - 249.

Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 154-156).

Introdução: A gastrostomia percutânea endoscópica (PEG) é utilizada como via de nutrição para pacientes sem capacidade de utilizar a via oral para manter ingestão suficiente. A disfagiaé uma das principais razões para a indicação da PEG, sendo geralmente atribuída a processos neurodegenerativos. Diferentes técnicas e tipos de sonda são utilizadas para confecção da PEG. A técnica de Tração é o método original, na qual a sonda é tracionada a partir de uma pequena incisão na parede abdominal, através a boca e do esôfago até estar posicionada junto da parede gástrica. A técnica de punção com gastropexia é uma variante da técnica de punção original, na qual a sonda não passa pela cavidade oral. Nesta técnica, após fixação do estômago na parede abdominal com uso de pontos, a sonda é introduzida diretamente através da parede abdominal sob visão endoscópica. De acordo com a técnica, diferentes modelos de sondas podem ser utilizadas, cada uma com diferentes tipos de retentores internos. Os retentores internos maiscomuns são: em forma de diamante, em forma de cogumelo, disco rígido e balão. Possivelmente, tanto a técnica de inserção como os modelos de sondas e retentores utilizados podem estar associados a diferentes desfechos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a incidência podem estar associados a diferentes desfechos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a incidência. Métodos: Foi realizada uma coorte histórica na qual foram incluídos todos os pacientes maiores de 18 anos submetidos à colocação de uma primeira PEG entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2015 no Hospital Moinhos de Vento, um hospital privado em Porto Alegre, sul do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados em formulário padronizado através de uma busca no sistema informatizado da Instituição. Para complementação dos dados foi realizada uma busca nos prontuários digitalizados, e em algumas situações realizado contato telefônico. Resultados: Foram identificados 245 pacientes, sendo 200 submetidos a técnica de tração (Pull) e 45 à técnica de punção com gastropexia (Push com gastropexia). A média da idade foi 80,3±13,3 anos. Cento e trinta e quatro (54,7%) pacientes eram do sexo feminino. O período médio de seguimento foi de 17,2±14,6 meses. A indicação mais comum foi doença neurodegenerativa (62,4%), seguido por acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) (16,3%). Todos os pacientes realizaram profilaxia com antibiótico no dia do procedimento. A mediana de dias de internação pós PEG foi de 8 dias. O modelo de sonda mais utilizado foi o retentor em forma de diamante (51,8/%). A colocação da PEG foi bem-sucedida em 99,6% dos casos. A mortalidade geral foi de 42,4% (104/245) durante o período de seguimento. Nenhum óbito foi atribuído diretamente a complicações relacionadas ao procedimento. Entretanto, três pacientes faleceram dentro de 48 horas após o procedimento: um por sepse respiratória, outro por parada cardiorrespiratória e o terceiro que realizou a PEG ambulatorial teve morte súbita no domicílio. A taxa de complicações (maiores ou menores) foi de 23,6%, sendo a mais frequente, a retirada acidental da sonda, que ocorreu em 17,1% dos pacientes em algum momento do seu seguimento. Não foi observada diferença entre as técnicas de realização da PEG gastrostomia com a incidência desta complicação. O tempo até a retirada acidental da sonda foi menor entre os pacientes cujas sondas tinham o retentor interno em forma de diamante em relação aos demais retentores (p = 0,02). Sepultamento do retentor interno (Buried Bumper Syndrome) ocorreu em 5,4% dos casos, todos submetidos a técnica de tração (p = 0,08). Pacientes portadores de sonda com retentor em forma de diamante apresentaram maior incidência de complicações gerais (p = 0,02) e de retirada acidental (p = 0,01), comparativamente aos pacientes portadores de sondas com outros tipos de retentor. Conclusões: A PEG é uma técnica segura, com baixa taxa de mortalidade diretamente associada ao procedimento. Entretanto, devido a população na qual o procedimento é realizado, a mortalidade geral é elevada. Complicações menores são frequentes, independentemente da técnica ou tipo de sonda utilizada, porém a técnica e o tipo de sonda parecem associadas a um perfil diferente de complicações. Perspectivas: O desenvolvimento da técnica, o desenvolvimento de materiais com melhor perfil de segurança e, especialmente, o aprimoramento das orientações e cuidados pós-gastrostomia são necessários para reduzir a incidência de complicações em pacientes submetidos a esse tipo de procedimento. Novos estudos comparando de maneira prospectiva e randomizada diferentes técnicas e modelos de sonda são necessários para determinar se há uma técnica ou modelo a ser utilizado como primeira escolha.

This study aims to analyse women’s self-employment in five regions of Europe, namely Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, North-West Europe and Western Europe in two years, 2002 and 2016. To assess the factors affecting women’s self-employment in Europe we base our analysis on push and pull theory and as far as the quantitative part is concerned we estimate a probit model. Our research questions are the following: What socio-economic factors influence women to enter self-employment in the five regions of Europe? How are these factors related to the push and pull theory? Is there a trend of convergence over time in the five European regions studied? The main findings are that being women decreases the probability to become self-employed in the five European regions, except in the Northern part of Europe. The result suggests that women more often than men are pushed into self-employment as they have to balance work with family. Being young (18-35) also decreases the probability of being self-employed compared to middle age individual (36-50) in the year 2002 and 2016. Individuals with low and medium-skill level have a lower probability of being self-employed in comparison to the individual with high skill. Regarding the research questions, this study found that variable age (18-36), age (51-65), married, children, medium education, high education, low skill and high skill are factors that influence women in their decision to become self-employed. Observing the change over time of self-employment, we found that the probability increases being selfemployed in Southern Europe whereas it decreases in Northern Europe.