In this thesis, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) fold-up non-classical unipolar complementary metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (CMOS-FET) structure and its operation mechanism. We utilize a NMOS transistor having punch-through effect and a classical NMOS to realize our proposed CMOS circuit. In our proposed CMOS circuit, both driver and load transistors are based on the n-channel MOS (NMOS) structures, so, in this unipolar CMOS, the carrier used is the electron only. Hence, the delay time can be improved by 14% when compared with the conventional CMOS. Moreover, the p-channel MOS (PMOS) transistor can be eliminated in our proposed CMOS circuit. Thus, we do not need the traditional N-well technique and we also use the 3D device architecture to drastically reduce the total device area more than 69%, in comparison to a conventional CMOS. If our proposed CMOS architecture is implemented in the VLSI circuits, the packing density can be increased and the device fabrication cost can also be reduced significantly. Therefore, our proposed 3D fold-up non-classical single-carrier CMOS-FET can achieve three important requirements as follows: 1) area reduction, 2) enhanced speed, and 3) decrease cost in the system fabrication.

In this paper, we propose a novel Unipolar CMOS device in which the transport carriers are electron only. And we achieve good inverter output waveform and logic circuit applications by simulation. Duo to all n-channel (NMOS) structures are used, we call this proposed CMOS as a Unipolar CMOS. A new basic theory of utilizing the punch through effect is demonstrated to enhance the tPLH in our proposed Unipolar CMOS. The average delay time compared with the classical CMOS circuit can be improved 23% for high-performance applications. For our proposed Unipolar CMOS, all n-channel MOS are used to eliminate the N- and P-well processes and ignore the difference between the carrier mobility. In addition, the common electrodes are also exploited, hence, the layout area can be reduced to about 75%, which leads to significantly increase the packing density of CMOS circuits in the same chip.

A utilização do concreto auto-adensável (CAA) vem aumentando consideravelmente, no Brasil e no mundo. Com isso, há mais interesse em estudos práticos e teóricos a respeito do material, porém a maioria realizada está centrada em propriedades mecânicas da mistura no estado endurecido. Poucos estudos estão voltados para uma das áreas de maior lacuna: a dosagem. Os métodos de dosagem existentes para o CAA ou são experimentais, baseados na experiência do executor, ou são dependentes de tabelas determinadas a partir de materiais de difícil reprodução em outros locais. Com o intuito de ajudar a resolver este problema, foi proposto um método de dosagem experimental para CAA nesta tese. Este método visa a dosagem de CAA através de ensaios simples que determinem a composição dos agregados, de forma que o empacotamento granular apresente a menor quantidade de vazios possível, a fim de se minimizar o consumo de pasta na mistura. O método utiliza conceitos novos e já consagrados de outros métodos, como o IPT/EPUSP (Helene e Terzian, 1992), o proposto por Tutikian (2004), o de O´Reilly (1992) e o Modelo de Empacotamento Compressivo (CPM) (De Larrard, 1999). Para a comprovação da eficácia deste método, foram dosadas seis famílias de CAA, sendo três com areia fina e outras três com cinza volante, formando pares dosados por diferentes métodos. Entre as seis famílias, duas utilizaram o método de Tutikian (2004) e quatro o método proposto, porém primeiramente com uma faixa de agregado graúdo e após com duas granulometrias de brita, proporcionando famílias com o esqueleto granular mais compacto. Por fim, foi realizada uma família de concreto convencional (CCV). Os CAA dosados através deste novo método são de obtenção mais simples e menos trabalhosa, dependendo menos da experiência do executor, e os resultados mostraram que estes podem ser mais econômicos e com as propriedades no estado endurecido similares ou até vantajosas em relação às dos CCV e a dos outros CAA, principalmente o com duas granulometrias de agregado graúdo. / The utilization of self compacting concrete (SCC) has been increasing considerably throughout Brazil and the world. Hence, there has been more interest in theoretical and practical studies regarding the issue; however, the majority of such studies have been focused on the mechanical properties of the mixture in the hardened state. Very few studies have been focused on the subject of the dosage. The existing methods of dosage for SCC are either experimental, based on the experience of the executor, or are dependent on customized charts based on local materials which are very difficult to reproduce. With the intention to aid in the solution of this problem, an experimental dosage method was proposed in this thesis. This method aims at the dosage of SCC through simple tests that determine the composition of the aggregates, so that the packing density presents the least amount of voids, in order to minimize the consumption of binder in the mixture. The method uses new concepts and some concepts already determined from other methods, such as the IPT/EPUSP (Helene e Terzian, 1992), the one proposed by Tutikian (2004), the O´Reilly (1992) and the Compressive Packing Model (CPM) (De Larrard, 1999). In order to substantiate the efficienty of this method, six families of SCC were carried out, three of those with fine sand and the remaining three with fly ash, forming three pairs dosed by different methods. Amongst the six families, two used the Tutikian method (2004) and the other four families used the proposed method, which were divided into two subgroups; two with one class of gravel and the remaining subgroup utilizing two classes of gravel, supplying each family with a more compact granular skeleton. As a control group, a test family of conventional concrete (CCV) was produced. The SCC designed through this new method is simpler to obtain and requires less labor, depending less on the experience of the executor. The results present themselves as more economical and with the properties in the hardened state quite similar or even enhanced in relation to the ones of the CCV and the other SCC, specially with two classes of gravel.

A utilização do concreto auto-adensável (CAA) vem aumentando consideravelmente, no Brasil e no mundo. Com isso, há mais interesse em estudos práticos e teóricos a respeito do material, porém a maioria realizada está centrada em propriedades mecânicas da mistura no estado endurecido. Poucos estudos estão voltados para uma das áreas de maior lacuna: a dosagem. Os métodos de dosagem existentes para o CAA ou são experimentais, baseados na experiência do executor, ou são dependentes de tabelas determinadas a partir de materiais de difícil reprodução em outros locais. Com o intuito de ajudar a resolver este problema, foi proposto um método de dosagem experimental para CAA nesta tese. Este método visa a dosagem de CAA através de ensaios simples que determinem a composição dos agregados, de forma que o empacotamento granular apresente a menor quantidade de vazios possível, a fim de se minimizar o consumo de pasta na mistura. O método utiliza conceitos novos e já consagrados de outros métodos, como o IPT/EPUSP (Helene e Terzian, 1992), o proposto por Tutikian (2004), o de O´Reilly (1992) e o Modelo de Empacotamento Compressivo (CPM) (De Larrard, 1999). Para a comprovação da eficácia deste método, foram dosadas seis famílias de CAA, sendo três com areia fina e outras três com cinza volante, formando pares dosados por diferentes métodos. Entre as seis famílias, duas utilizaram o método de Tutikian (2004) e quatro o método proposto, porém primeiramente com uma faixa de agregado graúdo e após com duas granulometrias de brita, proporcionando famílias com o esqueleto granular mais compacto. Por fim, foi realizada uma família de concreto convencional (CCV). Os CAA dosados através deste novo método são de obtenção mais simples e menos trabalhosa, dependendo menos da experiência do executor, e os resultados mostraram que estes podem ser mais econômicos e com as propriedades no estado endurecido similares ou até vantajosas em relação às dos CCV e a dos outros CAA, principalmente o com duas granulometrias de agregado graúdo. / The utilization of self compacting concrete (SCC) has been increasing considerably throughout Brazil and the world. Hence, there has been more interest in theoretical and practical studies regarding the issue; however, the majority of such studies have been focused on the mechanical properties of the mixture in the hardened state. Very few studies have been focused on the subject of the dosage. The existing methods of dosage for SCC are either experimental, based on the experience of the executor, or are dependent on customized charts based on local materials which are very difficult to reproduce. With the intention to aid in the solution of this problem, an experimental dosage method was proposed in this thesis. This method aims at the dosage of SCC through simple tests that determine the composition of the aggregates, so that the packing density presents the least amount of voids, in order to minimize the consumption of binder in the mixture. The method uses new concepts and some concepts already determined from other methods, such as the IPT/EPUSP (Helene e Terzian, 1992), the one proposed by Tutikian (2004), the O´Reilly (1992) and the Compressive Packing Model (CPM) (De Larrard, 1999). In order to substantiate the efficienty of this method, six families of SCC were carried out, three of those with fine sand and the remaining three with fly ash, forming three pairs dosed by different methods. Amongst the six families, two used the Tutikian method (2004) and the other four families used the proposed method, which were divided into two subgroups; two with one class of gravel and the remaining subgroup utilizing two classes of gravel, supplying each family with a more compact granular skeleton. As a control group, a test family of conventional concrete (CCV) was produced. The SCC designed through this new method is simpler to obtain and requires less labor, depending less on the experience of the executor. The results present themselves as more economical and with the properties in the hardened state quite similar or even enhanced in relation to the ones of the CCV and the other SCC, specially with two classes of gravel.

abstract: A cerebral aneurysm is a bulging of a blood vessel in the brain. Aneurysmal rupture affects 25,000 people each year and is associated with a 45% mortality rate. Therefore, it is critically important to treat cerebral aneurysms effectively before they rupture. Endovascular coiling is the most effective treatment for cerebral aneurysms. During coiling process, series of metallic coils are deployed into the aneurysmal sack with the intent of reaching a sufficient packing density (PD). Coils packing can facilitate thrombus formation and help seal off the aneurysm from circulation over time. While coiling is effective, high rates of treatment failure have been associated with basilar tip aneurysms (BTAs). Treatment failure may be related to geometrical features of the aneurysm. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of dome size, parent vessel (PV) angle, and PD on post-treatment aneurysmal hemodynamics using both computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and particle image velocimetry (PIV). Flows in four idealized BTA models with a combination of dome sizes and two different PV angles were simulated using CFD and then validated against PIV data. Percent reductions in post-treatment aneurysmal velocity and cross-neck (CN) flow as well as percent coverage of low wall shear stress (WSS) area were analyzed. In all models, aneurysmal velocity and CN flow decreased after coiling, while low WSS area increased. However, with increasing PD, further reductions were observed in aneurysmal velocity and CN flow, but minimal changes were observed in low WSS area. Overall, coil PD had the greatest impact while dome size has greater impact than PV angle on aneurysmal hemodynamics. These findings lead to a conclusion that combinations of treatment goals and geometric factor may play key roles in coil embolization treatment outcomes, and support that different treatment timing may be a critical factor in treatment optimization. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Bioengineering 2013

abstract: A cerebral aneurysm is an abnormal ballooning of the blood vessel wall in the brain that occurs in approximately 6% of the general population. When a cerebral aneurysm ruptures, the subsequent damage is lethal damage in nearly 50% of cases. Over the past decade, endovascular treatment has emerged as an effective treatment option for cerebral aneurysms that is far less invasive than conventional surgical options. Nonetheless, the rate of successful treatment is as low as 50% for certain types of aneurysms. Treatment success has been correlated with favorable post-treatment hemodynamics. However, current understanding of the effects of endovascular treatment parameters on post-treatment hemodynamics is limited. This limitation is due in part to current challenges in in vivo flow measurement techniques. Improved understanding of post-treatment hemodynamics can lead to more effective treatments. However, the effects of treatment on hemodynamics may be patient-specific and thus, accurate tools that can predict hemodynamics on a case by case basis are also required for improving outcomes.Accordingly, the main objectives of this work were 1) to develop computational tools for predicting post-treatment hemodynamics and 2) to build a foundation of understanding on the effects of controllable treatment parameters on cerebral aneurysm hemodynamics. Experimental flow measurement techniques, using particle image velocimetry, were first developed for acquiring flow data in cerebral aneurysm models treated with an endovascular device. The experimental data were then used to guide the development of novel computational tools, which consider the physical properties, design specifications, and deployment mechanics of endovascular devices to simulate post-treatment hemodynamics. The effects of different endovascular treatment parameters on cerebral aneurysm hemodynamics were then characterized under controlled conditions. Lastly, application of the computational tools for interventional planning was demonstrated through the evaluation of two patient cases. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Bioengineering 2013

A utilização do concreto auto-adensável (CAA) vem aumentando consideravelmente, no Brasil e no mundo. Com isso, há mais interesse em estudos práticos e teóricos a respeito do material, porém a maioria realizada está centrada em propriedades mecânicas da mistura no estado endurecido. Poucos estudos estão voltados para uma das áreas de maior lacuna: a dosagem. Os métodos de dosagem existentes para o CAA ou são experimentais, baseados na experiência do executor, ou são dependentes de tabelas determinadas a partir de materiais de difícil reprodução em outros locais. Com o intuito de ajudar a resolver este problema, foi proposto um método de dosagem experimental para CAA nesta tese. Este método visa a dosagem de CAA através de ensaios simples que determinem a composição dos agregados, de forma que o empacotamento granular apresente a menor quantidade de vazios possível, a fim de se minimizar o consumo de pasta na mistura. O método utiliza conceitos novos e já consagrados de outros métodos, como o IPT/EPUSP (Helene e Terzian, 1992), o proposto por Tutikian (2004), o de O´Reilly (1992) e o Modelo de Empacotamento Compressivo (CPM) (De Larrard, 1999). Para a comprovação da eficácia deste método, foram dosadas seis famílias de CAA, sendo três com areia fina e outras três com cinza volante, formando pares dosados por diferentes métodos. Entre as seis famílias, duas utilizaram o método de Tutikian (2004) e quatro o método proposto, porém primeiramente com uma faixa de agregado graúdo e após com duas granulometrias de brita, proporcionando famílias com o esqueleto granular mais compacto. Por fim, foi realizada uma família de concreto convencional (CCV). Os CAA dosados através deste novo método são de obtenção mais simples e menos trabalhosa, dependendo menos da experiência do executor, e os resultados mostraram que estes podem ser mais econômicos e com as propriedades no estado endurecido similares ou até vantajosas em relação às dos CCV e a dos outros CAA, principalmente o com duas granulometrias de agregado graúdo. / The utilization of self compacting concrete (SCC) has been increasing considerably throughout Brazil and the world. Hence, there has been more interest in theoretical and practical studies regarding the issue; however, the majority of such studies have been focused on the mechanical properties of the mixture in the hardened state. Very few studies have been focused on the subject of the dosage. The existing methods of dosage for SCC are either experimental, based on the experience of the executor, or are dependent on customized charts based on local materials which are very difficult to reproduce. With the intention to aid in the solution of this problem, an experimental dosage method was proposed in this thesis. This method aims at the dosage of SCC through simple tests that determine the composition of the aggregates, so that the packing density presents the least amount of voids, in order to minimize the consumption of binder in the mixture. The method uses new concepts and some concepts already determined from other methods, such as the IPT/EPUSP (Helene e Terzian, 1992), the one proposed by Tutikian (2004), the O´Reilly (1992) and the Compressive Packing Model (CPM) (De Larrard, 1999). In order to substantiate the efficienty of this method, six families of SCC were carried out, three of those with fine sand and the remaining three with fly ash, forming three pairs dosed by different methods. Amongst the six families, two used the Tutikian method (2004) and the other four families used the proposed method, which were divided into two subgroups; two with one class of gravel and the remaining subgroup utilizing two classes of gravel, supplying each family with a more compact granular skeleton. As a control group, a test family of conventional concrete (CCV) was produced. The SCC designed through this new method is simpler to obtain and requires less labor, depending less on the experience of the executor. The results present themselves as more economical and with the properties in the hardened state quite similar or even enhanced in relation to the ones of the CCV and the other SCC, specially with two classes of gravel.

The thesis deals with the possibility of bonding the ceramic mixture by a sol-gel method, Colloidal alumina was used as the sol and the gelation was performed by changing the ionic strength or pH. The influence of different gelling agents (NaCl, NH4Cl, NH3, MgO a CO(NH)) on the gellation time and on the course of the gelation was compared. The aim of the work is the preparation of refractory monolith with the highest packing desity possible, which was solved by modeling the granulometric curve of the solid part of the ceramic mixture based on alumina. The thesis also describes the behavior of prepared gels during thermal processing of ceramics. Subsequently the resulting structure of prepared ceramic bodies was monitored.

Das grundlegende Verständnis von Selbstorganisationsprozessen auf molekularem Niveau ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für den Fortschritt der Nanotechnologie. In diesem Zusammenhang werden hier Untersuchungen derartiger Prozesse an der Grenzfläche zwischen einer flüssigen Phase (z.B. einer Lösung) und einer kristallinen Festkörperoberfläche durchgeführt. Die Konzentration der Lösung und die Polarität des Lösungsmittels sind von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Kontrolle der durch Selbstorganisation gebildeten Strukturen von Molekülen an den flüssig-fest Grenzflächen zu einem Graphitsubstrat (HOPG). Im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit stehen die Einflüsse dieser beiden Parameter auf die Anordnung der Moleküle. Zunächst wird die Polarität der Lösungsmittel diskutiert. Lösungsmittel mit verschiedenen Polaritäten wie Phenyloctan (unpolar), Fettsäuren (moderat polar) und Fettalkohole (stark polar) wurden verwendet um Trimesinsäure (TMA) zu lösen. TMA bildet keine geordnete Struktur aus wenn es aus Phenyloctan (PO) abgeschieden wird. Ein poröses Muster ("Chicken-wire"-Struktur) entsteht aus der Lösung von TMA in Octansäure, wohingegen aus der Lösung von TMA in Undecanol ein Linienmuster durch Koadsorption von TMA und Undecanol Molekülen gebildet wird. Als nächstes werden die Auswirkungen der Ultraschallbehandlung der Lösungen zur Kontrolle der Konzentration der Lösung und die daraus resultierende unterschiedliche molekulare Packungsdichte und Strukturen beschrieben. Eine selbstassemblierte Struktur aus Zick-Zack-Dimerketten wird bei der TMA-PO Lösung nur beobachtet, wenn die Lösung für 5 Stunden Ultraschall ausgesetzt wurde. Die hoher Packungsdichte in Form der "Flower"-Struktur wird für Lösungen von TMA in Octansäure gefunden, nachdem diese für lange Zeit mit Ultraschall behandelt wurden. Ein weiterer Aspekt der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die entdeckte Veresterungsreaktion an der TMA-undecanol/HOPG Grenzfläche. 1-undecyl Monoester von TMA wurde überraschender Weise an dieser Grenzfläche gefunden, nachdem die TMA-Undecanol Lösungen, für lange Zeit Ultraschall ausgesetzt wurden. Diese Monoestermoleküle bilden sich an der flüssig-fest Grenzfläche allein auf Grund der erhöhten Konzentration von TMA (ohne jegliche externe Katalysatoren). Der physikalische Hintergrund der Prozesse des Lösens und der Ultraschallbehandlung sind der Gegenstand weiterer Untersuchungen. Selbstassemblierte Abscheidung tritt auch bei Verwendung nur der reinen Lösungsmittel (Octansäure beziehungsweise Undecanol) auf, was zu verschiedenen Mustern führt, welche ebenfalls durch Ultraschallbehandlung kontrolliert eingestellt werden können.

Three dimensional printing (3DP) is one of the most important solid freeform fabrication (SFF) methods that can produce any material with desired 3D shape by using suitable powder-binder formulations. It differs from the standard molding operations in that it can produce a complicated shapes by a software driven instrument in a laminated fashion and the cost is lower. This method can be applied in a very wide area including drug release operations, biomaterial production especially for bone fixation, prototype production for all purposes, wound dressing etc. It can also be used in obtaining edible objects by using natural polysaccharides with water based binders. In this study, it is aimed to understand the gelling behaviour of some of the gelling materials, which are alginates, pectins and carageenans, and effect of various factors on the production of confectionary objects by means of 3DP process. Effect of multivalent cations, especially Ca2+ ion, on the gelling behaviour of these materials are investigated. The egg-box structure obtained between the polymer segments increases the water holding capacity of the materials and much more chewy structures can be obtained. The molecular changes are followed by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In 3DP applications, the composition of powder and binder, pH, temperature, relative humidity (RH) and machine parameters are important factors affecting the texture of the final object. The texture of the produced specimens is examined by using a texture analyzer and maximum force values are given as g/cm at failure. Alginate and carrageenans are found to be more effective in obtaining chewy textures with Ca2+ ion content in sugar based matrices and optimization of machine parameters are performed to obtain a higher resolution on the specimens.