Diplomová práca sa zaoberá návrhom mixéru pre výrobu fosfátových hnojív s ohľadom na zadané požiadavky. Práca samotná je rozdelená do niekoľkých častí, kde prvá formuluje ciele riešenia. Základné otázky konkrétneho priemyslu sú odpovedané s akcentom na premenné, ktoré priamo ovplyvňujú kvalitu mixovania. Ďalšia časť práce prezentuje ideový návrh so sadou výpočtov, ktoré podporujú požadovaný výkon a mechanický dizajn mixéru. Hriadeľ je kontrolovaný analytickým výpočtom a metódou FEM, vyúsťujúc do zhodných záverov. Navrhnutý dizajn mixéru je prezentovaný 3D modelmi jeho súčastí, ktoré boli vytvorené v prostredí Autodesk Inventor. Práca obsahuje taktiež 2D dokumentáciu.

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A fully instrumented on-water sprint canoe system was designed, built, and tested. The system consists of: one 6-axis load cell in the paddle shaft at the blade, one inertial measuring unit (IMU) on the paddle, one IMU on the boat, and one GPS unit on the canoe boat. These sensors communicated wirelessly to a laptop where the data was processed and displayed in real-time. The sensors were rigorously tested and well-measured in their satisfactory accuracy. The system can provide a full decomposition of the blade water force into propulsive (forward/aft), side, and vertical forces. Previous systems for canoe have been extremely simple and rudimentary. There has been more effort in the rowing and kayak systems but they still failed to capture a full force profile. On-water tests with national-level athletes examined a wide variety of sprint canoe strokes at different paces, power inputs, rates, and stroke lengths. The measurement system could clearly see the differences in force profiles between the stroke sets. A number of efficiency measures were developed using the available data. Instantaneous and integral in-stroke force ratios were developed based on the blade's propulsive force to total force proportion. Derived stroke averaged efficiencies also provided more information. These produced measurements of energy/impulse input to the boat's propulsion output. Differences in such efficiencies could be clearly seen in the various collected stroke sets. This system will be highly useful to high performance athletes and coaches for modifying athlete technique. It has potential for improving equipment design and matching athletes to optimal blade styles. More academically, it can assist biomechanical assessments of sprint canoe and numerical flow studies around blades. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / A measurement system for a sprint canoe paddle was created that can evaluate an athlete's stroke performance during race-like conditions. This system was tested using national-level athletes in a true on-water setting. By measuring the force and orientation of the athlete's strokes, the system was able to clearly distinguish the performance of various stroke techniques. Analysis of the force profiles and the derivation of stroke efficiencies provided additional performance indicators. This is the first system to achieve this amount of measurement detail of any rowing or paddling sport. This fully instrumented paddle system is ready to be used as a coaching tool to improve athlete performance. It can also be used as an academic tool for paddle blade study.

Inom kanotsporten är synkronisering av paddeltag i en kanot med fler än en kanotist väldigt viktig för att uppnå en så hög hastighet som möjligt. Hans Rosdahl från Gymnastik- och Idrottshögskolan har därför gett i uppdrag att utveckla en mobilapplikation som ger respons till kanotisten som använder applikationen om dennes paddeltag är synkroniserad med frontkanotisten. En förstudie har därför utförts för att bland annat undersöka de olika sensoralternativen som fanns tillgängliga och en applikation inom operativsystemet Android har utvecklats. Applikationen ansluter sig till IMU-sensorer, Intertial Measurement Unit, som sitter på varje paddel och som mäter tröghetskrafterna för att bestämma orientering av sensorn. Applikationen tar emot IMU-data från sensorerna som sitter på användarkanotistens och frontkanotistens paddlar och varje sensor avgör när ett paddeltag har utförts genom orienteringen på sensorn. Denna sensordata som visar ett utfört paddeltag används för att beräkna tidsskillnaden är på paddeltagen från båda kanotister. När tidsskillnaden har räknats ut får användaren visuell respons på mobilskärmen om denne är synkroniserad med frontkanotisten eller inte och på vilken nivå synkroniseringen ligger. / Synchronisation of paddle stroke is an important aspect within the sports of paddling with multiple paddles in one boat to maximise the velocity. Hans Rosdahl from The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, therefore provided a task to develop a mobile phone application that offers feedback to the paddlers using the application if their paddle stroke is synchronised with the paddler in front. A pre-study has been carried out to investigate possible sensor alternatives that are available, and an application has been developed for the mobile operative system Android. The application connects to an IMU, Inertial Measurement Unit, sensor that measures inertia to determine the orientation of the sensor node. The application receives sensor data from the IMU from the user paddler’s and the front paddler’s sensor nodes and each sensor determines when a paddle stroke has occurred using its orientation. The data showing a stroke is used to calculate the time difference between these strokes to evaluate if the user is synchronised with the front paddler or not. After this evaluation, the user receives a visual response of their synchronisation level on their screen.

A significant proportion of the world's population and physical assets are located in low lying coastal zones. Accurate prediction of wave induced run-up and overtopping of sea defences are important in defining the extent and severity of wave action, and in assessing risk to people and property from severe storms and tsunamis. This thesis describes a one-dimensional numerical model based on the Boussinesq equations of Madsen and Sorensen (1992) and the non-linear shallow water equations. The model is suitable for simulating propagation of weakly non-linear and weakly dispersive waves from intermediate to zero depth, such that any inundation and/or overtopping caused by the incoming waves is also calculated as part of the simulation. Wave breaking is approximated by locally switching to the non-linear shallow water equations, which can model broken waves as bores. A piston paddle wavemaker is incorporated into the model for complete reproduction of laboratory experiments. A domain mapping technique is used in the vicinity of the paddle to transform a time-varying domain into a fixed domain, so that the governing equations can be more readily solved. First, various aspects of the numerical model are verified against known analytical and newly derived semi-analytical solutions. The complete model is then validated with laboratory measurements of run-up and overtopping involving solitary waves. NewWave focused wave groups, which give the expected shape of extreme wave events in a linear random sea, are used for further validation. Simulations of experiments of wave group run-up on a plane beach yield very good agreement with the measured run-up distances and free surface time series. Wave-by-wave overtopping induced by focused wave groups is also successfully simulated with the model, with satisfactory agreement between the experimental and the predicted overtopping volumes. Repeated simulations, now driven by second order paddle displacement signals, give insight into second order error waves spuriously generated by using paddle signals derived from linear theory. Separation of harmonics reveals that the long error wave is significantly affecting the wave group shape and leading to enhanced runu-up distances and overtopping volumes. An extensive parameter study is carried out using the numerical model investigating the influence on wave group run-up of linear wave amplitude at focus, linear focus location, and wave group phase at focus. For a given amplitude, both the phase and the focus location significantly affect the wave group run-up. It is also found that the peak optimised run-up increases with the wave amplitude, but wave breaking becomes an inhibiting factor for larger waves. This methodology is proposed for extreme storm wave induced run-up analysis.

Two trigonal tritopic ligands with different conformational degree of freedom: conformationally labile H3tcbpa (tris((4-carboxyl)phenylduryl)amine) and conformationally obstructed H3hmbqa (4,4′,4′′-(4,4,8,8,12,12-hexamethyl-8,12-dihydro-4H-benzo[9,1]quino-lizino[3,4,5,6,7-defg]acridine-2,6,10-triyl)tribenzoic acid) are assembled with square-planar paddle-wheel nodes with the aim of selective engineering of the frameworks with tbo and pto underlying net topologies. In the case of H3tcbpa, both topological types were obtained forming non-interpenetrated MOFs namely DUT-63 (tbo) and DUT-64 (pto). Whereas synthesis of DUT-63 proceeds under typical conditions, formation of DUT-64 requires an additional topology directing reagent (topological modifier). Solvothermal treatment of the conformationally hindered H3hmbqa ligand with the Cu-salt results exclusively in DUT-77 material, based on the single pto net. The possibility to insert the salen based metallated pillar ligand into networks with pto topology post-synthetically results in DUT-78 and DUT-79 materials (both ith-d) and opens new horizons for post-synthetic insertion of catalytically active metals within the above-mentioned topological type of frameworks.

Liberação transdérmica de fármacos apresenta várias vantagens na terapêutica quando comparada com administração oral ou parenteral. Não existe até o momento nenhum método previsto na Farmacopéia Brasileira para realizar testes de liberação de fármacos em adesivos transdérmicos, outros compêndios oficiais como Farmacopéia Americana, Britânica e Européia, descrevem o aparato de pás sobre disco, o cilindro rotatório e o suporte recíproco. Atualmente a literatura descreve diversos tipos de células de difusão para liberação transdérmica das quais a célula de difusão de Franz tem sido a mais empregada tanto para adesivos transdérmicos como formas semi-sólidas, utilizada no desenvolvimento farmacotécnico, caracterização biofarmacêutica e controle de qualidade. A proposta deste estudo tem por objetivo estipular critérios para a escolha mais adequada do equipamento e metodologias in vitro na avaliação da liberação transdérmicas de fármacos, utilizando a nicotina como fármaco modelo. Para tal, foram empregados ensaios in vitro de liberação e retenção cutânea utilizando métodos de pás sobre disco e método de célula de difusão de Franz modificada em sistema estático e fluxo contínuo. A validação dos fatores que influenciam a taxa de liberação in vitro da nicotina foram fundamentais para escolha do meio receptor, escolha da velocidade de agitação que promoveu mais semelhança no perfil de liberação em diferentes equipamentos assim como a escolha da membrana biológica mais adequada para o método proposto. Os resultados mais promissores foram selecionados para os ensaios in vitro de liberação, permeação e retenção cutânea. Os dados de liberação, tanto em quantidades de nicotina liberada como seu fluxo, demonstraram semelhança no uso de diferentes equipamentos, indicando possíveis intercambialidades entre os métodos propostos para liberação de nicotina transdérmica. Ensaios in vitro de permeação cutânea em célula de difusão vertical de Franz não demonstraram diferenças significativas em diferentes modelos de membranas biológicas utilizadas, as quais foram pele de orelha de porco, pele de camundongo sem pelo e pele de cobra cascavel hidratada por 24 horas. A quantidade de nicotina permeada em até 8 horas, assim como o fluxo de permeação foram significativamente menor para o método de pás sobre disco (FDA) quando comparado com os resultados obtidos utilizando célula de difusão vertical de Franz tanto em sistema estático com em fluxo contínuo. Estes resultados podem estar relacionados com a estrutura física do equipamento de célula de difusão vertical de Franz, uma vez que oferece um sistema oclusivo, dificultando o contato do adesivo com o meio receptor. Desta forma, os resultados deste projeto podem indicar o uso da célula de difusão vertical de Franz para ensaios in vitro de liberação e permeação cutânea da nicotina em formas farmacêuticas transdérmicas, podendo ser aplicado em pesquisas de desenvolvimento de formulações, controle da qualidade e testes de Equivalência Farmacêutica para produtos genéricos. Os resultados desta pesquisa apresentam-se podem ter importante influência nas discussões em torno dos medicamentos genéricos no Brasil, bem como na elaboração de diretrizes para testes de Equivalência Farmacêutica e Controle de Qualidade de medicamentos transdérmicos. Poderão ainda fornecer dados para indicações de protocolos para Farmacopéia Brasileira e pesquisa científica em torno dos sistemas de liberação transdérmicas de fármacos. / The aim of this work was to compare in vitro release and permeation of nicotine from transdermal patch (TDS) using three different methods such as, FDA paddle method and both Vertical Diffusion Cell (VCD) static and continuous flux. We evaluated different kinds of membrane (hairless mouse, porcine ear skin and snake skin), different composition and pH of acceptor phases (0.01N isotonic phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (± 0.2), water, and HCL 0.025N), agitation of acceptor phase and batches of the transdermal patches. Profiles of release and permeation from all methods evaluated were linked statistically using linear regression and one-way ANOVA nonparametric assay. The 0.01N isotonic phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (± 0.2) improved greater release rate of nicotine than those obtained using HCL and water as acceptor phase. Cumulative released and permeated amounts of nicotine were almost equal for all methods evaluated and there is not significantly different (one-way ANOVA p 0.05) were observed after 8 h. However nicotine permeated fluxes (J) after 8 h were significantly higher using VDC than those obtained using FDA paddle method. Cumulative permeated amounts (reported to the effective surface area of the cells) were overestimated when skin permeation experiments were prolonged to 12 h, indicating that the actual diffusion surface area of NiQuitinTM exceeded the effective diffusion surface area of the cells. Reducing the trimmed TDS surface area led not only to a reduction of the cumulative permeated amounts, but also to a reduction of the flux at 12 h. In order to evaluate the edge effect on drug release flux studies were performed using static VDC. In vitro penetration studies using different membranes showed not significantly difference for ear pig skin, hairless mouse and snake skin at 8 h. However data obtained without membrane were about 1.25 times smaller than those obtained with biological membranes. These results demonstrated that NiQuitinTM TDS had dependent release of membrane at 8 h of permeation. In conclusion there is not significantly different for in vitro release and permeation amounts of nicotine from NiQuitinTM using VDC and FDA method. In term of release efficiency all methods released up to 80% of nicotine after 8 h. The results suggested the use of VDC as potential method to evaluate both in vitro release and skin permeation of nicotine in transdermal patches.

Wireless applications have become a common part of daily life. Whether it is mobile phones, the Wi-Fi router at home, the keycard which has replaced the car key, a radio frequency identification access system to a building or a Bluetooth headset for your computer or phone, the means of modern wireless data exchange is an omnipresent technology. In sports, the market is in its infancy for wireless, technical applications or gadgets. Only heart rate monitors and GPS watches are currently used by recreational athletes. Even though most of the larger sports equipment companies regularly launch new products related to sports performance monitoring and mobile phone technology, product innovation leaps are rare.In this work the design of a wireless sports performance measurement platform is presented. Using the example of kayaking, this platform is configured as a paddle performance measuring system, the Kayak XL System, which can monitor propulsive paddle force, paddle kinematics and boat velocity, interalia. A common mobile phone platform has been chosen as the user interface for this system. The design approach focussing on user requests, demands and expectations in combination with the process of iterative technical development are unveiled in this thesis. An evaluation of the system is presented and the work is finalised with an overview of further systems which have been designed based on the developed measurement platform. The Kayak XL System is a flexible system designed to be mounted onto any standard kayak paddle and installed in any competition kayak. Versatility, unobtrusiveness and usability were major design concerns. The developed system consists of four modules plus a software which has been designed for Android mobile phones. The phone communicates with each of the four modules trough Bluetooth radio. These four modules are also referred to as nodes and have specific measurement purposes. Two nodes have been designed to measure paddle force and kinematics, one node has the purpose to measure foot stretcher force and boat motion data, and the fourth node enables a more convenient method of calibrating paddle force measurement. The fourth node is therefore only needed prior to performance data acquisition. Results show that paddle and foot stretcher force can be measured with a resolution below 1N after calibration. Installing the paddle nodes on a previously configured paddle without repeated calibration is facilitated with the compromise of a doubled error margin. The default sampling frequency is set to 100 Hz and can, like all system parameters, be configured on the mobile phone. Real-time computation of complex performance parameters is only limited by the phone CPU. The system adds twice 109 g to the paddle and approximately 850 g to the kayak, excluding the mass of the mobile phone / <p>QC 20120827</p>

Points-to analysis is a static program analysis that tries to predict the dynamic behavior of programs without running them. It computes reference information by approximating for each pointer in the program a set of possible objects to which it could point to at runtime. In order to justify new analysis techniques, they need to be compared to the state of the art regarding their accuracy and efficiency. One of the main parameters influencing precision in points-to analysis is context-sensitivity that provides the analysis of each method separately for different contexts it was called on. The problem raised due to providing such a property to points-to analysis is decreasing of analysis scalability along with increasing memory consumption used during analysis process. The goal of this thesis is to present a comparison of precision and scalability of context-sensitive and context-insensitive analysis using three different points-to analysis techniques (Spark, Paddle, P2SSA) produced by two research groups. This comparison provides basic trade-offs regarding scalability on the one hand and efficiency and accuracy on the other. This work was intended to involve previous research work in this field consequently to investigate and implement several specific metrics covering each type of analysis regardless context-sensitivity – Spark, Paddle and P2SSA. These three approaches for points-to analysis demonstrate the intended achievements of different research groups. Common output format enables to choose the most efficient type of analysis for particular purpose.

Liberação transdérmica de fármacos apresenta várias vantagens na terapêutica quando comparada com administração oral ou parenteral. Não existe até o momento nenhum método previsto na Farmacopéia Brasileira para realizar testes de liberação de fármacos em adesivos transdérmicos, outros compêndios oficiais como Farmacopéia Americana, Britânica e Européia, descrevem o aparato de pás sobre disco, o cilindro rotatório e o suporte recíproco. Atualmente a literatura descreve diversos tipos de células de difusão para liberação transdérmica das quais a célula de difusão de Franz tem sido a mais empregada tanto para adesivos transdérmicos como formas semi-sólidas, utilizada no desenvolvimento farmacotécnico, caracterização biofarmacêutica e controle de qualidade. A proposta deste estudo tem por objetivo estipular critérios para a escolha mais adequada do equipamento e metodologias in vitro na avaliação da liberação transdérmicas de fármacos, utilizando a nicotina como fármaco modelo. Para tal, foram empregados ensaios in vitro de liberação e retenção cutânea utilizando métodos de pás sobre disco e método de célula de difusão de Franz modificada em sistema estático e fluxo contínuo. A validação dos fatores que influenciam a taxa de liberação in vitro da nicotina foram fundamentais para escolha do meio receptor, escolha da velocidade de agitação que promoveu mais semelhança no perfil de liberação em diferentes equipamentos assim como a escolha da membrana biológica mais adequada para o método proposto. Os resultados mais promissores foram selecionados para os ensaios in vitro de liberação, permeação e retenção cutânea. Os dados de liberação, tanto em quantidades de nicotina liberada como seu fluxo, demonstraram semelhança no uso de diferentes equipamentos, indicando possíveis intercambialidades entre os métodos propostos para liberação de nicotina transdérmica. Ensaios in vitro de permeação cutânea em célula de difusão vertical de Franz não demonstraram diferenças significativas em diferentes modelos de membranas biológicas utilizadas, as quais foram pele de orelha de porco, pele de camundongo sem pelo e pele de cobra cascavel hidratada por 24 horas. A quantidade de nicotina permeada em até 8 horas, assim como o fluxo de permeação foram significativamente menor para o método de pás sobre disco (FDA) quando comparado com os resultados obtidos utilizando célula de difusão vertical de Franz tanto em sistema estático com em fluxo contínuo. Estes resultados podem estar relacionados com a estrutura física do equipamento de célula de difusão vertical de Franz, uma vez que oferece um sistema oclusivo, dificultando o contato do adesivo com o meio receptor. Desta forma, os resultados deste projeto podem indicar o uso da célula de difusão vertical de Franz para ensaios in vitro de liberação e permeação cutânea da nicotina em formas farmacêuticas transdérmicas, podendo ser aplicado em pesquisas de desenvolvimento de formulações, controle da qualidade e testes de Equivalência Farmacêutica para produtos genéricos. Os resultados desta pesquisa apresentam-se podem ter importante influência nas discussões em torno dos medicamentos genéricos no Brasil, bem como na elaboração de diretrizes para testes de Equivalência Farmacêutica e Controle de Qualidade de medicamentos transdérmicos. Poderão ainda fornecer dados para indicações de protocolos para Farmacopéia Brasileira e pesquisa científica em torno dos sistemas de liberação transdérmicas de fármacos. / The aim of this work was to compare in vitro release and permeation of nicotine from transdermal patch (TDS) using three different methods such as, FDA paddle method and both Vertical Diffusion Cell (VCD) static and continuous flux. We evaluated different kinds of membrane (hairless mouse, porcine ear skin and snake skin), different composition and pH of acceptor phases (0.01N isotonic phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (± 0.2), water, and HCL 0.025N), agitation of acceptor phase and batches of the transdermal patches. Profiles of release and permeation from all methods evaluated were linked statistically using linear regression and one-way ANOVA nonparametric assay. The 0.01N isotonic phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (± 0.2) improved greater release rate of nicotine than those obtained using HCL and water as acceptor phase. Cumulative released and permeated amounts of nicotine were almost equal for all methods evaluated and there is not significantly different (one-way ANOVA p 0.05) were observed after 8 h. However nicotine permeated fluxes (J) after 8 h were significantly higher using VDC than those obtained using FDA paddle method. Cumulative permeated amounts (reported to the effective surface area of the cells) were overestimated when skin permeation experiments were prolonged to 12 h, indicating that the actual diffusion surface area of NiQuitinTM exceeded the effective diffusion surface area of the cells. Reducing the trimmed TDS surface area led not only to a reduction of the cumulative permeated amounts, but also to a reduction of the flux at 12 h. In order to evaluate the edge effect on drug release flux studies were performed using static VDC. In vitro penetration studies using different membranes showed not significantly difference for ear pig skin, hairless mouse and snake skin at 8 h. However data obtained without membrane were about 1.25 times smaller than those obtained with biological membranes. These results demonstrated that NiQuitinTM TDS had dependent release of membrane at 8 h of permeation. In conclusion there is not significantly different for in vitro release and permeation amounts of nicotine from NiQuitinTM using VDC and FDA method. In term of release efficiency all methods released up to 80% of nicotine after 8 h. The results suggested the use of VDC as potential method to evaluate both in vitro release and skin permeation of nicotine in transdermal patches.