La voie PI3K/AKT est impliquée dans la progression de divers cancers humains, et semble jouer un rôle majeur dans le développement de tumeurs lymphoïdes. Elle pourrait être impliquée dans la pathogénie du lymphome folliculaire (LF) par certains mécanismes non identifiés. Les travaux de thèse portent sur l'étude des anomalies de la voie PI3K/AKT dans le LF, dans le but d'apporter une nouvelle cible thérapeutique. 38 biopsies tissulaires de LF humain ont été étudiées pour une analyse mutationnelle du gène PIK3CA dans les exons 9 et 20 par séquençage. Les mêmes échantillons ont été analysés par western blot et immunohistochimie pour détecter l'expression des protéines AKT, AKT phosphorylée (pAKT), et PTEN. Deux cas de lymphadénite ont été utilisés comme témoins.Les résultats obtenus montrent que l'expression d'AKT était présente dans tous les cas de LF et lymphadénite, et 14/38 (37%) échantillons de LF et 2/2 cas de lymphadénite exprimaient pAKT. 9/38 (24%) échantillons de LF ont montré un niveau élevé d'expression de pAKT, alors que 5/38 (13%) cas de LF, et 2/2 échantillons de lymphadénite montraient un faible niveau d'expression de pAKT. L'expression de PTEN a été observée dans 30/38 (79%) cas de LF et 2/2 cas de lymphadénite, tandis que 8/38 (21%) cas ont montré une perte d'expression de PTEN. En outre, 3 cas qui expriment pAKT montrent une perte d'expression de PTEN. Aucune mutation du gène PIK3CA n'a été détectée dans les échantillons étudiés. Ces données suggèrent que la voie PI3K/AKT peut être activée dans certains cas de LF, soit en raison de la phosphorylation d'AKT, soit en raison d'une perte d'expression de PTEN, en absence de mutations de PIK3CA. / The phosphoinositide 3- kinase (PI3K) pathway is involved in the growth of various human cancers, including lymphoid malignancies. However its role in the pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma (FL) has not been yet described.The PhD work focuses on the study of alterations in the PI3K/AKT pathway in follicular lymphoma, in order to provide a new therapeutic target.To clarify this point, biopsy tissue samples from 38 human FL cases were investigated for PIK3CA somatic mutations in exons 9 and 20 using Sanger sequencing. The same samples were analyzed using western blotting and immunohistochemistry to detect expression of AKT, phosphorylated AKT (pAKT), and PTEN proteins. Two cases of benign lymphadenitis were used as controls. AKT expression was present in all FL and lymphadenitis cases. 14/38 (37%) FL and 2/2 lymphadenitis cases expressed pAKT. 9/38 (24%) FL samples showed high level of pAKT, whereas 5/38 (13%) FL cases and 2/2 benign lymphadenitis samples expressed pAKT at low level. PTEN expression was observed in 30/38 (79%) FL and 2/2 benign lymphadenitis cases, whereas 8/38 (21%) of FL cases showed loss of PTEN expression. In addition, 3 cases with positive pAKT did not express PTEN. PIK3CA mutations were not detected in any sample. These data suggest that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway could be activated in a subset of FL cases, due to either AKT phosphorylation or PTEN downregulation, in the absence of PIK3CA mutations.

Práce se zaměřila na hodnocení fiskální politiky v Evropské unii. V prvé části jsme shrnuli vývoj fiskální politiky a názory ekonomický směrů na ni. Druhá část se věnuje vybraným problémem fiskální politiky. Je řešena otázka optimálního fiskálního pravidla. Ve třetí části práce je zachycen vývoj v eurozóně. Poslední část se zabývá alternativami pro omezení fiskální politiky v eurozóně.

Die vorliegende Examensarbeit untersucht zwei Erinnerungsberichte von deutschsprachigen Autorinnen. Beide Erzählungen beschreiben ähnliche Hafterlebnisse in der ehemaligen DDR, obwohl es aufgrund des Alters zu verschiedenen Unterbringungen kommt. Als Erstes werden die Texte auf Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in Bezug auf Autobiographie, Zeitzeugen und die Zeitstruktur beleuchtet. Als Nächstes wird herausgearbeitet, ob es Muster des Erinnerns gibt, die immer wieder auftreten und hervorgehoben werden. / The following thesis analyses two memory accounts written by German female writers. Both accounts describe similar incarceration experiences in the former GDR, even though the two main characters were put in different institutions due to their age. Firstly, the similarities and differences in both texts are analysed in respect to the autobiography, contemporary witnesses, and chronological structure. Next it is established if there is a memory pattern that keeps recurring and is highlighted.

Sovereign debt crisis is a major event in the history of European monetary and fiscal integration. On the one hand, the crisis has shown weak points of monetary and fiscal governance, but on the other it has proven to lead to more integration in this sector. One of the solutions which led to more integration and was meant to prevent another crisis is the Fiscal Compact. The goal of the Fiscal Compact was to update the "rules of the game" to better fit the reality of post-crisis Eurozone. Crises can unfold and uncover governmentality patterns; the goal of the diploma thesis is to reconstruct these patterns using Foucaldian governmentality conceptual toolbox. The thesis will use the concept of political technologies and techniques to interrogate speech by Mario Draghi that he delivered at the Ludwig Erhard lecture in 2011. Following the identification of political techniques and technologies reflecting ordoliberalism, the thesis will continue with an analysis of microsites of fiscal councils. The goal of the analysis of microsites is to trace the operation of governmentality in the fiscal domain. The overreaching goal of the analysis is to problematize a view, postulating that the solution to the sovereign debt crisis reflects sovereign power.

Die vorliegende Examensarbeit beleuchtet zwei Autobiographien von deutschsprachigen Extremalpinisten, die ihre Erlebnisse während ihrer verschiedenen Expeditionen beschreiben. Es soll in erster Linie ein Vergleich der beiden Werke versucht werden, um die Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten dieser Autobiographien herauszuarbeiten. Gleichzeitig soll untersucht werden, wie sich die ausgewählten Texte in die Gattung Autobiographie einfügen. Besonderes Augenmerk soll dabei auf den Themenkomplex Wahrheit, Objektivität, Glaubwürdigkeit und Authentizität gelegt werden. / The present thesis examines two autobiographies of German-speaking extreme alpinists who describe their variouse expeditions. The main interest lies in comparing those autobiographies as much as underlining their differences and similarities. At the same time, it will be examined if the selected texts fit the definition of autobiography. The main focus will be on the subject’s truth, objectivity, credibility and authenticity.

Bibliografický záznam JUHÁS, Tomáš. France and the reform of the eurozone - from Sarkozy to Hollande. Praha, 2015. 68 s. Diplomová práce (Mgr.) Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních věd, Institut mezinárodních studií. Katedra západoevropských studií. Vedoucí diplomové práce Doc. JUDr. PhDr. Ivo Šlosarčík, LL.M., Ph.D. Abstract The thesis seeks to map and explain the change of mind of President François Hollande with regard to the overall austerity in the eurozone. In early 2012, the President-to-be Hollande campaigned on a wave of desire for change and his campaign promises and election program promised a radically new approach towards economic and fiscal policies in the eurozone once he became president. The most explicit manifestation of this change should have been the renegotiation of the fiscal compact, formally the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union. However, once in office, the new socialist president made very little to change the overall course of austerity at home and in the euro area. To explain this unexpected outcome, the thesis employs the sociological-political concept of the field of Eurocracy, derived from the sociology of Pierre Bourdieu and developed in the French academia by Didier Georgakakis and Jay Rowell. In such context, President...

As proteínas MDM2, P53, P21 e pAKT estão entre as muitas já identificadas que visam, por meio do equilíbrio direto e indireto entre si, manter o balanço entre morte e proliferação celular. Existe um leque aberto de hipóteses sobre a via de atuação dessas proteínas na tumorigênese de glândulas salivares, porém não há dados conclusivos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a expressão das proteínas MDM2, P53, P21 e pAkt em carcinoma adenóide cístico e adenocarcinoma não-específico de glândula salivar, através das técnicas de imunoistoquímica, em casos fixados em parafina; e imunofluorescência e western-blotting, em linhagens celulares provenientes dessas lesões. Os estudos imunoistoquímicos mostraram expressão de MDM2 e pAKT na maioria dos carcinomas adenóides císticos (CAC) avaliados e nos 3 casos de adenocarcinoma não-específicos (ANE). As linhagens Cac2 (proveniente de carcinoma adenóide cístico) e HSG (derivada de adenocarcinoma não-específico) também exibiram expressão das proteínas MDM2 e pAKT tanto no núcleo quanto no citoplasma celular. A proteína P53 mostrou expressão variável entre os diferentes CAC analisados e os 3 casos de ANE estudados mostraram marcação positiva para a proteína P53. Com relação às linhagens celulares, a Cac2 não expressou a proteína P53, enquanto a HSG apresentou expressão nuclear e citoplasmática dessa proteína. As glândulas salivares normais não exibiram marcação imunoistoquímica para as proteínas MDM2, P53, P21 e pAKT. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que as proteínas pAKT e MDM2 estão envolvidas na tumorigênese e/ou progressão tumoral de carcinoma adenóide cístico e adenocarcinoma não especifico. / MDM2, P53, P21 and pAKT are proteins co-related to the balance between cell death and survival. There are many hypothesis on the role of these proteins in salivary gland tumorigenesis, however, no conclusive data have been published. Theaim of this study was to evaluate the expression of MDM2, P53, P21 and pAKT proteins on adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC) and adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified (ANOS) through immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and westernblotting techniques. The immunostaining studies showed MDM2 and pAKT expression in most cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma and in all adenocarcinoma not-otherwise specified. The cell lines CAC2 (derived from adenoid cystic carcinoma) and HSG (derived from adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified) also showed nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of MDM2 and pAKT. The expression of P53 was variable in the different ACCs analyzed and was absent on CAC2 cells. However, P53 was strongly positive in all ANOS, and HSG cells also showed nuclear and cytoplasmic staining. No MDM2, P53, P21 and pAKT expression was found in normal salivary glands. Therefore, MDM2 and pAKT may participate in the tumorigenesis and/or progression of adenoid cystic carcinoma and adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified.

As proteínas MDM2, P53, P21 e pAKT estão entre as muitas já identificadas que visam, por meio do equilíbrio direto e indireto entre si, manter o balanço entre morte e proliferação celular. Existe um leque aberto de hipóteses sobre a via de atuação dessas proteínas na tumorigênese de glândulas salivares, porém não há dados conclusivos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a expressão das proteínas MDM2, P53, P21 e pAkt em carcinoma adenóide cístico e adenocarcinoma não-específico de glândula salivar, através das técnicas de imunoistoquímica, em casos fixados em parafina; e imunofluorescência e western-blotting, em linhagens celulares provenientes dessas lesões. Os estudos imunoistoquímicos mostraram expressão de MDM2 e pAKT na maioria dos carcinomas adenóides císticos (CAC) avaliados e nos 3 casos de adenocarcinoma não-específicos (ANE). As linhagens Cac2 (proveniente de carcinoma adenóide cístico) e HSG (derivada de adenocarcinoma não-específico) também exibiram expressão das proteínas MDM2 e pAKT tanto no núcleo quanto no citoplasma celular. A proteína P53 mostrou expressão variável entre os diferentes CAC analisados e os 3 casos de ANE estudados mostraram marcação positiva para a proteína P53. Com relação às linhagens celulares, a Cac2 não expressou a proteína P53, enquanto a HSG apresentou expressão nuclear e citoplasmática dessa proteína. As glândulas salivares normais não exibiram marcação imunoistoquímica para as proteínas MDM2, P53, P21 e pAKT. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que as proteínas pAKT e MDM2 estão envolvidas na tumorigênese e/ou progressão tumoral de carcinoma adenóide cístico e adenocarcinoma não especifico. / MDM2, P53, P21 and pAKT are proteins co-related to the balance between cell death and survival. There are many hypothesis on the role of these proteins in salivary gland tumorigenesis, however, no conclusive data have been published. Theaim of this study was to evaluate the expression of MDM2, P53, P21 and pAKT proteins on adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC) and adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified (ANOS) through immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and westernblotting techniques. The immunostaining studies showed MDM2 and pAKT expression in most cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma and in all adenocarcinoma not-otherwise specified. The cell lines CAC2 (derived from adenoid cystic carcinoma) and HSG (derived from adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified) also showed nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of MDM2 and pAKT. The expression of P53 was variable in the different ACCs analyzed and was absent on CAC2 cells. However, P53 was strongly positive in all ANOS, and HSG cells also showed nuclear and cytoplasmic staining. No MDM2, P53, P21 and pAKT expression was found in normal salivary glands. Therefore, MDM2 and pAKT may participate in the tumorigenesis and/or progression of adenoid cystic carcinoma and adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified.

In my thesis I have dealt with the issue of Fiscal Responsibility in the EU, especially the position the EU Member States have on this issue. The first part defines the Budget responsibility and Fiscal policy at the level of the Czech Republic and level of European Union. There has been mainly described and analyzed the Stability and Growth Pact, and the Fiscal compact. The second part has been devoted to evaluation of individual member states and described how the legislative acts are used for effort to reach sustainable finances contributing to the overall generally maintain Responsible and Fiscal policy. At the end its summarized and compared the evolution of public debt and budget deficits and also characterized their independent Financial institution.

Diploma thesis "Change of the Soviet Union image in the protectorate press based on comparison of the media content from the turn of August/September 1939 and June/July 1941" deals with the manner in which the protectorate newspapers informed about the Ribbentop-Molotov Pact and later about the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The examples of these events and their reflection in the Protectorate press demonstrate how flexibly the protectorate propaganda responded to the current political line. For the purposes of the thesis, there have been selected three newspapers: Polední list, Večerní České Slovo and Venkov. These periodicals were examined in two time-bound periods, from 23rd August till 27th September 1939 and from 16th June till 14th July 1941. The methodology used is a historical comparative analysis, which discusses the transformation of Protectorate propaganda attitudes in the dependence on the historical context, and semiotic analysis, which deals with period media discourse and reveals ideology sustained on the level of sign systems.