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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Defining the Roles of Oncogenic Pik3ca Mutations and Genetic Cooperation in Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

Adams, Jessica 11 December 2013 (has links)
Most human breast tumors have mutations in the growth factor/phosphatidylinositol 3’ kinase (PI3K) pathway. These can occur in genes coding for receptors, adaptor proteins, catalytic and regulatory subunits of PI3K, downstream kinases, or antagonistic tumor suppressors. While each genetic change results in elevated PI3K signaling, and all major breast cancer subtypes show pathway activation, the specific mutations involved in any one tumor may play an important role in defining tumor subtype, prognosis and sensitivity to therapy. Here, I describe mouse models of PI3K-induced breast cancer. First I generated mice that express Pik3ca cDNA under control of the ROSA26 promoter, in a Cre-dependent and therefore tissue specific way. I have generated four strains of knock-in mice: R26-Pik3cawt, R26-Pik3caE545K, R26-Pik3caH1047R, and R26-Pik3caE545K-H1047R, which can be induced to express wild type, helical domain, kinase domain and double mutant forms of mouse p110α, respectively. Mice expressing mutant Pi3kca develop mammary tumors, but the phenotypic spectrum for each mutation is unique. Indeed, many E545K mammary tumors are ii vascularized, whereas H1047R tumors are not. Using these models, I have compared downstream signaling properties of E545K and H1047R. The potential for improved breast cancer treatment lies in combination therapies that target more than one oncogenic pathway. To develop such treatments, we need good mouse models, and an understanding of the oncogenic network. To this end, my Pik3caH1047R model was mated to p53 and PTEN knockout mice, and to mice with active Notch1 signaling. In each case, genetic cooperation was observed and characterized. Oncogenic PI3K cooperated with p53-loss and active Notch1 to decrease survival and alter tumor phenotype in distinct ways. Loss of PTEN cooperated with oncogenic PI3K to alter tumor type, decrease average age at end point, and increase the number of tumors per mouse. Overall, I have shown that Pik3caE545K and Pik3caH1047R are sufficient to induce mammary tumors, and that tumor characteristics differ with these mutations, and with cooperating genetic changes.
2

Defining the Roles of Oncogenic Pik3ca Mutations and Genetic Cooperation in Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

Adams, Jessica 11 December 2013 (has links)
Most human breast tumors have mutations in the growth factor/phosphatidylinositol 3’ kinase (PI3K) pathway. These can occur in genes coding for receptors, adaptor proteins, catalytic and regulatory subunits of PI3K, downstream kinases, or antagonistic tumor suppressors. While each genetic change results in elevated PI3K signaling, and all major breast cancer subtypes show pathway activation, the specific mutations involved in any one tumor may play an important role in defining tumor subtype, prognosis and sensitivity to therapy. Here, I describe mouse models of PI3K-induced breast cancer. First I generated mice that express Pik3ca cDNA under control of the ROSA26 promoter, in a Cre-dependent and therefore tissue specific way. I have generated four strains of knock-in mice: R26-Pik3cawt, R26-Pik3caE545K, R26-Pik3caH1047R, and R26-Pik3caE545K-H1047R, which can be induced to express wild type, helical domain, kinase domain and double mutant forms of mouse p110α, respectively. Mice expressing mutant Pi3kca develop mammary tumors, but the phenotypic spectrum for each mutation is unique. Indeed, many E545K mammary tumors are ii vascularized, whereas H1047R tumors are not. Using these models, I have compared downstream signaling properties of E545K and H1047R. The potential for improved breast cancer treatment lies in combination therapies that target more than one oncogenic pathway. To develop such treatments, we need good mouse models, and an understanding of the oncogenic network. To this end, my Pik3caH1047R model was mated to p53 and PTEN knockout mice, and to mice with active Notch1 signaling. In each case, genetic cooperation was observed and characterized. Oncogenic PI3K cooperated with p53-loss and active Notch1 to decrease survival and alter tumor phenotype in distinct ways. Loss of PTEN cooperated with oncogenic PI3K to alter tumor type, decrease average age at end point, and increase the number of tumors per mouse. Overall, I have shown that Pik3caE545K and Pik3caH1047R are sufficient to induce mammary tumors, and that tumor characteristics differ with these mutations, and with cooperating genetic changes.
3

Analyse de l'activation de la voie PI3K/AKT dans le lymphome folliculaire / Analysis of the activation of the PI3K / AKT pathway in follicular lymphoma

Yahiaoui-Bentounsi, Ouardia Imene 11 December 2014 (has links)
La voie PI3K/AKT est impliquée dans la progression de divers cancers humains, et semble jouer un rôle majeur dans le développement de tumeurs lymphoïdes. Elle pourrait être impliquée dans la pathogénie du lymphome folliculaire (LF) par certains mécanismes non identifiés. Les travaux de thèse portent sur l'étude des anomalies de la voie PI3K/AKT dans le LF, dans le but d'apporter une nouvelle cible thérapeutique. 38 biopsies tissulaires de LF humain ont été étudiées pour une analyse mutationnelle du gène PIK3CA dans les exons 9 et 20 par séquençage. Les mêmes échantillons ont été analysés par western blot et immunohistochimie pour détecter l'expression des protéines AKT, AKT phosphorylée (pAKT), et PTEN. Deux cas de lymphadénite ont été utilisés comme témoins.Les résultats obtenus montrent que l'expression d'AKT était présente dans tous les cas de LF et lymphadénite, et 14/38 (37%) échantillons de LF et 2/2 cas de lymphadénite exprimaient pAKT. 9/38 (24%) échantillons de LF ont montré un niveau élevé d'expression de pAKT, alors que 5/38 (13%) cas de LF, et 2/2 échantillons de lymphadénite montraient un faible niveau d'expression de pAKT. L'expression de PTEN a été observée dans 30/38 (79%) cas de LF et 2/2 cas de lymphadénite, tandis que 8/38 (21%) cas ont montré une perte d'expression de PTEN. En outre, 3 cas qui expriment pAKT montrent une perte d'expression de PTEN. Aucune mutation du gène PIK3CA n'a été détectée dans les échantillons étudiés. Ces données suggèrent que la voie PI3K/AKT peut être activée dans certains cas de LF, soit en raison de la phosphorylation d'AKT, soit en raison d'une perte d'expression de PTEN, en absence de mutations de PIK3CA. / The phosphoinositide 3- kinase (PI3K) pathway is involved in the growth of various human cancers, including lymphoid malignancies. However its role in the pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma (FL) has not been yet described.The PhD work focuses on the study of alterations in the PI3K/AKT pathway in follicular lymphoma, in order to provide a new therapeutic target.To clarify this point, biopsy tissue samples from 38 human FL cases were investigated for PIK3CA somatic mutations in exons 9 and 20 using Sanger sequencing. The same samples were analyzed using western blotting and immunohistochemistry to detect expression of AKT, phosphorylated AKT (pAKT), and PTEN proteins. Two cases of benign lymphadenitis were used as controls. AKT expression was present in all FL and lymphadenitis cases. 14/38 (37%) FL and 2/2 lymphadenitis cases expressed pAKT. 9/38 (24%) FL samples showed high level of pAKT, whereas 5/38 (13%) FL cases and 2/2 benign lymphadenitis samples expressed pAKT at low level. PTEN expression was observed in 30/38 (79%) FL and 2/2 benign lymphadenitis cases, whereas 8/38 (21%) of FL cases showed loss of PTEN expression. In addition, 3 cases with positive pAKT did not express PTEN. PIK3CA mutations were not detected in any sample. These data suggest that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway could be activated in a subset of FL cases, due to either AKT phosphorylation or PTEN downregulation, in the absence of PIK3CA mutations.
4

Biomarqueurs prédictifs de la réponse aux traitements par thérapies ciblées dans le cancer du sein / Predictive biomarkers of response to targeted therapies in breast cancer

Lion, Maëva 16 December 2015 (has links)
Le cancer du sein est le cancer le plus fréquemment diagnostiqué chez la femme et constitue un véritable problème de santé publique. Les progrès de la biologie moléculaire ont permis la caractérisation des principales voies de signalisation et ont mis en évidence l'implication majeure de la signalisation cellulaire dans les processus de cancérogenèse. Des cibles moléculaires ont ainsi été identifiées et ont permis le développement de thérapeutiques dites ciblées, telles que les anticorps monoclonaux ou encore les inhibiteurs de kinase. Malgré ces avancées considérables qui ont permis l'amélioration de la prise en charge des patientes, on constate l'apparition de résistances aux traitements. Ce travail avait pour objectifs d'identifier de nouveaux biomarqueurs et de déterminer leur signification clinique, leur intérêt théranostique ainsi que leur impact sur la réponse aux traitements. Dans un premier temps nous avons étudié les mutations activatrices du gène PIK3CA. Ces mutations sont retrouvées dans 25% des cancers du sein et sont impliquées dans la résistance au trastuzumab, aux anti-œstrogènes et aux inhibiteurs de mTOR. 149 échantillons de tumeurs de sein infiltrantes ont été analysés par une technique de PCR-HRM (High Resolution Melting) et 118 échantillons par une technique de PCR-ARMS (Amplification Refractory Mutation System). Les résultats des 2 techniques étaient concordants (k=0,845 ; p<0,001) et une relation entre mutations du gène PIK3CA et grade SBR a été mise en évidence, les tumeurs de grade SBR III étant moins fréquemment mutées que les autres (p=0.025 en HRM et p=0.009 en ARMS). Dans un second temps, notre travail a consisté en l'exploration fonctionnelle des voies de signalisation PI3K/AKT/mTOR, RAS/RAF/MAPKinases et P38MAPKinase. Pour cela nous avons analysé le niveau d'expression des phosphoprotéines p-AKT, p-GSK3ß, p-S6 kinase, p-MEK1, p-ERK1/2, p-P90RSK, p-IGF1R ainsi que p-P38MAPK par immuno-analyse multiplexe. Cette partie a comporté 3 études. Une première étude rétrospective sur 45 échantillons de tumeurs mammaires invasives congelées a mis en évidence des niveaux d'expression de P38 et de p-P38 plus élevés dans les tumeurs RE+. La deuxième étude était une étude prospective visant à déterminer des biomarqueurs de réponse à l'association trastuzumab-évérolimus chez des patientes présentant un cancer du sein précoce traitées en préopératoire. Cette étude a révélé une augmentation statistiquement significative du niveau d'expression de p-MEK1 (p=0.012), p-ERK1/2 (p=0.003) et p-P38MAPK (p<0.001) dans le bras de traitement associant l'évérolimus au trastuzumab qui pourrait s'expliquer par la suppression par l'évérolimus d’une boucle de rétrocontrôle négatif contrôlant l'activation de la voie RAS/RAF/MAPKinases. Dans le bras de traitement évaluant le trastuzumab seul, aucune variation du niveau d'expression des phosphoprotéines n'a été mise en évidence, y compris en aval du récepteur HER2, ce qui soulève l'hypothèse d'un mécanisme d'action prédominant immunologique du trastuzumab. La troisième étude qui comparait l'impact du trastuzumab in vitro et en situation clinique confirme la différence des mécanismes d'action mis en jeu en fonction des conditions cellulaires et cliniques. Dans son ensemble, ce travail a mis en évidence que la détermination du statut mutationnel du gène PIK3CA et du niveau d’expression des phosphoprotéines pourrait être utile à une meilleure caractérisation moléculaire des cancers du sein et à l’optimisation de la personnalisation des prescriptions de thérapies ciblées / Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women and is a real public health problem.Advances in molecular biology have allowed the characterization of the major signaling pathways and revealed their major implication in carcinogenesis processes. Molecular targets have been identified and have enabled the development of targeted therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies, or kinase inhibitors. Despite these considerable advances that have improved the care of patients, emerging of resistance to treatments has been observed. The aim of this work was to identify new tumor biomarkers and determine their clinical significance, their theranostic interest and their impact on the response to targeted therapies. Initially, we studied the activating mutations of the PIK3CA gene. These mutations are found in 25% of breast cancers and are involved in resistance to trastuzumab, antiestrogens and mTOR inhibitors. We analyzed 149 invasive breast tumor samples for PIK3CA gene mutations by PCR-HRM (High Resolution Melting) and 118 by PCR-ARMS (Amplification Refractory Mutation System). The results achieved with the 2 techniques were consistent (k = 0.845; p <0.001) and a relationship between PIK3CA mutations and grade SBR was highlighted with a lower occurrence of mutations in SBR grade III tumors (p=0.025 in HRM and p=0.009 in ARMS). Secondly, we investigated the functional alteration of PI3K/AKT/mTOR, RAS/RAF/MAPKinases and P38MAPKinase signaling pathways. We have analyzed the expression level of phosphoproteins p-AKT, p-GSK3ß, p-S6 kinase, p-MEK1, p-ERK1 / 2, p-P90RSK, p-IGF1R and p-p38MAPK by multiplex immunoanalysis. This part includes 3 studies. The first study was a retrospective study of 45 frozen samples of invasive breast tumors in which we observed that the level of expression of P38 and p-P38 was higher in the ER + tumors. The second study was a prospective study to identify biomarkers of response to trastuzumab-everolimus association in patients with early breast cancer treated preoperatively. This study showed a statistically significant increase of the expression level of p-MEK1 (p = 0.012), p-ERK1/2 (p = 0.003) and p-p38MAPK (p<0.001) in arm treated by trastuzumab associated with everolimus. It could be explained by the repression of a negative feedback loop involving S6K, PI3K and RAS by everolimus, leading to the activation of RAS/RAF/MAPKinases signaling pathway. In the control arm investigating trastuzumab alone, no significant variations of the level of expression of phosphoproteins was demonstrated, raising the hypothesis of the implementation of a predominant immunological mechanism of action for Trastuzumab. The third study that compared effect of trastuzumab in vitro and in clinical setting confirms that trastuzumab has different modes of action when evaluated in cells and in clinical conditions. As a whole, this work showed that determining the mutation status of PIK3CA and the expression level of phosphoproteins could be useful to refine the molecular characterization of breast cancers and optimize the criteria used to personalize the prescription of targeted therapies

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