Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:51:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cabrera_jia_me_prud.pdf: 4667317 bytes, checksum: 4a617550148d2b871f7300488be03210 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar a contribuição que uma pesquisa arqueológica pode oferecer à compreensão da formação do espaço geográfico e suas transformações. Tanto para a Geografia quanto para a Arqueologia é fundamental o estudo das técnicas, pois é através delas que o homem pode medir seu nível cultural. Tentar entender e compreender que essas técnicas são a peça chave para saber quais eram os hábitos e costumes dos povos pré-históricos, pois através dessas técnicas é que podemos saber quais eram seu modo de vida e sua relação com o espaço ocupado. Com isso podemos ver que numa análise mais abrangente através do conhecimento de técnicas, podemos estar descrevendo os costumes dos povos que habitaram determinada região. Neste aspecto, o projeto tem por objetivo analisar o material arqueológico encontrado durante as escavações, procurando identificar, através de um sítio definido, que servirá como parâmetro, quais as técnicas utilizadas pelos povos pré-históricos que habitaram a região, bem como compreender e identificar qual a origem desses povos, e a que grupos pertenciam, bem como a forma pela qual eles se relacionavam com o meio natural para a construção do espaço geográfico no qual habitaram no passado. Identificando esses povos não apenas estaremos descobrindo uma parte de nossa própria história regional, bem como avançando na compreensão da evolução do homem enquanto agente transformador do espaço em que habitava e interagia. / This work is a contribution to archaeological research that can provide the understanding about the formation of geographical space and their transformations. Both for the Geography and the Archeology the study of techniques is fundamental, for it is through them that man can measure their cultural level. Trying to understand and realize that these techniques are the key to what the habits and customs of prehistoric people were, because through these techniques is that we can know what were their way of life and their relation to space. With this we can see that in a more comprehensive analysis of their techniques we can describe the customs of peoples who inhabited a region. Here, the project aims to analyze the material found during the archaeological excavations, seeking to identify, through a established site to serve as a parameter to which techniques were used by prehistoric peoples who inhabited the region, and understand and identify which origin of these peoples and groups that belonged, and the way in which they interact to the natural environment for the construction of the geographical area in which they inhabited in the past. By identifying these people, we will not only discover a part of our regional history, as well as advancing the understanding of the evolution of man as an agent of transformation of the space in which they lived and interacted.

L'évolution est le produit de deux grands facteurs: l'environnement et le développement. Il est donc important de déterminer l'impact de ces deux forces lorsque l'on s'intéresse à l'évolution morphologique d'un organe. Pour cela, il est utile d'étudier l'évolution en temps profond, seul moyen d'observer les mécanismes en action sur de longs intervalles de temps et les réponses à des variations environnementales majeures. Le but de ce travail de thèse est de mieux comprendre l'évolution d'une espèce fossile: le conodonte. Ce vertébré marin dépourvus de mâchoire possède un appareil buccal composé de structures minéralisées semblables à des dents, appelées éléments conodontes. Leur fort taux d’évolution, leur enregistrement fossile long et sub-continu, et la taille importante de leurs populations font de ces éléments conodontes un modèle de choix pour répondre aux questions évolutives en temps profond. Dans la littérature, peu d'études ont tentées de quantifier la forme de ces éléments, et aucune dans un cadre développemental. Grâce à la découverte de fossiles exceptionnellement préservés, ainsi qu'à l'établissement d'une méthodologie pour quantifier les patrons de variation morphologique et de covariation de ces éléments, plusieurs facettes de l'évolution de la forme chez ces éléments ont pu être étudiées. Nous avons entre autre établis l'existence de covariations entre certains traits morphologiques, illustrant les contraintes faisant pression sur ceux-ci. Certaines contraintes sont considérées comme développementales et d'autres potentiellement mécaniques. Des directions évolutives sont également mises en évidence, contraintes par le développement qui canalise ainsi l'évolution. A l'échelle inter-genre, nous avons démontré un lien entre les changements environnementaux (notamment des variations de température) et ces directions évolutives. Ces résultats démontrent un effet croisé des forces développementales (contraignant les morphologies possible) et les forces environnementales (sélectionnant les morphologies en fonction des changements de conditions) dans l'évolution des éléments conodontes. Nous proposons des évènements d'hétérochronie comme mécanisme sous-jacent à cette évolution, potentiellement contrôlés par la température océanique. La quantification de la forme est également utilisée pour tenter de clarifier la taxonomie des neogondolellides au Trias inférieur. Ces travaux démontrent le potentiel du conodonte en tant qu'organisme modèle pour étudier l'évolution en temps profond. / Evolution is the result of two main factors: the environment and the development. In this context, untangling the impact of these two forces on the morphological evolution of a structure is of major importance. To do so, studying evolution in deep time is useful, as it is the only way to observe the mechanisms in action over a long time interval and the responses to major environmental variations. In this thesis, we aim to better understand the evolution of a fossil species: the conodont. These marine jawless vertebrates possess a feeding apparatus composed of mineralized structures comparable to teeth, called conodont elements. Their high evolutionary rate, their long and sub-continuous fossil record, and their large populations made them a relevant model to conduct evolutionary studies in deep time. In the literature, only a few studies attempt to quantify the shape of conodont elements, and never in a developmental framework. With the discovery of new exceptionally preserved fossils, and the establishment of a methodology to quantify the patterns of morphological variation and covariations in these elements, the morphological evolution of conodont elements have been studied from different angles. We have established the existence of covariations between some morphological characters, illustrating the constraints on possible morphologies. Some constraints are considered developmental, while others are potentially mechanical. Evolutionary directions are highlighted, channelled by developmental constraints. At the inter-genera scale, we demonstrated a relationship between environmental changes (especially temperature variations) and these evolutionary directions. The results revealed a combined effect of the developmental forces (that constrain the initial possible morphologies) and the evolutionary forces (selecting the fittest morphologies depending on conditions) in the conodont elements evolution. We proposed heterochrony as underlying mechanism for these patterns, potentially driven by oceanic temperature. Shape quantification is also used in an attempt to clarify the neogondolellids taxonomy of the early Triassic. This work demonstrates the conodont's potential as model organism to study evolution in deep time.

Three paleo-environments were studied. The first project concerned the Manson Impact and the effect of the Black Hills on the resulting fall-out from this asteroid strike. Samples of the Crow Creek Member were taken east of the Black Hills in Nebraska and South Dakota and samples from the Red Bird Member were taken from the west, in Wyoming. These samples were examined for chemical weathering, soot, shocked quartz, and fossils. The Crow Creek samples had shocked quartz (indicative of an impact), severe chemical weathering, soot, and evidence of tsunamis. There were few calcareous fossils. The Red Bird showed no signs of chemical weathering, a distinct absence of soot and shocked quartz and an abundance of fossils. These results indicate that the Black Hills were large enough to pose an atmospheric and oceanic barrier to the effects of the Manson Impact. The second project dealt with dinosaur eggs which were found in Montana. The eggs were examined and subjected to Computed Tomography Scans. The egg-shell, matrix, and volcanic ash were studied. The egg-shell was found to be from an undescribed oolithic species, and revealed that a transgressive event transpired after the eggs had fossilized. The matrix revealed that the eggs were laid in a flood-plain. The ash revealed a high amount of tungsten and yielded a high percentage of potassium for future dating. The eggs themselves revealed that intact embryos were within. This project has provided information on dinosaur nesting behavior. In the third project corals were examined to determine the usefulness of sampling different architectural structures for evaluating environmental proxies. Coral was collected at the Verde Reef. The different architectural structures were sampled using SIMS, and LA-ICP-MS to selectively sample the small architectural structures. Oxygen isotope ratios and elemental: calcium ratios were compared among the different structures. It was found that dissepiments intake isotopic oxygen and elements at different rates than other structures. This has an impact in sampling corals for environmental proxies, but, because of the very small amount of mass contained in the dissepiments that bulk analyses would not be significantly affected.

Orientador: Ruth Künzli / Banca: Rosângela Custódio Cortez Thomaz / Banca: João Osvaldo Rodrigues Nunes / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar a contribuição que uma pesquisa arqueológica pode oferecer à compreensão da formação do espaço geográfico e suas transformações. Tanto para a Geografia quanto para a Arqueologia é fundamental o estudo das técnicas, pois é através delas que o homem pode medir seu nível cultural. Tentar entender e compreender que essas técnicas são a peça chave para saber quais eram os hábitos e costumes dos povos pré-históricos, pois através dessas técnicas é que podemos saber quais eram seu modo de vida e sua relação com o espaço ocupado. Com isso podemos ver que numa análise mais abrangente através do conhecimento de técnicas, podemos estar descrevendo os costumes dos povos que habitaram determinada região. Neste aspecto, o projeto tem por objetivo analisar o material arqueológico encontrado durante as escavações, procurando identificar, através de um sítio definido, que servirá como parâmetro, quais as técnicas utilizadas pelos povos pré-históricos que habitaram a região, bem como compreender e identificar qual a origem desses povos, e a que grupos pertenciam, bem como a forma pela qual eles se relacionavam com o meio natural para a construção do espaço geográfico no qual habitaram no passado. Identificando esses povos não apenas estaremos descobrindo uma parte de nossa própria história regional, bem como avançando na compreensão da evolução do homem enquanto agente transformador do espaço em que habitava e interagia. / Abstract: This work is a contribution to archaeological research that can provide the understanding about the formation of geographical space and their transformations. Both for the Geography and the Archeology the study of techniques is fundamental, for it is through them that man can measure their cultural level. Trying to understand and realize that these techniques are the key to what the habits and customs of prehistoric people were, because through these techniques is that we can know what were their way of life and their relation to space. With this we can see that in a more comprehensive analysis of their techniques we can describe the customs of peoples who inhabited a region. Here, the project aims to analyze the material found during the archaeological excavations, seeking to identify, through a established site to serve as a parameter to which techniques were used by prehistoric peoples who inhabited the region, and understand and identify which origin of these peoples and groups that belonged, and the way in which they interact to the natural environment for the construction of the geographical area in which they inhabited in the past. By identifying these people, we will not only discover a part of our regional history, as well as advancing the understanding of the evolution of man as an agent of transformation of the space in which they lived and interacted. / Mestre

Rome et Éphèse sont deux villes portuaires emblématiques de la Méditerranée antique ; la première fut le centre de l’Empire romain et la seconde devint la capitale romaine d’Asie mineure à la fin du 1er s. av. J.-C. Leur rayonnement économique et commercial en Méditerranée reposa notamment sur leur système portuaire. Cette étude a pour vocation de retranscrire le développement économique de ces deux cités par le signal des paléo-pollutions. Pour mener à bien ces travaux, nous avons prélevé des carottes dans les archives sédimentaires des bassins portuaires sur lesquels les isotopes du plomb ont été mesurés. La reconstitution des paléo-environnements par la géochimie élémentaire a été un préalable indispensable. Sur le temps long, la dynamique des masses d’eau portuaires fut visiblement soumise à la progradation des systèmes deltaïques, ainsi qu’aux interventions humaines qui modifièrent les environnements aquatiques initialement ouverts et bien oxygénés au profit de milieux fermés en déficit de dioxygène. Ce confinement des bassins portuaires franchit un seuil irréversible pour la navigation dès lors qu’un régime épilimnique se mit en place en raison d’une trop faible profondeur de la colonne d’eau. Les niveaux de contamination au plomb ont relativement bien enregistré l’état de santé économique de Rome et d’Éphèse qui évolua notamment au gré des périodes de prospérité et de troubles. Cependant, l’évolution des conditions environnementales et les multiples dragages semblent avoir altéré une partie de ces enregistrements. Les données isotopiques du plomb, converties en paramètres géologiques (Tmod, μ et к), nous ont également permis d’émettre des hypothèses sur les sources d’approvisionnement en minerais de plomb à l’origine de ces pollutions. On peut en retenir que les stratégies d’alimentation en plomb à l’époque romaine furent locales. En effet, il semble assez logique que ces deux cités aient dominé les espaces économiques environnants avec lesquelles elles étaient en contact. En revanche, alors que l’entrée dans le Moyen Âge s’accompagne du déclin de Rome, Éphèse retrouve sa prospérité passée avec l’importation de plomb hercynien d’Europe de l’Ouest produit massivement à la suite de la révolution économique médiévale. / Rome and Ephesus are two iconic harbor cities of the ancient Mediterranean; the first was the center of the Roman Empire and the second became the Roman capital of Asia Minor at the end of the 1st c. BC. The economic and commercial influence of these two ports in the Mediterranean depended heavily on their harbor systems. The aim of this study is to discern the economic development of Rome and Ephesus from the geochemical signals of the pollution they were exposed to. To this end, we drilled cores through the sedimentary archives of the two ancient harbors and measured major and trace element concentrations and Pb isotope compositions. Both harbors were subject to delta progradation, Rome by the Tiber and Ephesus by the Caÿster, which changed the aquatic environments from being initially open and well oxygenated to becoming closed and anoxic. The harbor basins finally shut down for shipping when an epilimnic system came into place due to too shallow a depth of the water column. Although changing environmental conditions and multiple dredgings appear to have altered some parts of the geochemical record, the pollution levels of lead quite accurately reflect the state of the economic health of Rome and Ephesus, which evolved the most during periods of prosperity and disorder. Pb isotope data, converted into geological parameters (Tmod, μ and к), further allowed deducing the provenance of the geological sources of lead ores at the origin of the pollution. Based on these results, it appears that lead ore supplies during the Roman period were of local origins, reflecting how Rome and Ephesus dominated the surrounding economic areas with which they were in contact. However, while the beginning of the Middle Ages is accompanied by a decline of Rome, Ephesus regains its past prosperity with the importation of Hercynian lead from western Europe. It was produced massively as a result of the medieval economic revolution that Europe experienced from the 10th century onward.