Zugl.: München, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2004

Originally published as the author's thesis (doctoral)--Technische Universität, München, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 166-182)

Magister Legum - LLM / This research is aimed at evaluating the adequacy and effectiveness of the legal framework dealing with human trafficking in South Africa. To achieve this purpose, a comprehensive overview of the punishment, prevention of human trafficking in South Africa was looked into as well as victim protection. An overview of the history of slavery and an analysis of the modern conceptualisation of human trafficking indicate that human trafficking is a highly complex concept, and that there are various approaches to the understanding of the concept of human trafficking. There are various definitions of trafficking found in international instruments of which the most important has been identified as that contained in the Palermo Protocol. The definitions vary also because trafficking is closely related to the phenomena of migration, slavery and smuggling of humans. The study further identifies some significant root causes of trafficking The research concedes that although common-law crimes, statutes and transitional legislation can be utilized to challenge some trafficking elements, these offences are not comprehensive enough to amply deal with the crime’s complexities and provide only a fragmented approach to combating the crime. The study shows that South Africa has adopted specific legislation, namely the Trafficking Act. The research further establishes also that international, regional and sub-regional instruments on trafficking and related aspects of trafficking provide guidelines for developing effective strategies to deal with trafficking within the region. The counter-trafficking strategies as found in treaties, protocols, declarations and resolutions, which focus specifically on combating trafficking and those with a human-rights focus, obliges States to prosecute traffickers, protect those who are vulnerable to trafficking as well as those already trafficked and establish measures for prevention. This research further highlighted the importance of preventing human trafficking which starts with government but non- governmental organisations play a vital role in this element as well.

This study consists of a qualitative analysis on the subject of human trafficking in Canada. It is intended to explore the steps that have been taken to address the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementary Legislation to the Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (2000c), also known as the Palermo Protocol, and examine Canada’s commitment to changing the international and domestic context in which human trafficking takes place. Through exploration of Canadian legislation, literature and prosecutions presented in Canadian courts between January 2005 and December 2011, this research aims to establish whether Canada has shown a commitment to ending and preventing the problem of human trafficking that is consistent with the Recommended Guidelines published by the office of the United Nations High Commissioner on Human Rights (2002). A nominal coding scheme was used to show in basic terms the level of commitment Canada is showing toward combating the issue of human trafficking, both internationally and domestically. Results indicate that while Canada has met minimum standards by implementing anti-trafficking legislation in 2005 which is consistent with the Palermo Protocol, the country is falling short of commitments to combat human trafficking due to inadequate victim protection measures, lack of standardized data collection procedures and insufficient efforts to combat and prevent the root causes of trafficking.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Tübingen, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 198-221) and register.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-07T18:44:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000423087-Texto+Completo-0.pdf: 863297 bytes, checksum: 2ae470f300be679648f5c4e13d7cff29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / The debate involving the definition of criminal organizations seems endless. Different doctrine and law positions translate the extension of the problem. In brazilian law, the definition that exists, that comes from article 2 of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, while analyzed considering the nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege certa maxim, becomes inapplicable due to its imprecision. Then, it is necessary the establishment of parameters for a proper use of the concept, based on objective factors, so that it’s possible to eliminate at the most the subjectivity of the interpreter, making the configuration of a criminal organization in a real case based solely on objective aspects. Parameters that, when applied, instead of maximizing the sphere of incidence of the concept, reduce it, to only those cases in which it is really necessary. This way, it can eliminate the abuse committed when it is applied, both in law making and juridical spheres. These can be elaborated by an ordinal model of the concept, that aims to facilitate its interpretation, in which each dimension corresponds to the objective elements contained in the concept elaborated by the Convention itself. Each dimension must be analyzed for itself, in a way that the non configuration of a dimension means the non configuration of the criminal organization in the case, for they are co-dependant. While restricting the sphere of incidence of the concept, it is possible to avoid confusions regarding criminal organizations, economic crimes and associative crimes, and the cases in which its utilization results in an inappropriate conviction, or in a violation of fundamental rights. / O debate gerado em torno do conceito de organizações criminosas parece infindo. Posições doutrinárias e legislativas divergentes traduzem a extensão do problema. No ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, o conceito existente, vindo do artigo 2. º da Convenção de Palermo, ao ser analisado sob a ótica do princípio da taxatividade, torna-se inaplicável em razão de sua imprecisão. Desta maneira, impõe-se o estabelecimento de parâmetros para uma possível operacionalização, parâmetros que sejam baseados em elementos precisos, eliminando ao máximo a subjetividade do aplicador, tornando assim a configuração de uma organização criminosa em um caso concreto baseada em aspectos objetivos. Parâmetros que, ao serem aplicados, ao invés de estender, restringem o âmbito de incidência do conceito, para apenas aqueles casos em que se faz realmente necessário. Desta forma, conseguem eliminar os abusos cometidos quando da sua aplicação, tanto em âmbito jurídico quanto legislativo. Esses podem ser elaborados por meio de um modelo ordinal de conceito, que tem o objetivo de facilitar sua interpretação, em que cada dimensão corresponde aos aspectos objetivos dos elementos contidos no próprio conceito elaborado pela convenção de Palermo. Cada dimensão deve ser analisada de forma separada, de modo que a não configuração de uma dimensão implica na não configuração de uma organização criminosa no caso concreto, por serem interdependentes. Ao restringir o âmbito de incidência do conceito, pode-se evitar confusões que ocorrem entre organizações criminosas, quadrilha ou bando, e criminalidade econômica, e os casos em que a sua aplicação resulta em uma condenação, indevida, ou em um cerceamento de garantias fundamentais.

Natropalermoite, ideally Na2SrAl4(PO4)(4)(OH)(4), the Na-analogue of palermoite, is a new mineral from the Palermo No. 1 mine, Groton, New Hampshire, USA. Associated minerals are palermoite, eosphorite and quartz. Natropalermoite crystals are prismatic with striations parallel to the direction of elongation (the a axis) up to 200 mu m x 50 mu m x 45 mu m in size. The mineral is colourless, transparent with a white streak and vitreous lustre and is visually indistinguishable from palermoite. It is brittle with subconchoidal fracture and has a Mohs hardness of 5.5. Cleavage is perfect on {001}, fair on {100} and no parting was observed. The calculated density is 3.502 g cm(-3). Natropalermoite is biaxial (-), alpha = 1.624(1), ss = 1.641(1), gamma = 1.643(1) (589 nm), 2V(meas) = 43(4)degrees, 2V(calc) = 38 degrees. An electronmicroprobe analysis yielded an empirical formula (based on 20 O apfu) of (Na1.69Li0.31)(Sigma 2.00) (Sr0.95Mg0.04C a(0.02)Ba(0.01))(Sigma 1.02) (Al3.82Mn0.03Fe0.03)(Sigma 3.88) (P1.01O4)(4)(OH)(4). Natropalermoite is orthorhombic, space group Imcb, a = 11.4849(6), b = 16.2490(7), c = 7.2927(4) angstrom, V = 1360.95(17) A(3), Z = 4. Natropalermoite is isotypic with palermoite, but substitution of the larger Na for Li results in substantial increase of the b cell parameter. Four of the seven Na-O distances are longer than their equivalents in palermoite, resulting in a more regular 7-fold coordination polyhedron about Na. The eight strongest peaks in the calculated X-ray powder diffraction are [d(calc) (angstrom), I-rel%, (hkl)]: [3.128, 100, (321)], [4.907, 68, (121)], [3.327, 48, (022)], [4.689, 45, (220)], [3.078, 45, (202)], [2.453, 38, (242)], [2.636, 35, (411)], [2.174, 35, (422)].

This study consists of a qualitative analysis on the subject of human trafficking in Canada. It is intended to explore the steps that have been taken to address the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementary Legislation to the Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (2000c), also known as the Palermo Protocol, and examine Canada’s commitment to changing the international and domestic context in which human trafficking takes place. Through exploration of Canadian legislation, literature and prosecutions presented in Canadian courts between January 2005 and December 2011, this research aims to establish whether Canada has shown a commitment to ending and preventing the problem of human trafficking that is consistent with the Recommended Guidelines published by the office of the United Nations High Commissioner on Human Rights (2002). A nominal coding scheme was used to show in basic terms the level of commitment Canada is showing toward combating the issue of human trafficking, both internationally and domestically. Results indicate that while Canada has met minimum standards by implementing anti-trafficking legislation in 2005 which is consistent with the Palermo Protocol, the country is falling short of commitments to combat human trafficking due to inadequate victim protection measures, lack of standardized data collection procedures and insufficient efforts to combat and prevent the root causes of trafficking.

Explore the international protection accorded to victims on trafficking (VoT) under the Palermo Protocol and other instruments. Focuses on the African context and looks into the challenges faced in enforcing those protections under the domestic forum. Also investigates the adequacy of the legal protection granted to VoT under the Ethiopia legal framework in comparison to the international legal framework and to the Mozambique experience. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mr Paulo Comoane, Faculty of Law, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de realizar uma pesquisa empírica acerca do desenvolvimento do tema de tráfico internacional de pessoas e como essa atividade ilegal tem implicações nas políticas públicas de países das Américas. O tráfico humano foi abordado sob a óptica das relações internacionais com foco no papel da Convenção de Palermo e seu Protocolo Adicional. Buscou-se analisar como este tratado internacional influenciou a adoção de políticas públicas e na política penal de 13 países selecionados das Américas, sendo um dos objetivos da pesquisa o de descrever e avaliar o processo de compliance que os Estados desenvolveram com frente às normas globais vigentes. A hipótese do artigo é a de que com o marco regulatório que foi a Convenção de Palermo, a ONU harmonizou as normas jurídicas domésticas das nações da amostra. Foram realizadas análises comparativas entre as políticas públicas adotadas nos países da região das Américas, buscando demonstrar correlações entre a influência prévia do crime organizado na região e o comportamento dos países no desenvolvimento das políticas públicas. / This work aims to conduct empirical research on the development of international human trafficking theme and how this illegal activity has implications for public policies in the Americas. Human trafficking was approached from the perspective of international relations with a focus on the role of the Palermo Convention and its Additionals Protocols. It sought to analyze how this international treaty has influenced the adoption of public policies and penal policy of 13 selected countries in the Americas, been one of the research´s aims to describe and evaluate the compliance process that national states have developed to face the current global standards. The hypothesis of the article is that with the regulatory framework that was the Palermo Convention, the United Nations harmonized the domestic legal provisions of the selected nations. Comparative analyzes were performed between public policies adopted in the countries of the Americas region, seeking to demonstrate correlations between the prior influence of organized crime in the area and the behavior of countries in the development of public policies.