This research aim was to investigate any gap in the international and national legal framework regarding sex trafficking and prostitution, as well as to identify areas for improvement to better protect victims. The research took on a feminist perspective to critique these laws and used Thailand's national framework for further research on how anti-trafficking and prostitution work on a national level. The feminist views come from feminist legal theory as well as radical feminism. Feminist theories are combined with existing literature, along with a qualitative method, legal analysis, and feminist legal method for examining legal frameworks addressing sex trafficking to find gaps in the field. Thailand was chosen due to it being a country with high problems with sex trafficking and prostitution. Thailand has also tried to combat these problems by implementing laws such as the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act 2008 as well as The Prevention and Suppression of Prostitution Act 1996. Thailand has also signed The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children which was relevant to this thesis.  In summary, legal feminists and radical feminists share many important perspectives about the gaps and improvements that need to be made in the international and legal framework concerning prostitution and sex trafficking. Some of the gaps are that laws fail to address the root causes of prostitution and sex trafficking, struggles with interpretation, and criticism like MacKinnon's claim that laws are fundamentally gendered and cannot be neutralized. furthermore, Thailand's anti-trafficking laws fail to recognize prostitution as trafficking, which criminalizes women in the industry. Rather than handling the demand side (those who pay for sex) the emphasis frequently tends toward prosecuting traffickers, while failing to address enough protection for victims. solutions for the gaps partly involve guidelines for Thailand's officers to easily identify victims.

Cette thèse traite de différents thèmes liés à la production et à la circulation des objets céramiques à Palerme entre le IXe et la première moitié du XIIe siècle. En particulier le travail prend en considération le mobilier inédit découvert lors des fouilles menées près de l’église Santa Maria degli Angeli, plus connue sous le nom de Gancia, et près du palais Bonagia. Les deux sites archéologiques sont situés rue Alloro dans le quartier de la “Kalsa”, une zone où les spécialistes concordent pour localiser la Ḫāliṣa, ville princière fondée par les Fatimides en 937. L’objectif premier de cette étude est d’offrir un tableau plus systématique et plus large des productions circulant à Palerme entre le IXe et la première moitié du XIIe siècle, en affrontant les problèmes méthodologiques liés à leur étude céramologique et en proposant de nouvelleschrono-typologies de référence. L’interprétation de ces données a permis d’utiliser la céramique comme source historique, capable d’offrir nouvelles informations, même partielles, relatives à l’évolution topographique de Palerme, aux changements sociaux et aux dynamiques commerciales. / This thesis deals with a series of thematic related to the production and circulation of pottery in Palermo during the 9th-12th centuries. In particular this research focuses on the unpublished ceramics found during the archaeological excavations in “Santa Maria degli Angeli” Church, known as “Gancia”, and in the Bonagia palace, both situated along the Alloro street in the Kalsa area, where during the Fatimid period rose up the palatine city called al-Ḫāliṣa (937). The main aim of this project is to offer a more systematic and larger picture of the pottery productions circulating in Palermo between the 9th and the first half of 12th century, facing the methodological problems set by their study and proposing new chrono-typologies. The interpretation of these data has allowed us to use the ceramics as an historical source, able to offer partial but new information related to the topographic evolution of the city of Palermo, to the social changes and to the commercial dynamics it went through.

Department of Criminal Justice and Procedure / Money laundering (ML) evolves in tandem with global technological advancement. This phenomenon calls for multi-faceted responsive measures at national and international levels to combat this nefarious crime.1 Today, combating ML requires co-operation among, inter alia, financial intelligence units (FIUs), reporting institutions, law enforcement agencies, the judiciary, as well as inter-state co-operation. In response to the ML threat, Kenya has adopted comprehensive anti-money laundering (AML) laws, such as the Proceeds of Crime and Anti- Money Laundering Act No. 9 of 2009 (POCAMLA) and the Prevention of Terrorism Act No. 30 of 2012. These, among other statutes, constitute the principal arsenal of the AML legal framework.

Le thème des "présences commerciales ethniques", issues du phénomène de la globalisation dansles centres historiques, fait surgir une série de questions liées à l'actuelle transformation urbaine(spatiale et économico/sociale); les commerces ethniques sont en mesure d'engendrer, en mêmetemps, attraction et répulsion, par rapport aux différents facteurs; la recherche effectuée à partir dulaboratoire désigné, le centre historique de Palerme (Italie), analyse ces facteurs multiples.Le travail repose: sur l’analyse des significations et des perceptions "repérables" du commerceethnique, à partir des littératures et des expériences italiennes et françaises, qui voient impliquéesdes figures disciplinaires différentes, l’exploration des transformations urbaines provoquées par lephénomène au niveau spatial sur des cas italiens (Palerme, Florence) et français (Château-Rouge,Paris), l’analyse du cadre de référence des politiques liées à la gestion des commerces dans lescentres historiques et l’individuation de thématiques prééminentes du débat actuel en Italie et enFrance. À la fin de ce parcours, où le thème des commerces ethniques est abordé sous différentspoints de vue qui ont des retombées sur l'espace urbain, la thèse propose la construction d'un"système d'analyse dynamique", au service de l'urbaniste capable de rendre "appréciables" lescaractéristiques différentielles de ces genres de commerces par rapport aux commerces autochtones;en même temps, l’analyse veut être un moyen pour faire surgir les "potentialités" attractives que cescommerces manifestent, dans l'optique d’un emploi dans les stratégies de valorisation et dereclassement des tissus historiques et des systèmes commerciaux qu'ils contiennent. / The topic of the "ethnic commercial presences", resulting from the phenomenon of the globalisationin the historical centers, makes emerge a series of questions related to the current urbantransformation (space and économic/social); the “ethnic trade” are able to generate, at the sametime, attraction and repulsion, compared to the various factors; the research carried out startingfrom the indicated laboratory, the historical center of Palermo (Italy), analyzes these multiplefactors.Work is articulated: on the analysis of the significances and "locatable" perceptions of the ethnictrade, starting from the literatures and Italian and French studies cases, which see implied differentdisciplinary figures, the exploration of the urban transformations caused by the phenomenon at thespacial level on Italian cases (Palermo, Florence) and French (Chateau Rouge, Paris), analysis ofthe framework of reference of the policies related to the administration of the trade in the historicalcenters and individuation of preeminent sets of themes of the current debate in Italy and France.At the end of this course, where the topic of the ethnic trade is approached under various “points ofview” which have repercussions on urban space, the thesis proposes one construction of a "dynamicsystem of analysis", at the service of the townplanner able to make "appreciable" the differentialcharacteristics of these paricularies “kinds” of trade compared to the trade autochtones; at the sametime, the analysis wants to be a means to make emerge the gravitational "potentialities" that thesetrade express, in the optics of an employment in the strategies of valorization and reclassification ofhistorical center and the commercial systems which it contain.

Examines the situation of child victims through a human rights perspective and identifies the existing legal framework in the international and regional environment. Furthermore, this study seeks to raise awareness about the illegality and harmful consequences of all forms of child trafficking. Also discusses the necessity to take appropriate criminal as well as administrative action, at all levels, to effectively prohibit and penalise child trafficking. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2007. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Professor Julia Sloth-Nielsen of the faculty of Law, of the University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

A newly proposed F-class mission by the European Space Agency (ESA) in 2019,Comet Interceptor, aims to dynamically intercept a New Solar System Objectsuch as a Dynamically New Comet (DNC). The Spacecraft will be placed in aperiodic (Halo) orbit around the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrangian point, waiting for furtherinstructions about the passage of a comet or an asteroid, which could well bereached within the stipulated mission constraints.A major part of the detection of these bodies will be owed to the Large SynopticSurvey Telescope (Currently under construction in Chile), which hopes to vastlyincrease the ability to discover a possible target using the catalogue of LongPeriod Comets and a set of its orbits. It is suggested that, in a mission length of<5 years, discoveries and warnings are possible so that optimization of thetrajectory and characterisation of the object are done within the set windows.This thesis is aimed at facilitating a transfer to a Potentially Hazardous Asteroid(PHA), a subset of the Near-Earth Objects (NEO), as a secondary choice on theoff-chance that the discovered comet could not be reached from the L2 Librationpoint within the mission constraints.The first section of this thesis deals with the selection of a Potentially HazardousAsteroid for our mission from the larger database of the Near-Earth Objects,based on a measure of impact hazard called the Palermo Scale, while the secondsection of the thesis aims to obtain a suitable Halo orbit around L2 through ananalytical construction method. After a desired orbit is found, the invariantmanifolds around the Halo orbit are constructed and analysed in an attempt toreduce the ΔV, where from the spacecraft can intercept the Potentially Hazardous Asteroid through the trajectory demanding the least energy.

This thesis explores the symbolic place occupied by a racialized neighbourhood within the Uruguayan national imaginary. I study the conventillos (tenement buildings) of two traditionally Afro-Uruguayan neighbourhoods in Montevideo, Barrio Sur and Palermo. These neighbourhoods are considered the cradle of Afro-Uruguayan culture and identity. The conventillos have been immortalized in paintings, souvenirs, songs, and books. Over the years most of the residents were evicted due to demolitions, which peaked during Uruguay’s military dictatorship (1973-1984). I address the paradox of how a community can be materially marginalized, yet symbolically celebrated, a process that is evident in other American nations (Brazil, Colombia, etc.). I show how race, class, and gender are entangled in folkloric depictions of the conventillo to constitute a limited notion of blackness that naturalizes the relationship between Afro-Uruguayans, music, sexuality, and domestic work. The folklorization of the space and it residents is shown to be a “fetishization” which enhances the whiteness of the national identity, while confining the parameters of black citizenship and belonging. Utilizing a methodology that draws on cultural geography, critical race, postcolonial, and feminist theory, my dissertation analyzes the various ways that the Barrio Sur/Palermo conventillo has been imagined, represented, and experienced. Specifically, I examine 1) autobiographical, literary and popular (media, songs) narratives about these neighbourhoods; 2) the depiction of the conventillo by a prominent artist (Carlos Páez Vilaró); 3) spatial practices; 4) the performance of a dancer who emerged from the conventillo to become a national icon (the Carnival vedette Rosa Luna); and 5) interviews with nine key informants. My analysis focuses on how bodies, subjects, and national belonging are constituted through relations to particular spaces. By foregrounding the “geographies of identity” (Radcliffe and Westwood, 1996, p. 27), I show that the symbolic celebration of black space goes hand in hand with material disavowal. This study thus connects the imagining of a local, racialized space to how national belonging is constituted and experienced.

This thesis explores the symbolic place occupied by a racialized neighbourhood within the Uruguayan national imaginary. I study the conventillos (tenement buildings) of two traditionally Afro-Uruguayan neighbourhoods in Montevideo, Barrio Sur and Palermo. These neighbourhoods are considered the cradle of Afro-Uruguayan culture and identity. The conventillos have been immortalized in paintings, souvenirs, songs, and books. Over the years most of the residents were evicted due to demolitions, which peaked during Uruguay’s military dictatorship (1973-1984). I address the paradox of how a community can be materially marginalized, yet symbolically celebrated, a process that is evident in other American nations (Brazil, Colombia, etc.). I show how race, class, and gender are entangled in folkloric depictions of the conventillo to constitute a limited notion of blackness that naturalizes the relationship between Afro-Uruguayans, music, sexuality, and domestic work. The folklorization of the space and it residents is shown to be a “fetishization” which enhances the whiteness of the national identity, while confining the parameters of black citizenship and belonging. Utilizing a methodology that draws on cultural geography, critical race, postcolonial, and feminist theory, my dissertation analyzes the various ways that the Barrio Sur/Palermo conventillo has been imagined, represented, and experienced. Specifically, I examine 1) autobiographical, literary and popular (media, songs) narratives about these neighbourhoods; 2) the depiction of the conventillo by a prominent artist (Carlos Páez Vilaró); 3) spatial practices; 4) the performance of a dancer who emerged from the conventillo to become a national icon (the Carnival vedette Rosa Luna); and 5) interviews with nine key informants. My analysis focuses on how bodies, subjects, and national belonging are constituted through relations to particular spaces. By foregrounding the “geographies of identity” (Radcliffe and Westwood, 1996, p. 27), I show that the symbolic celebration of black space goes hand in hand with material disavowal. This study thus connects the imagining of a local, racialized space to how national belonging is constituted and experienced.

Att människohandel för sexuell exploatering utgör ett brott mot mänskliga rättigheter står klart. Människohandel kränker flertalet av individens rättigheter och staters skyldigheter gentemot dessa individer finns således stadgade i flertalet internationella konventioner. Palermoprotokollet stadgar den första internationellt gemensamma definitionen av människohandel och stadgar vidare ett krav på att definitionen utgör ett brott i konventionsstaternas nationella lagstiftning. Om prostitution anses kränka individers rättigheter och föranleder krav på rättslig reglering är däremot omtvistat, detta trots de likheter som finns. Med utgångspunkt i mänskliga rättigheter syftar uppsatsen, med hjälp av genus- och rättssociologisk teori och metod, att undersöka om prostitution torde omfattas av dessa samt om, och i så fall, vilka positiva skyldigheter stater enligt folkrätten har gentemot personer som befinner sig i prostitution. Detta för att utreda huruvida det är möjligt att kräva att stater kriminaliserar sexköp, antingen för att uppfylla de konventioner som kräver ett förebyggande arbete mot människohandel för sexuell exploatering men även för att leva upp till de åtaganden stater åtagit sig för att motverka den könsojämställdhet, könsdiskriminering och våld som prostitution bevisligen kan innebära. Det finns en tydlig korrelation mellan prostitution och människohandel för sexuell exploatering. Forskning visar att omfattningen av människohandel är högre i stater med legaliserad prostitution samtidigt som både prostitutionen och människohandeln minskat i Sverige sedan sexköpslagen trädde i kraft. Prostitution kan anses uppfylla många delar av det som utgör människohandelsbrottet enligt Palermoprotokollets definition och torde således generellt sett kunna vara en form av människohandel. Således, med hänvisning till krav på förebyggande åtgärder mot människohandel, så torde det kunna krävas att stater kriminaliserar sexköp, inte minst då det bevisligen kan vara ett effektivt sätt att motverka den efterfrågan vilken upprätthåller både prostitution och människohandel för sexuell exploatering. / Whether trafficking for sexual exploitation constitutes a violation of human right is indisputable. Human trafficking violates several individual rights and states' obligations towards victims of trafficking are thus stated in various international conventions. The Palermo Protocol constitutes the first international joint definition of human trafficking and the statute further requires that the definition constitutes a criminal offence in the convention states' national legislation. Whether prostitution is considered a violation of human rights and therefore induce a legal obligations of states is however disputed. Based on human rights, with a gender -and sociological theory of law this study aims to examine whether prostitution also should benefit from these rights and if so, determine the obligations of states under international law towards people in prostitution. Further to investigate whether it is possible to require states to criminalize the purchase of sexual services, either to comply with international conventions that urges prevention of human trafficking for sexual exploitation but also to live up to commitments to discourage the gender inequality, discrimination and violence often included in prostitution. There is a correlation between prostitution and human trafficking for sexual exploitation. Research shows that the scope of human trafficking is higher in states with legalized prostitution, while both prostitution and trafficking for sexual exploitation decreased in Sweden since the Sex Purchase Act came into force 1999. Prostitution is often considered to satisfy several elements of what constitutes trafficking under the Palermo Protocol's definition and could therefore generally be considered a form of human trafficking. Thus, by referring to the many requirements of preventive measures against trafficking it could therefore be argued that states should criminalize purchase of sexual services, as it is proven an effective way to counter the demand that maintains both prostitution and human trafficking for sexual exploitation.

The purpose of this paper is to show the similarities between two authors, who both have been very successful in Italy and abroad. They are the 14th century writer Giovanni Boccaccio and the contemporary author Andrea Camilleri. I compare five short stories by Camilleri published in his books Gran circo Taddei and La regina di Pomerania and five short stories from Decameron. My aim is to show that they, although more than 600 years apart, have a common angle of approach when it comes to describing how women, seemingly subordinate and compliant, not rarely manage to achieve their aim even if it is trivial, low and not at all focused on changing the world. I also want to elucidate the fact that both writers not rarely let their female characters act as accomplices, that there is a female solidarity between them and that they seem to hav an energy and vigour that men seem to lack. The man on the other hand is often described as weak, as a false authority, who changes into a tool, a diversion in the hands of the woman. Besides this I make an analysis of the "false" short story by Boccaccio, Antonello da Palermo, written by Camilleri to see if it can fall into the genre of rewriting of classical works, which is typical of postmodernism, simply if it fulfills the criteria of such a rewriting.