Background. Cervical cancer is a common female cancer in Hong Kong. Cervical screening has been used in detecting cervical lesions for several decades. Given that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the etiological cause of cervical cancer, highly efficacious HPV vaccines are recently developed for preventing against HPV infection. Hong Kong has a well-developed healthcare system but relatively high cervical cancer incidence compared to other developed countries partly due to its suboptimal cervical screening program. This highlights the significance to evaluate the potential of implementing organized HPV vaccination programs for further reducing cervical cancer burden on top of cervical screening in Hong Kong. Methods. Cross-sectional, population-based surveys were conducted to assess the acceptability of female adolescent HPV vaccination among girls from secondary schools in 2008 and among mothers of adolescent daughters in 2008 and 2012. Mathematical model with transmission dynamic and stochastic individual-based components was constructed to model the natural history of HPV infection and cervical cancer and thus to project the public health and economic impacts of organized female adolescent HPV vaccination programs in a societal perspective. The model used Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm to estimate natural history parameters of HPV infection and probabilistic sensitivity analysis to consider the uncertainty of costs and health utilities in the economic evaluation of organized HPV vaccination. Results. Reported vaccine uptake among11–18 year-old girls increased from 2.4% among schoolgirls in 2008 to 9.1% among daughters of interviewed mothers in 2012. Among interviewed mothers, 27.5% and 37.6% of them were willing to have their daughters vaccinated at market price in 2008 and 2012, respectively. The mathematical model projected that HPV prevalence decreased soon after mass HPV vaccination and vaccine-induced cervical cancer reduction became obvious after vaccination programs have been launched for 30 years. If HPV vaccinesprovided30-year protection, the median incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of routine HPV vaccination programs for 12 year-old girls at 25–75% vaccination coverage was US$26,367–32,527 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). The median ICER was above US$48,000/QALY if adding 2-year catch-up program for13–18 year-old girls and above US$58,000/QALY if vaccines protect against HPV infection for only 15 years. Conclusions. This study presented the first evaluation of organized HPV vaccination programs in Hong Kong. If vaccine protection lasted for 30 years or longer, organized routine HPV vaccination for 12 year-old girls would potentially be a cost-effective add-on in substantially reducing cervical cancers and HPV-related diseases on top of cervical screening in Hong Kong at an ICER threshold of US$33,218/QALY. However, the current estimated vaccine uptake was unexpectedly low and vaccine acceptability was only moderate. The findings indicated the importance to devise efficient strategies in achieving high and universal coverage for maximizing the population-level benefits of HPV vaccination. Policymakers should consider integrating the organized HPV vaccination programs with existing infrastructures to promote higher acceptability, to translate willingness to vaccinate to actual uptake, to assess population effectiveness, and to monitor safety issue and potential replacement effect of non-vaccine targeted HPV types following mass vaccination. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Thesis (MScIng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wyoming, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 20, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 32-36).

Objective: To review evidence on the efficacy of HPV vaccines in the prevention of non-cancer lesions (anogenital warts [AGW], recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis and oral papillomatosis). Materials and methods: We conducted a systematic review of randomized trials. We performed random effect models and effects were reported as relative risks (RR) and their confidence intervals (95%CI) following both intention to treat (ITT) and per protocol (PP) analyses. Results: We included six studies (n=27 078). One study was rated as high risk of bias. One study could not be included in the meta-analysis because it provided combined results. We found that quadrivalent vaccine reduced the risk of AGW by 62% (RR: 0.38, 95%CI:0.32-0.45, I2:0%) in the ITT analysis and by 95% (RR: 0.05, 95%CI:0.01-0.25, I2:66%) in the PP analysis. Subgroup analyses of studies in women or with low-risk of bias provided similar results. Conclusion: HPV quadrivalent vaccine is efficacious in preventing AGW in men and women. / HPV quadrivalent vaccine is efficacious in preventing AGW in men and women. / Revisión por pares

Submitted by EVERLY ALVES SARAIVA JORGE null (everlysaraiva@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-03T02:38:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_Everly.pdf: 4990693 bytes, checksum: 600e6b5dd271d4df82d4bcb69ea2535a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-04T20:06:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jorge_eas_me_bot.pdf: 4990693 bytes, checksum: 600e6b5dd271d4df82d4bcb69ea2535a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-04T20:06:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jorge_eas_me_bot.pdf: 4990693 bytes, checksum: 600e6b5dd271d4df82d4bcb69ea2535a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / Introdução: A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) aponta que o câncer de colo do útero é o quarto tipo de câncer mais comum em mulheres, e o sétimo no geral, com um número estimado de 528 mil novos casos em 2012. Os tipos 16 e 18 do Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) são responsáveis por cerca de 70% dos casos de câncer de colo do útero e os tipos 6 e 11 são encontrados em 90% das verrugas genitais. A vacinação contra HPV no Brasil está sendo implantada gradativamente e ofertada para adolescentes do sexo feminino no Sistema Único de Saúde. Objetivo Geral: Identificar o conhecimento sobre HPV (Papilomavírus Humano) e a percepção das adolescentes sobre a sua imunização. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, cuja população foi constituída por adolescentes do sexo feminino que iniciaram a imunização para HPV na Rede Pública de Saúde do município de Botucatu-SP. Na coleta de dados foi empregada a entrevista semi-estruturada contendo questões norteadoras. O número de participantes foi definido pelo critério de saturação das respostas apresentadas. As entrevistas foram gravadas em meio digital, com a autorização das entrevistadas e mães (ou responsável) e posteriormente transcritas. Para a organização e análise dos dados foi utilizado o método de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Foram entrevistadas 28 adolescentes e dos discursos emergiram três temas: significações de ter sido vacinada, decisão de ser vacinada e influências e conhecimento sobre HPV. Este estudo revelou que as participantes pouco percebem a significação e importância da vacinação, se restringindo apenas ao fato de prevenir uma doença ou câncer e ao medo que sentem da vacina. Há uma deficiência no conhecimento em relação ao HPV que nos leva a refletir sobre a educação em saúde, pois as colocam em situação de vulnerabilidade e apontam para a necessidade da utilização de diferentes estratégias que veiculem informações para essa faixa etária de forma mais aprofundada e vocabulário próprio, uma vez que a iniciação da atividade sexual tem sido de forma cada vez mais precoce. Desvelou-se também que a família, escola, amigos e os meios de comunicação são fatores de influência na tomada de decisão dessa população. / The World Health Organization (WHO) shows that uterine cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, and the seventh overall, with an estimated 528.000 new cases in 2012. Types 16 and 18 of HPV (Human Papillomavirus) account for 70% of uterine cervical cancer cases, while the types 6 and 11 are found in 90% of genital warts. The HPV vaccination in Brazil is being implemented gradually and offered to female adolescents in the National Health System. Objective: Evaluate knowledge about HPV (Human Papillomavirus) and the perception of adolescents about their immunization. Method: This is a qualitative research, which population is made up of female adolescents who started HPV immunization in the Public Wealth Service in Botucatu, SP. For data collection was used a semi-structured interview containing guiding questions. The number of participants was defined by the criterion of saturation of their responses. The interviews were recorded digitally, with the authorization of the interviewees and mothers (or guardian) and later transcribed. For organizing and analyzing the data we used the method of content analysis. Results: 28 adolescents were interviewed, and three themes emerged: meanings significance of having been vaccinated, decision to be vaccinated and influences and knowledge about HPV. This study revealed that the participants poorly realize the significance and importance of vaccination, it is restricted only to the fact of preventing a disease or cancer and the fear they feel about the vaccine. There is a lack of knowledge regarding the HPV that brings us to the reflection about health education, because the patients are in a vulnerable situation and this study points to the need of using different strategies that convey information for this age group in more depth and in its own vocabulary, considering that sexual activity initiation has been increasingly early. It also unveiled that family, school, friends and the media are influential factors in the decision making of this population.

Orientador: Maria de Lourdes da Silva Marques Ferreira / Resumo: Introdução: A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) aponta que o câncer de colo do útero é o quarto tipo de câncer mais comum em mulheres, e o sétimo no geral, com um número estimado de 528 mil novos casos em 2012. Os tipos 16 e 18 do Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) são responsáveis por cerca de 70% dos casos de câncer de colo do útero e os tipos 6 e 11 são encontrados em 90% das verrugas genitais. A vacinação contra HPV no Brasil está sendo implantada gradativamente e ofertada para adolescentes do sexo feminino no Sistema Único de Saúde. Objetivo Geral: Identificar o conhecimento sobre HPV (Papilomavírus Humano) e a percepção das adolescentes sobre a sua imunização. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, cuja população foi constituída por adolescentes do sexo feminino que iniciaram a imunização para HPV na Rede Pública de Saúde do município de Botucatu-SP. Na coleta de dados foi empregada a entrevista semi-estruturada contendo questões norteadoras. O número de participantes foi definido pelo critério de saturação das respostas apresentadas. As entrevistas foram gravadas em meio digital, com a autorização das entrevistadas e mães (ou responsável) e posteriormente transcritas. Para a organização e análise dos dados foi utilizado o método de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Foram entrevistadas 28 adolescentes e dos discursos emergiram três temas: significações de ter sido vacinada, decisão de ser vacinada e influências e conhecimento sobre HPV. Este estudo revelou que as partici... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) shows that uterine cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, and the seventh overall, with an estimated 528.000 new cases in 2012. Types 16 and 18 of HPV (Human Papillomavirus) account for 70% of uterine cervical cancer cases, while the types 6 and 11 are found in 90% of genital warts. The HPV vaccination in Brazil is being implemented gradually and offered to female adolescents in the National Health System. Objective: Evaluate knowledge about HPV (Human Papillomavirus) and the perception of adolescents about their immunization. Method: This is a qualitative research, which population is made up of female adolescents who started HPV immunization in the Public Wealth Service in Botucatu, SP. For data collection was used a semi-structured interview containing guiding questions. The number of participants was defined by the criterion of saturation of their responses. The interviews were recorded digitally, with the authorization of the interviewees and mothers (or guardian) and later transcribed. For organizing and analyzing the data we used the method of content analysis. Results: 28 adolescents were interviewed, and three themes emerged: meanings significance of having been vaccinated, decision to be vaccinated and influences and knowledge about HPV. This study revealed that the participants poorly realize the significance and importance of vaccination, it is restricted only to the fact of preventing a disease or cancer and... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 2008. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 46-05, page: 2669. Adviser: Theresa L. Byrd. Includes bibliographical references.

Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-07, Section: B, page: 4120. Advisers: Christine M. Markham; Maria E. Fernanez. Includes bibliographical references.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted virus and known precursor to cervical cancer, the second most lethal cancer in females across the world. Two virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines exist that provide immunity against the main serotypes of the disease and are produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and baculovirus infected insect cells. Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) was chosen as an alternative expression system for HPV VLP production based on its history as prolific heterologous protein producer that circumvent many of the problems associated with aforementioned expression systems. The strongly inducible AOX promoter allows three-phase fermentations (1.3 L bioreactors) in which high cell densities (>100gCDW.L-1) are obtained prior to induction with methanol. During the induction phase the dissolved oxygen concentration may be used to control addition of methanol. It is also possible to use predetermined methanol feed rates and to adjust the amount of additional oxygen sparged to maintain a constant dissolved oxygen level. The effects of these control strategies, different gene constructs and multiple gene integrations were quantified through monomer-, VLP- and mRNA production levels. Increased biomass concentrations in the 20% dissolved oxygen control strategy led to the highest volumetric VLP concentration (68.53 mg.L-1). VLPs were located intracellularly in both the cytoplasm and membranes of the yeast cells. Despite lower codon adaptation of the h-L1 gene expressed in the X33[h-L1] strain it still had higher volumetric VLP concentrations under 40% dissolved oxygen control than the X33[Syn-L1] and X33[SA-L1] strain containing the SA-L1 and Syn-L1 genes. This was ascribed to the possible presence of rare codons in the Syn-hL1 and SA-L1 genes and a lower A+T content in the h-L1 gene. Multiple gene integrations of the h-L1 gene had a negative effect on VLP production and this conclusion was supported by lower mRNA concentrations indicating lower transcriptional efficiency. Increased methanol induction efficiency in the DO control strategies was indicated by higher specific L1 monomer levels. Decreased VLP to monomer ratios in the DO control strategies indicated that a bottleneck existed in the assembly process due to increased L1 monomer concentrations. Due to the hydrophobic region on the L1 protein, these proteins associated with the membranes within the yeast cells especially when efficient assembly to VLPs did not occur. HPV16 L1 VLP concentrations obtained in P. pastoris in this study are comparable to the study by Li et al., (2003), but much lower than expression levels obtained in baculovirus infected insect cells. Based on the expression levels of HBsAg VLPs obtained in P. pastoris, this system, with the necessary recommended optimisation, has the capacity for increased HPV VLP production ability.

The broad aim of this dissertation is to understand the early impact of HPV vaccination in females at the population level. Three important public health questions are addressed: 1) Is HPV vaccination doing what is expected: decreasing the prevalence of vaccine-type HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 which are etiologically linked to invasive cervical cancer and genital warts?; 2) Is there evidence of beneficial cross-protection (decreased prevalence) of any of the other non-vaccine-targeted high-risk (HR) HPV genotypes?; and 3) With the expected decline of HPV 16 and 18, are there deleterious virological consequences, such as type-replacement (increased prevalence) with a rise of non-vaccine-targeted HR HPV? In the first chapter, I assess and synthesize peer-reviewed literature published from 2007 to 2013 that documented early impact of HPV vaccination. Seventeen ecological studies were stratified into three tiers based on degree of vaccination impact (cervical abnormalities, genital warts, and HPV DNA) and incidence or prevalence in samples from a pre-HPV vaccination time period (pre-2007) with that of a post-vaccination time period (post-2007) were compared. In the second chapter, I investigate vaccine-type HPV prevalence changes between pre- and post-vaccine periods in over 8,000 females aged 14-59 years enrolled in the NHANES HPV Vaginal Swab Surveys from 2003-2010. In the third chapter, I test for evidence of non-vaccine-targeted HR HPV genotypic cross-protection and type-replacement in NHANES Survey females from the pre- and post-vaccine periods. Finally, I conclude the dissertation with a summary of the findings and a discussion of the public health impltcations and offer suggestions for future research.