As exigências do mercado da construção civil fazem com que não haja espaço para a passagem de tubulações sob as vigas que sustentam as lajes de concreto. Então, uma solução cada vez mais frequente é a realização de furos na alma das vigas para a passagem de dutos. A presença destes furos altera o comportamento das vigas gerando concentração de tensões, fissuras e possibilidade de esmagamento do concreto. O dimensionamento de vigas de concreto armado com furos tem sido baseado em métodos empíricos ou no método das bielas e tirantes. Contudo, nas vigas de concreto protendido, surgem novos fatores como forças de compressão de grande intensidade e a possibilidade de reversão de esforços no processo de fabricação, transporte e carregamento. Então, o objetivo desta dissertação é realizar uma análise não-linear de vigas de concreto protendido pré-tensionado com furos através do método dos elementos finitos, para avaliar o seu comportamento estrutural. Nas análises foi utilizado o programa de elementos finitos ANSYS, que permite a modelagem do comportamento não-linear de materiais como aço e concreto, bem como a introdução da protensão como uma deformação inicial da armadura. O modelo numérico foi validado através da comparação de seus resultados com dados de ensaios experimentais de estruturas de concreto armado, protendido e armado com furo. Uma vez confirmada a eficácia do modelo, o mesmo foi utilizado no estudo de vigas de concreto armado e protendido com furos. Foi feito um estudo paramétrico das dimensões e posição do furo em vigas de concreto armado e protendido, avaliando as tensões e deformações específicas no concreto e nas armaduras. Com a análise concluída foi possível perceber notável influencia da posição do furo na altura da seção da viga quando avaliada a distribuição dos esforços cortantes acima e abaixo da abertura. Outro fator conclusivo foi de que as vigas de concreto protendido que sofrem fissuração no bordo superior no ato da protensão apresentaram menor capacidade de resistir a esforço cortante na região acima do furo. / Nowadays, as a consequence of the demands of the construction market, there is no space for the passage of pipes under the beams that support the concrete slabs. Then, an increasingly common solution is the introduction of holes in the beam web for the passage of pipes and ducts. These openings change the behavior of internal stresses and create a possibility of concrete cracking or crushing. The designs of reinforced concrete beams have been based on empiric methods for over four decades. However, on prestressed concrete beams new factors appear and must be considered such as higher compression stresses, the possibility of inversion of the bending moment diagram due to the initial prestress of the beam, transportation and higher loadings. The objective of this work is to perform a non-linear analysis of prestressed beams with openings in the web using the finite element method to evaluate its structural behavior. On the analysis it was used the finite element method software ANSYS, that allows the modeling of the non-linear behavior of materials as concrete and steel, as well the use of prestress of the tendons by adding an initial strain to the element. The numeric model was validated comparing its results with experimental tests of reinforced concrete beams, prestressed concrete beams and a reinforced concrete beams with openings. Once the model was validated, it was used on a study of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams with openings. A parametric study was carried out varying the position and dimensions of the openings and the beam cross section. In each case the stresses in the concrete and in the reinforcement were evaluated. After the end of the analysis, it was possible to perceive a noticeable change of distribution of shear forces above and under the opening. The stress distribution in the reinforcement determined by the numerical analyses was found very different from that prescribed in the usual empirical methods of design.

O comportamento estrutural de veículos de transporte coletivo, quando submetido a eventos de impacto, é de grande relevância na engenharia automobilística, pois principalmente o ônibus, vem se tornando um dos meios de transporte de elevada importância, sendo que seu uso vem aumentando a cada ano. No entanto, as estruturas de ônibus que circulam nas estradas brasileiras não são capazes de resistir, sem causar danos aos passageiros, a eventos de impacto em acidentes, o que pode ser verificado em pesquisas divulgadas pela Agência Nacional de Transportes Terrestres (ANTT) em 2007, que mostra a evolução de acidentes e vítimas envolvendo ônibus, que cada ano aumentam consideravelmente. Neste contexto, pretende-se desenvolver um absorvedor de impacto que aumente a capacidade de absorção da energia de impacto e evite a invasão da região de sobrevivência dos passageiros, e desta forma diminuindo o número de vítimas em acidentes. Serão abordados neste trabalho eventos de impacto semi-frontal, justificado pela gravidade dos acidentes desse tipo nas estradas, sendo este o tipo de acidente que deixa um maior número de vítimas, pois geralmente parte da estrutura lateral do ônibus é removida, expondo os passageiros no período de impacto. Esse efeito é conhecido como “Efeito Abridor de Latas”. O modelo numérico deste trabalho será formado por elementos unifilares, sendo a estrutura do ônibus formada por vigas flexíveis e/ ou rígidas, unidas através de juntas não lineares rotacionais e translacionais. A rigidez de cada junta não linear é obtida a partir de métodos analíticos que descrevem o comportamento do tubo de parede fina quando submetido a impacto. / The structural behavior of transportation vehicles when subjected to events of impact is of great relevance in automotive engineering, mainly because the bus has become a highly important alternative means of transportation, and its use is increasing every year. However, the structures of the buses circulating on Brazilian roads are not able to withstand strong impact, without causing passengers’ injury in events where accidents occur, which can be shown in surveys released by the National Transport Agency (ANTT) in 2007, presenting that the great incidence of accidents with victims involving buses is increasing considerably every year. In this context, the development of an impact absorber that had the capability to increase the impact energy absorption and prevent the invasion of part of bus on the region where passengers are located (reducing the number of fatalities in accidents) are the objectives of this work. In this work, a semi-frontal impact will be presented and studied due to the severity of such accident, as the side of the bus structure is removed, exposing the passengers during the impact. This is the effect known as “Can opener effect”. The numerical model of this study will consist of a single-wire element, with a bus structure formed by flexible and/or rigid beams joined by nonlinear rotational and translational joints. The rigidity of each nonlinear joint is obtained by analytical methods describing the behavior of a thin-walled tube subjected to an impact force.

As exigências do mercado da construção civil fazem com que não haja espaço para a passagem de tubulações sob as vigas que sustentam as lajes de concreto. Então, uma solução cada vez mais frequente é a realização de furos na alma das vigas para a passagem de dutos. A presença destes furos altera o comportamento das vigas gerando concentração de tensões, fissuras e possibilidade de esmagamento do concreto. O dimensionamento de vigas de concreto armado com furos tem sido baseado em métodos empíricos ou no método das bielas e tirantes. Contudo, nas vigas de concreto protendido, surgem novos fatores como forças de compressão de grande intensidade e a possibilidade de reversão de esforços no processo de fabricação, transporte e carregamento. Então, o objetivo desta dissertação é realizar uma análise não-linear de vigas de concreto protendido pré-tensionado com furos através do método dos elementos finitos, para avaliar o seu comportamento estrutural. Nas análises foi utilizado o programa de elementos finitos ANSYS, que permite a modelagem do comportamento não-linear de materiais como aço e concreto, bem como a introdução da protensão como uma deformação inicial da armadura. O modelo numérico foi validado através da comparação de seus resultados com dados de ensaios experimentais de estruturas de concreto armado, protendido e armado com furo. Uma vez confirmada a eficácia do modelo, o mesmo foi utilizado no estudo de vigas de concreto armado e protendido com furos. Foi feito um estudo paramétrico das dimensões e posição do furo em vigas de concreto armado e protendido, avaliando as tensões e deformações específicas no concreto e nas armaduras. Com a análise concluída foi possível perceber notável influencia da posição do furo na altura da seção da viga quando avaliada a distribuição dos esforços cortantes acima e abaixo da abertura. Outro fator conclusivo foi de que as vigas de concreto protendido que sofrem fissuração no bordo superior no ato da protensão apresentaram menor capacidade de resistir a esforço cortante na região acima do furo. / Nowadays, as a consequence of the demands of the construction market, there is no space for the passage of pipes under the beams that support the concrete slabs. Then, an increasingly common solution is the introduction of holes in the beam web for the passage of pipes and ducts. These openings change the behavior of internal stresses and create a possibility of concrete cracking or crushing. The designs of reinforced concrete beams have been based on empiric methods for over four decades. However, on prestressed concrete beams new factors appear and must be considered such as higher compression stresses, the possibility of inversion of the bending moment diagram due to the initial prestress of the beam, transportation and higher loadings. The objective of this work is to perform a non-linear analysis of prestressed beams with openings in the web using the finite element method to evaluate its structural behavior. On the analysis it was used the finite element method software ANSYS, that allows the modeling of the non-linear behavior of materials as concrete and steel, as well the use of prestress of the tendons by adding an initial strain to the element. The numeric model was validated comparing its results with experimental tests of reinforced concrete beams, prestressed concrete beams and a reinforced concrete beams with openings. Once the model was validated, it was used on a study of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams with openings. A parametric study was carried out varying the position and dimensions of the openings and the beam cross section. In each case the stresses in the concrete and in the reinforcement were evaluated. After the end of the analysis, it was possible to perceive a noticeable change of distribution of shear forces above and under the opening. The stress distribution in the reinforcement determined by the numerical analyses was found very different from that prescribed in the usual empirical methods of design.

As exigências do mercado da construção civil fazem com que não haja espaço para a passagem de tubulações sob as vigas que sustentam as lajes de concreto. Então, uma solução cada vez mais frequente é a realização de furos na alma das vigas para a passagem de dutos. A presença destes furos altera o comportamento das vigas gerando concentração de tensões, fissuras e possibilidade de esmagamento do concreto. O dimensionamento de vigas de concreto armado com furos tem sido baseado em métodos empíricos ou no método das bielas e tirantes. Contudo, nas vigas de concreto protendido, surgem novos fatores como forças de compressão de grande intensidade e a possibilidade de reversão de esforços no processo de fabricação, transporte e carregamento. Então, o objetivo desta dissertação é realizar uma análise não-linear de vigas de concreto protendido pré-tensionado com furos através do método dos elementos finitos, para avaliar o seu comportamento estrutural. Nas análises foi utilizado o programa de elementos finitos ANSYS, que permite a modelagem do comportamento não-linear de materiais como aço e concreto, bem como a introdução da protensão como uma deformação inicial da armadura. O modelo numérico foi validado através da comparação de seus resultados com dados de ensaios experimentais de estruturas de concreto armado, protendido e armado com furo. Uma vez confirmada a eficácia do modelo, o mesmo foi utilizado no estudo de vigas de concreto armado e protendido com furos. Foi feito um estudo paramétrico das dimensões e posição do furo em vigas de concreto armado e protendido, avaliando as tensões e deformações específicas no concreto e nas armaduras. Com a análise concluída foi possível perceber notável influencia da posição do furo na altura da seção da viga quando avaliada a distribuição dos esforços cortantes acima e abaixo da abertura. Outro fator conclusivo foi de que as vigas de concreto protendido que sofrem fissuração no bordo superior no ato da protensão apresentaram menor capacidade de resistir a esforço cortante na região acima do furo. / Nowadays, as a consequence of the demands of the construction market, there is no space for the passage of pipes under the beams that support the concrete slabs. Then, an increasingly common solution is the introduction of holes in the beam web for the passage of pipes and ducts. These openings change the behavior of internal stresses and create a possibility of concrete cracking or crushing. The designs of reinforced concrete beams have been based on empiric methods for over four decades. However, on prestressed concrete beams new factors appear and must be considered such as higher compression stresses, the possibility of inversion of the bending moment diagram due to the initial prestress of the beam, transportation and higher loadings. The objective of this work is to perform a non-linear analysis of prestressed beams with openings in the web using the finite element method to evaluate its structural behavior. On the analysis it was used the finite element method software ANSYS, that allows the modeling of the non-linear behavior of materials as concrete and steel, as well the use of prestress of the tendons by adding an initial strain to the element. The numeric model was validated comparing its results with experimental tests of reinforced concrete beams, prestressed concrete beams and a reinforced concrete beams with openings. Once the model was validated, it was used on a study of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams with openings. A parametric study was carried out varying the position and dimensions of the openings and the beam cross section. In each case the stresses in the concrete and in the reinforcement were evaluated. After the end of the analysis, it was possible to perceive a noticeable change of distribution of shear forces above and under the opening. The stress distribution in the reinforcement determined by the numerical analyses was found very different from that prescribed in the usual empirical methods of design.

O comportamento estrutural de veículos de transporte coletivo, quando submetido a eventos de impacto, é de grande relevância na engenharia automobilística, pois principalmente o ônibus, vem se tornando um dos meios de transporte de elevada importância, sendo que seu uso vem aumentando a cada ano. No entanto, as estruturas de ônibus que circulam nas estradas brasileiras não são capazes de resistir, sem causar danos aos passageiros, a eventos de impacto em acidentes, o que pode ser verificado em pesquisas divulgadas pela Agência Nacional de Transportes Terrestres (ANTT) em 2007, que mostra a evolução de acidentes e vítimas envolvendo ônibus, que cada ano aumentam consideravelmente. Neste contexto, pretende-se desenvolver um absorvedor de impacto que aumente a capacidade de absorção da energia de impacto e evite a invasão da região de sobrevivência dos passageiros, e desta forma diminuindo o número de vítimas em acidentes. Serão abordados neste trabalho eventos de impacto semi-frontal, justificado pela gravidade dos acidentes desse tipo nas estradas, sendo este o tipo de acidente que deixa um maior número de vítimas, pois geralmente parte da estrutura lateral do ônibus é removida, expondo os passageiros no período de impacto. Esse efeito é conhecido como “Efeito Abridor de Latas”. O modelo numérico deste trabalho será formado por elementos unifilares, sendo a estrutura do ônibus formada por vigas flexíveis e/ ou rígidas, unidas através de juntas não lineares rotacionais e translacionais. A rigidez de cada junta não linear é obtida a partir de métodos analíticos que descrevem o comportamento do tubo de parede fina quando submetido a impacto. / The structural behavior of transportation vehicles when subjected to events of impact is of great relevance in automotive engineering, mainly because the bus has become a highly important alternative means of transportation, and its use is increasing every year. However, the structures of the buses circulating on Brazilian roads are not able to withstand strong impact, without causing passengers’ injury in events where accidents occur, which can be shown in surveys released by the National Transport Agency (ANTT) in 2007, presenting that the great incidence of accidents with victims involving buses is increasing considerably every year. In this context, the development of an impact absorber that had the capability to increase the impact energy absorption and prevent the invasion of part of bus on the region where passengers are located (reducing the number of fatalities in accidents) are the objectives of this work. In this work, a semi-frontal impact will be presented and studied due to the severity of such accident, as the side of the bus structure is removed, exposing the passengers during the impact. This is the effect known as “Can opener effect”. The numerical model of this study will consist of a single-wire element, with a bus structure formed by flexible and/or rigid beams joined by nonlinear rotational and translational joints. The rigidity of each nonlinear joint is obtained by analytical methods describing the behavior of a thin-walled tube subjected to an impact force.

Thermal energy storage (TES) modules are specifically designed to respond to transient thermal loading. Their dynamic response depends on the overall structure of the module, including module geometry and dimensions, the internal spatial distribution of phase change material (PCM) and conductive heat-spreading elements, and the thermophysical properties of the different materials composing the module. However, due to the complexity of analyzing a system’s dynamic thermal response to transient input signals, optimal design of a TES module for a particular application is challenging. Conventional design approaches are limited by (1) the computational cost associated with high fidelity simulation of heat transfer in nonlinear systems undergoing a phase transition and (2) the lack of model integration with robust optimization tools. To overcome these challenges, I derive reduced-order dynamic models of two different metal-PCM composite TES modules and validate them against a high fidelity CFD model. Through simulation and validation of both turbulent and laminar flow cases, I demonstrate the accuracy of the reduced-order models in predicting, both spatially and temporally, the evolution of the dynamic model states and other system variables of interest, such as PCM melt fraction. The validated models are used to conduct univariate and bivariate parametric studies to understand the effects of various design parameters on different performance metrics. Finally, a case study is presented in which the models are used to conduct detailed design optimization for the two HX geometries.

There are approximately 4000 railway bridges in Sweden managed by the Swedish Administration of Transport (Trafikverket), of which a common construction type is the reinforced concrete (RC) trough bridge, which is a structure that consists of a slab carried by two longitudinal main beams which transfer loads towards the supports. A substantial amount of the RC trough bridge population is approaching the end of their service lives which consequently implies that the replacement of some of these bridges can be expected in the near future. Extending their service lives can yield positive effects from a financial- as well as an environmental perspective, and therefore it is highly beneficial to evaluate their capacities as realistically as possible. One factor that may help improve accuracy during the determination of their capacities is an evaluation of how it is affected by the location of the railway track on the bridge.  In current design codes defined by Trafikverket, consideration is taken to horizontal track displacement for a minimum displacement of 0.1 m if there doesn’t exist data suggesting that a larger displacement is prevalent on the bridge. However, Trafikverket has received data which suggest that a considerable number of bridges could experience load eccentricities which exceed the standard minimum value. This raises the question whether or not 0.1m is the most optimal limit value for load eccentricity on railway bridges. For RC trough bridges, a larger load eccentricity may result in one main beam carrying a larger portion of the load which will decrease the axle load which the bridge can carry. It is therefore important to evaluate the influence of larger horizontal displacements than what is currently is considered as a preventive action.   In addition, several studies on Swedish concrete bridges constructed during the 20th century have pointed to a significant increase in concrete compressive- and tensile strength over time. This suggests that it is possible that a considerable amount of RC trough bridges have a higher capacity than what was originally intended, and further research is required in order to understand the behaviour of these bridges when key material parameters are altered.        There are three main tasks which this master thesis seeks to complete. The first part is a detailed analysis of a database named BaTMan (Bridge and Tunnel Management) that belongs to Trafikverket. In this analysis parameters such as span length, age, material type and damages for every identified railway bridge is extracted and further processed in Microsoft Excel in order to gain a clear overview of the RC trough bridge population. The second task regards the development of a non-linear finite element model of a typical RC trough bridge named Lautajokki. The model is analysed using ATENA Science and its behaviour is verified against test results obtained during a full-scale test of the bridge performed by Paulsson et al. (1996). The last task is to use the devolved model to perform a parametric study where the effects of changes in load eccentricity, compressive strength as well as tensile strength is studied.

The master's thesis deals with the analysis of the current version of the trolley and the docking station of the channel racks and the design of modifications. The theoretical part describes the components of the storage channel system. There is also explained principle of pallet storage in this part. In the following chapter, several variants of the design of the lifting mechanism of the lifting platform are elaborated. The work also presents static structural analysis of the current version of the trolley and docking station, parametric study and topological optimization of one of the components. Static structural analyzes were partially solved in the finite element software RFEM by Dlubal Software s.r.o company, and mainly in the software ANSYS Workbench 2020 R2 by ANSYS, Inc. company.

No description available.

Abstract A new generation of EN 1992-1-1 (2004) also known as Eurocode 2 is under development and currently there is a set of proposed provisions regarding section 6.4 about punching shear, PT1prEN 1992-1-1(2017). It was of interest to compare the proposal with the current punching shear design provisions. The aim of this master thesis was to compare the punching shear resistance obtained in accordance with both design codes. Furthermore the eect of some parameters on the resistance was to be compared. It was also of interest to evaluate the userfriendliness of the proposal. In order to meet the aim, a case study of a real 　at slab with drop panels was performed together with a parametric study of a pure ctive 　at slab. The parametric study was performed for inner, edge and corner columns in the cases prestressed, without and with shear reinforcement. It was concluded that the distance av from the column axis to the contra 　exural location has a big in　uence on the punching shear resistance. The factor ddg considering concrete type and aggregate properties also has a big impact on the resistance. The simplied estimation of av according to 6.4.3(2) in PT1prEN 1992-1-1 (2017) may be inaccurate in some cases. The length b0 of the control perimeter has a larger eect on the resistance in EN 1992-1-1 (2004) than in PT1prEN 1992-1-1 (2017). In PT1prEN 1992-1-1 (2017), studs located outside the second row has no impact on the resistance. The tensioning force in a prestressed 　at slab has a larger in　uence on the resistance in PT1prEN 1992-1-1 (2017) than in EN 1992-1-1 (2004). Furthermore, the reinforcement ratio is increased by the tendons, and thus aect the resistance in PT1prEN 1992-1-1 (2017). Clearer provisions for the denition of the support strip bs for corners and ends of walls are needed in PT1prEN 1992-1-1 (2017). It may be questionable if the reduction of the perimeter for a large supported area in accordance with 6.4.2(4) in PT1prEN 1992-1-1 (2017) underestimates the resistance v in some cases. Considering the work-load with PT1prEN 1992-1-1 (2017), more parameters are included. However, they may not require that much eort to obtain. Keywords: Punching shear, resistance, concrete, 　at slab, design provisions, Eurocode 2, case study, parametric study, shear reinforcement, prestressed vi