Orientador: Rosana do Carmo Novaes Pinto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T00:02:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza-Cruz_ThalitaCristina_M.pdf: 2036854 bytes, checksum: 2e0e0e89f4d8c173e5e8bb63afa99bc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem como principal objetivo apresentar e discutir a produção de parafasias semânticas por sujeitos afásicos, freqüentadores do Centro de Convivência de Afásicos (CCA), buscando relacionar a emergência desses fenômenos aos processos de categorização semântico-lexical, a partir de análises qualitativas de dados interativos destes sujeitos. As parafasias são tradicionalmente definidas como a troca de uma palavra ou de um som que se quer enunciar por outra palavra/som. Elas são, na literatura neuropsicológica, tradicionalmente classificadas em três categorias distintas, de acordo com a relação observada entre o som/palavra-alvo e o som/palavra enunciada: i) fonológicas (ou literais) - quando ocorre a troca de um som por outro; ii) lexicais - quando há trocas entre palavras que, aparentemente, não apresentam nenhuma relação semântica entre si; e iii) semânticas - quando há uma relação semântica clara entre a palavra-alvo e a palavra produzida. A relevância do estudo justifica-se, dentre outras razões, pelo fato de a parafasia ser um fenômeno que pode ser observado em, praticamente, todos os tipos de afasia - além de ser observado em estados não-patológicos. Os dados apresentados foram videogravados e posteriormente transcritos para esta pesquisa e foram analisadas em uma perspectiva qualitativa, a partir da abordagem microgenética. Esta pesquisa insere-se nos estudos realizados pela Neurolinguística enunciativodiscursiva, desenvolvida no Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem/UNICAMP a partir dos trabalhos de Coudry (1986/1988) e é abrigada pelo GELEP (Grupo de Estudos da Linguagem no Envelhecimento e nas Patologias) / Abstract: This dissertation has as a main goal to present and to discuss the production of semantic paraphasia by aphasic subjects, frequenters of the Centro de Convicência de Afásicos (CCA), trying to connect the emergency of these phenomena to the process of semantic-lexical categorization from qualitative analyzes of interactive data from these subjects. The paraphasia are traditionally defined as the swap of a word or sound that someone want to enunciate for another word/sound. They are, in the neuropsychological literature, traditionally classified in three distinct categories according to the relation observed between the sound/word-target and the sound/word/enunciated: i)phonological (or literal) - when the swap of a sound for another occurs; ii) lexical - when the word swap has no semantic relation apparently; and iii)semantic - when there is a clear evidence of a semantic relation between the word-target and the word produced. The relevance of the study is justified, among other reasons, by the fact of the paraphasia be a phenomenon that can be observed in, practically, all kinds of aphasia - yet observed in non-pathological states. The data presented were videotaped and posteriorly transcript for this research and they were analyzed in a qualitative perspective from the microgenetic approach. This research inserts in the studies realized by the Neurolinguistics enunciative-discoursive, developed in the Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem/UNICAMP from the studies of Coudry (1986/1988) and it is covered by GELEP (Grupo de Estudos da Linguagem no Envelhecimento e nas Patologias) / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística

Os estudos nas áreas da neuropsicologia e da afasiologia sempre demonstraram uma preocupação em analisar o processamento da linguagem de afásicos. Porém, ainda existe a necessidade de se analisar a produção oral desses indivíduos, com o objetivo de melhor descrever os distúrbios apresentados pelos mesmos com vistas a contribuir com os possíveis tratamentos dedicados a essas pessoas. Por essa razão, esta dissertação investigou a dificuldade de acesso lexical, tanto na produção de fala espontânea, através de uma Entrevista de Memória Autobiográfica, como na fala semi espontânea, através da Tarefa do Roubo dos Biscoitos, em dois indivíduos afásicos, caracterizando dois fenômenos linguísticos decorrentes da afasia – anomia e parafasia – bem como elencando os tipos de estratégias comunicativas empregadas por esses indivíduos com vistas a superar dificuldades linguísticas no momento da comunicação. Os resultados encontrados mostram que ambos os indivíduos apresentaram casos de anomia, principalmente relacionados aos substantivos concretos, à subcategoria dos nomes próprios e aos numerais. Foi possível verificar também que, quando apresentavam casos de anomia, os dois participantes utilizaram-se com frequência de estratégias comunicativas. No que tange aos casos de parafasia, foi possível observar que na produção oral de ambos os participantes, os casos de parafasia morfêmica relacionados aos verbos e às palavras funcionais foram mais frequentes, se comparados com os outros tipos de parafasia. Nos casos de parafasia morfêmica dos verbos, observou-se uma dificuldade de referência de tempo ao passado, ao passo que, em relação às palavras funcionais, houve uma dificuldade de flexão de gênero. / A large number of studies in Neuropsychology and Aphasiology have analyzed language processing of individuals with aphasia. However, there is still the necessity of analyzing the oral production, with the purpose of improving the description of language disorders common to these aphasic patients and analyzing appropriate treatment for these individuals. Within this context, the present study aimed to investigate lexical access in two aphasic patients in spontaneous versus semi-spontaneous speech production through two distinct tasks: an Autobiographical Memory Interview as well as The Cookie Theft Picture Description Task with the focus on the linguistic phenomena that result of aphasia - anomia and paraphasia. In addition to that, we also looked at the types of communication strategies employed by these aphasic individuals in order to overcome language difficulties when communicating. The results show that both subjects presented cases of anomia, mainly related to concrete nouns, the subcategory of proper names and numerals. It was also verified that, when presenting anomia, the two participants used communication clues in order to overcome their language impairments. With regard to the cases of paraphasia, it was also observed that, in the oral production of both participants, cases of morphemic paraphasia related to verbs and function words were more frequent when compared with other types of paraphasia. When the cases of morphemic paraphasia were related to verbs, there was a difficulty associated with time reference to the past, whereas in relation to functional words there was a difficulty of bending genre.

Os estudos nas áreas da neuropsicologia e da afasiologia sempre demonstraram uma preocupação em analisar o processamento da linguagem de afásicos. Porém, ainda existe a necessidade de se analisar a produção oral desses indivíduos, com o objetivo de melhor descrever os distúrbios apresentados pelos mesmos com vistas a contribuir com os possíveis tratamentos dedicados a essas pessoas. Por essa razão, esta dissertação investigou a dificuldade de acesso lexical, tanto na produção de fala espontânea, através de uma Entrevista de Memória Autobiográfica, como na fala semi espontânea, através da Tarefa do Roubo dos Biscoitos, em dois indivíduos afásicos, caracterizando dois fenômenos linguísticos decorrentes da afasia – anomia e parafasia – bem como elencando os tipos de estratégias comunicativas empregadas por esses indivíduos com vistas a superar dificuldades linguísticas no momento da comunicação. Os resultados encontrados mostram que ambos os indivíduos apresentaram casos de anomia, principalmente relacionados aos substantivos concretos, à subcategoria dos nomes próprios e aos numerais. Foi possível verificar também que, quando apresentavam casos de anomia, os dois participantes utilizaram-se com frequência de estratégias comunicativas. No que tange aos casos de parafasia, foi possível observar que na produção oral de ambos os participantes, os casos de parafasia morfêmica relacionados aos verbos e às palavras funcionais foram mais frequentes, se comparados com os outros tipos de parafasia. Nos casos de parafasia morfêmica dos verbos, observou-se uma dificuldade de referência de tempo ao passado, ao passo que, em relação às palavras funcionais, houve uma dificuldade de flexão de gênero. / A large number of studies in Neuropsychology and Aphasiology have analyzed language processing of individuals with aphasia. However, there is still the necessity of analyzing the oral production, with the purpose of improving the description of language disorders common to these aphasic patients and analyzing appropriate treatment for these individuals. Within this context, the present study aimed to investigate lexical access in two aphasic patients in spontaneous versus semi-spontaneous speech production through two distinct tasks: an Autobiographical Memory Interview as well as The Cookie Theft Picture Description Task with the focus on the linguistic phenomena that result of aphasia - anomia and paraphasia. In addition to that, we also looked at the types of communication strategies employed by these aphasic individuals in order to overcome language difficulties when communicating. The results show that both subjects presented cases of anomia, mainly related to concrete nouns, the subcategory of proper names and numerals. It was also verified that, when presenting anomia, the two participants used communication clues in order to overcome their language impairments. With regard to the cases of paraphasia, it was also observed that, in the oral production of both participants, cases of morphemic paraphasia related to verbs and function words were more frequent when compared with other types of paraphasia. When the cases of morphemic paraphasia were related to verbs, there was a difficulty associated with time reference to the past, whereas in relation to functional words there was a difficulty of bending genre.

Os estudos nas áreas da neuropsicologia e da afasiologia sempre demonstraram uma preocupação em analisar o processamento da linguagem de afásicos. Porém, ainda existe a necessidade de se analisar a produção oral desses indivíduos, com o objetivo de melhor descrever os distúrbios apresentados pelos mesmos com vistas a contribuir com os possíveis tratamentos dedicados a essas pessoas. Por essa razão, esta dissertação investigou a dificuldade de acesso lexical, tanto na produção de fala espontânea, através de uma Entrevista de Memória Autobiográfica, como na fala semi espontânea, através da Tarefa do Roubo dos Biscoitos, em dois indivíduos afásicos, caracterizando dois fenômenos linguísticos decorrentes da afasia – anomia e parafasia – bem como elencando os tipos de estratégias comunicativas empregadas por esses indivíduos com vistas a superar dificuldades linguísticas no momento da comunicação. Os resultados encontrados mostram que ambos os indivíduos apresentaram casos de anomia, principalmente relacionados aos substantivos concretos, à subcategoria dos nomes próprios e aos numerais. Foi possível verificar também que, quando apresentavam casos de anomia, os dois participantes utilizaram-se com frequência de estratégias comunicativas. No que tange aos casos de parafasia, foi possível observar que na produção oral de ambos os participantes, os casos de parafasia morfêmica relacionados aos verbos e às palavras funcionais foram mais frequentes, se comparados com os outros tipos de parafasia. Nos casos de parafasia morfêmica dos verbos, observou-se uma dificuldade de referência de tempo ao passado, ao passo que, em relação às palavras funcionais, houve uma dificuldade de flexão de gênero. / A large number of studies in Neuropsychology and Aphasiology have analyzed language processing of individuals with aphasia. However, there is still the necessity of analyzing the oral production, with the purpose of improving the description of language disorders common to these aphasic patients and analyzing appropriate treatment for these individuals. Within this context, the present study aimed to investigate lexical access in two aphasic patients in spontaneous versus semi-spontaneous speech production through two distinct tasks: an Autobiographical Memory Interview as well as The Cookie Theft Picture Description Task with the focus on the linguistic phenomena that result of aphasia - anomia and paraphasia. In addition to that, we also looked at the types of communication strategies employed by these aphasic individuals in order to overcome language difficulties when communicating. The results show that both subjects presented cases of anomia, mainly related to concrete nouns, the subcategory of proper names and numerals. It was also verified that, when presenting anomia, the two participants used communication clues in order to overcome their language impairments. With regard to the cases of paraphasia, it was also observed that, in the oral production of both participants, cases of morphemic paraphasia related to verbs and function words were more frequent when compared with other types of paraphasia. When the cases of morphemic paraphasia were related to verbs, there was a difficulty associated with time reference to the past, whereas in relation to functional words there was a difficulty of bending genre.

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die zugrunde liegende Frage, ob die Sprechapraxie und die aphasisch-phonologische Störung anhand phonetischer Entstellungen und phonematischer Paraphasien bei Diphthongen und Monophthongen voneinander unterschieden werden können. Ergänzend werden messphonetische Daten wie Vokal- und Wortdauern, der erste und zweite Vokalformant und die Voice Onset Time bei stimmlosen Plosiven im Silbenanlaut vergleichend herangezogen. Dazu werden drei Gruppen à vier Probanden untersucht: Gruppe SAX (mit Sprechapraxie), Gruppe APH (mit aphasisch-phonologischer Störung) und Gruppe NOM (sprachgesunde Kontrollgruppe). Es wird ein Nachsprechtest von 104 deutschen, meist monomorphematischen, einsilbigen Nomina, 52 einfache (CVC) und 52 komplexe (CCVC und CVCC) Silben, durchgeführt. Jeder Vokal wird durch acht meist unterschiedliche Wörter überprüft. Die Reaktionen werden mit dem phonetischen Analyseprogramm „Praat“ (Version 5.2.22, Boersma & Weenink, 1992–2011) segmentiert sowie ohren- und messphonetisch analysiert. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgt mit R (R Foundation) und R Studio (Version 0.98.1103, 2009–2014). Die Ergebnisse liefern Hinweise auf störungsspezifische Fehler bzw. Pathomechanismen der Sprechapraxie. Die Gruppe SAX produziert signifikant mehr phonetische Entstellungen bei Monophthongen und Diphthongen sowie signifikant längere Wortdauern als die Gruppe APH. In der Gruppe SAX sind einige Vokale nur teilweise entstellt, wie z. B. initial atypisch behauchte oder gerundete Vokale. Auch zeigen sich die Formantwerte in der Gruppe SAX variabler als in der Gruppe APH und der Gruppe NOM. Die Ergebnisse verweisen auf ein angenommenes Timing-Defizit bei der Planung und Kontrolle sprechmotorischer Bewegungen der Sprechapraxie. / This study analyses the underlying question if it is possible to distinguish apraxia of speech (SAX) and phonemic aphasia (APH) by phonetic distortions and phonological paraphasia of monophthongs and diphthongs. Phonetic measurements like the duration of vowels and words, the Voice Onset Time of voiceless plosives in the onset of syllables and the first and second formant will be analyzed as well. Three groups of four subjects are studied: Group SAX (no/mild aphasia), group APH (without apraxia of speech), group NOM (without any speech disorder). A repetition task comprising 104 German mostly monomorphemic, monosyllabic nouns, 52 simple (CVC) and 52 complex (CCVC and CVCC) syllables, is performed. Each of the vowels is tested in eight mostly different words. The reactions will be segmented, phonetically measured, and analyzed by ear with the help of the program “Praat” (Version 5.2.22, Boersma & Weenink, 1992–2011). The statistical analysis is conducted with R (The R Foundation), within the “R-Studio” software suite (Version 0.98.1103, 2009–2014). The results show some indications of failures and pathological mechanisms of apraxia of speech. Group SAX produces significantly more phonetic distorted monophthongs and diphthongs and significantly longer word durations than group APH. Some vowels are just partly distorted, for example, in form of atypical initial aspirated or rounded monophthongs. Also the formants show greater variability in group SAX than in groups APH and NOM. The results suggest a timing deficit during planning and control of speech movements in apraxia of speech.

The present study is the first to examine the effect of first versus second language (L1 versus L2) speech production on specific temporal parameters of speech in bilingual speakers with neurogenic speech disorders. Three persons with apraxia of speech (AOS), three with phonemic paraphasia (PP) and five normal speaking participants were included as subjects in the study. Subjects were required to read phonemically similar L1 and L2 target utterances in a carrier phrase, five times each, at a normal and fast speaking rate, respectively. This rendered four speaking contexts that included speech production in L1 at either a normal (L1NR) or fast speaking rate (L1FR) and speech production in L2 at either a normal (L2NR) or fast speaking rate (L2FR). Acoustic analysis of on-target productions involved measurement of utterance onset duration, vowel duration, utterance duration and voice onset time. Results revealed that in normal speakers, speech production in L2 results in greater token-to-token variability than in L1. However, token-to-token variability in the experimental subjects did not tend to increase whilst speaking in L2, most probably because these subjects generally decreased their speaking rate in this context, resulting in more consistent production. The subjects with AOS and PP seemed to be influenced by the increased processing demands of speaking in L2 to a greater extent than the normal speakers, in that they more frequently experienced difficulty with durational adjustments (decreasing duration in the fast speaking rate) in L2 than in L1. Furthermore, the subjects with AOS or PP also exhibited a greater extent of durational adjustment in L1 than in L2. The durations of most of the subjects with either AOS or PP tended to differ from those of the normal group to a greater extent in L2FR that was hypothesized to be the most demanding speaking context for these subjects. The longer than normal durations and greater than normal token-to-token variability in the subjects with either AOS or PP imply the presence of a motor control deficit. The extent of the motor control deficit appears to be more severe in AOS than in PP as is evident from the finding that the subjects with AOS generally exhibited longer durations and greater token-to-token variability than the subjects with PP. The pattern of breakdown in respect of different parameters and utterance groups also differed between subjects with AOS and PP. The nature of the disorder in AOS and PP thus appears to be both quantitatively and qualitatively different. Regarding measurement of the different temporal parameters, voice onset time appears to be less subject to the influence of L2 than the other measured temporal parameters. The results of this study imply that bilingual AOS is as much a reality as bilingual aphasia. Furthermore, the results underscore the importance of taking contextual factors, specifically L1 versus L2, into account when compiling assessment and treatment procedures for persons with either AOS or PP, since speech production in L2 appears to be motorically more difficult than in L1 for persons with neurogenic involvement. The significance of the results is discussed with reference to the influence of speech production in L2 on temporal control and the underlying nature of AOS and PP with regard to theories of speech sensorimotor control. Copyright / Dissertation (DPhil (Communication Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / unrestricted