Considerable empirical evidence supports the existence of parental stereotypes. However, the content of these stereotypes is less clear (Valiquette-Tessier, Vandette, & Gosselin, 2015; Valiquette-Tessier, Gosselin, Thomassin, & Young, 2018). Therefore, this study aims to (a) explore stereotypes associated with divorced, step, single, same-sex and adoptive mothers and fathers, in comparison to the stereotypes associated to married mothers and fathers, and (b) assess if a set of independent variables predicts the ratings on the stereotypical content. The procedure employed in this study constitutes the most common strategy for the measurement of stereotypes, that is the three steps method (Bennett & Jamieson, 1999). To fulfill the objectives, one sample t tests and linear regressions were conducted. Results showed that married parents are highly regarded despite the parent gender, and that divorced parents are strongly negatively regarded again for both genders. Single, step, and lesbian/gay parents remain generally negatively stereotyped, despite some more positive views that have emerged here and there. Finally, adoptive parents are stereotyped in a manner that is very similar to married parents, and are even seen more positively on some aspects. On the other part, for both mothers and fathers, the gender and parental status all reached statistical significance in predicting stereotypic category a number of times. However, while age was the most often significant predictor within mothers' reduced models, it never appeared as a significant predictor within fathers' reduced models. Moreover, ethnicity was a significant predictor in many fathers' reduced models, but only reached statistical significance in a few of the mothers' reduced models. The number of times relationship status and sexual orientation came up as statistically significant is relatively similar within both mothers and fathers' models, as was educational attainment which never reach statistical significance in any of the reduced models.

Yes / Background: Play is a main driver of children’s cognitive and social development and is crucial for educational success (Ginsburg, 2007). In recent years however, parents and schools are under pressure to prioritise academic targets over play. Aims: The current research investigated parents’ views about three aspects of their children’s play and academic activities. Sample: Predominantly highly educated UK parents (109 mothers and 49fathers) were recruited via social media. Method: Participants were asked to complete an amended online version of the Preschool Play and Learning Questionnaire (Parmar, Harkness, & Super, 2004). The questionnaire consisted of 25 items covering three themes: the importance of play for children’s development, the importance of academic activities, and the importance of parents’ role in their children’s development. The independent variables were the gender of the parent, the gender of their child, and the age group of their child (4 to 7 years, or 8 to 11 years). Results: Parents rated play higher than academic activities or their own roles, but the difference was not noteworthy. However, fathers rated academic activities and the parents’ role significantly higher than mothers did. In addition, parents of girls rated academic activities and their own role, significantly higher than parents of boys. Conclusions: The findings of the current research highlight gender divisions between parents and towards boys and girls regarding the importance of education. Gender roles appear to influence the way parents think about the academic activities their children partake in.

O presente texto consiste em uma apresentação de reflexões acerca da problemática da utilização ora do aspecto substancializante do gênero ora da identidade de gênero como critério para discernir e decidir as práticas parentais. Tomando a experiência trans como recorte empírico, desenvolverei uma reflexão sobre como o gênero se articula com o desempenho parental, dentro de um contexto de legitimação social e política. A ideia central do texto é problematizar as parentalidades trans em sua relação com o gênero, analisando as concepções de paternidade e maternidade que perpassam a experiência gestacional. Teoricamente, de um lado, pretendemos discutir a possibilidade da parentalidade ser um ato performativo, utilizando a teoria de performatividade de Butler e fazendo aproximações das discussões sobre funções materna e paterna propostas por Lacan. De outro lado, utilizaremos os conceitos de performatividade e paródia como uma proposta que escapa ao discurso heteronormativo. Para tanto, foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com homens trans. O fenômeno trans joga com a produção e recriação de novas relações sociais. Torna-se possível reinventar as relações de gênero dentro de um domínio heterossexual, fazendo-nos questionar a binariedade a que o sistema sexo/gênero está submetido, porém a parentalidade é ainda reconhecida por uma assimetria de gênero: o pai e a mãe / This study aims at presenting reflections on the problematic use of the substantial aspect of gender as well as gender identity as a criterion for discerning and deciding parental practices. Taking the transgender experience as the empirical excerpt, a reflection on how gender articulates with parental performance within a context of social and political legitimacy will be developed. The main idea of the text is to problematize the transgender parenting in its relationship with gender, analyzing the conceptions of paternity and maternity that permeate a gestational experience. Theoretically, we intend to discuss the possibility of parenting as being a performative act, using Butlers performativity theory and linking it with discussions about the maternal and paternal role proposed by Lacan. On the other hand, the concepts of performativity and parody as a proposal that escapes heteronormative discourse will be used. For that matter, semi-structured interviews with transgender men were used. The trans phenomenon plays with the production and re-creation of new social relations. It becomes possible to reinvent the gender relations within a heterosexual domain, making us question the binarity to which the sex / gender system is submitted, being represented by the gender asymmetry in parenthood: the father and the mother

Over the past decade there has been considerable debate in the media concerning the necessity of educating parents in how to be better parents, and strengthening their parental role. This question has also been debated at a national level, resulting in the state commissioning a number of official investigations into the problems that parental education could resolve. A growing body of scientific studies have shown that parental-educational programmes play a strong role in preventing behavioural problems amongst children and teenagers. Many Councils in Sweden already offer these parental courses to their citizens, but discussions are ongoing as to whether these courses should be obligatory for all parents before or near to the moment that they begin to have children. This conclusion has been supported by the official investigations commissioned to look into this issue. In light of the state is approaching a proposal for mandatory training for people to get to be parents, the aim of this essay was to investigate how parents see their role as parents in in comparison with the role they are trained for, the working role. It also investigates the views parents have as to the government’s intention to educate them in parenthood. Working from a phenomenological perspective, and a hermeneutic understanding of the issues involved, six qualitative interviews were conducted with parents of pre-school children. The results show that parents view their parental role as a responsibility on several different levels. This role is variously described as one of leadership, fostering and as a non-egotistical, loving relationship. Every role is defined by individual circumstances and is forged at the moment when the parent and child first encounter each other. The role of professional day-to-day work is also described as being a matter of responsibility, mainly from a perspective of duty. It is, as well, characterised by the level of education of the parent. Parents with a university education tend to describe the role as purely egotistical. Parents are positive about parental education on a voluntary basis and are broadly positive about government looking into ways to strengthen parenting skills in first-time parents. But the idea of educating ALL parents is seen as unnecessary and impossible to achieve.

Sammanfattning Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur familjehemsföräldrar upplever att deras anknytning samt föräldraroll påverkas utifrån att barnen är familjehemsplacerade. Metoden som användes i studien var kvalitativ och elva familjehemsföräldrar från åtta familjehem intervjuades. Studiens empiri analyserades med hjälp av anknytningsteori samt systemteori. Resultatet visade att samtliga intervjuade familjehem i någon mån påverkades av komplexiteten i familjehemsuppdraget, vilket påverkade deras föräldraroll och anknytning till de placerade barnen. Studiens slutsatser gällande anknytningen och föräldrarollen är att det finns flera faktorer som påverkar dessa. Gällande familjehemsföräldrarnas anknytning till det placerade barnet påverkar faktorer såsom hur länge barnets anknytningssystem är påslaget, hur familjehemsföräldern närmar sig barnet, barnets ålder, barnets personliga egenskaper och familjehemsuppdragets utformning. Faktorer som påverkar familjehemsföräldrarollen visar sig vara barnets personliga faktorer, den bristande bestämmanderätten, komplexiteten i uppdraget, de gränser familjehemsföräldern och barnet sätter upp i relationen dem emellan samt på vilket sätt familjehemsföräldern ser på uppdraget. / Abstract The aim of this study was to examine how foster parents experience that their parental role and attachment to the foster child is affected by the fact that the child is placed in a foster home. In this study a qualitative method was used and eleven foster parents from eight foster homes were interviewed. To analyze the results of the study, attachment theory and general systems theory were used. The results showed that all of the interviewed foster families to some degree were affected by the complexity of the foster home commitment, which affected their parental role and attachment to the foster child. The conclusions of the study are that there are several factors that affect the attachment and the parental role. Factors that affect foster parents attachment to the foster child is for how long the child’s attachment system is activated, how the foster parent approach the foster child, the foster child’s age, the foster child’s personal qualities and the shape of the foster home commitment. Factors that affect the foster parent’s parental role were the child’s personal qualities, the lack of authority to make decisions, the complexity of the commitment, the boundaries the foster parent and the child set up in the relationship between them and how the foster parents view their foster home commitment.

O presente texto consiste em uma apresentação de reflexões acerca da problemática da utilização ora do aspecto substancializante do gênero ora da identidade de gênero como critério para discernir e decidir as práticas parentais. Tomando a experiência trans como recorte empírico, desenvolverei uma reflexão sobre como o gênero se articula com o desempenho parental, dentro de um contexto de legitimação social e política. A ideia central do texto é problematizar as parentalidades trans em sua relação com o gênero, analisando as concepções de paternidade e maternidade que perpassam a experiência gestacional. Teoricamente, de um lado, pretendemos discutir a possibilidade da parentalidade ser um ato performativo, utilizando a teoria de performatividade de Butler e fazendo aproximações das discussões sobre funções materna e paterna propostas por Lacan. De outro lado, utilizaremos os conceitos de performatividade e paródia como uma proposta que escapa ao discurso heteronormativo. Para tanto, foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com homens trans. O fenômeno trans joga com a produção e recriação de novas relações sociais. Torna-se possível reinventar as relações de gênero dentro de um domínio heterossexual, fazendo-nos questionar a binariedade a que o sistema sexo/gênero está submetido, porém a parentalidade é ainda reconhecida por uma assimetria de gênero: o pai e a mãe / This study aims at presenting reflections on the problematic use of the substantial aspect of gender as well as gender identity as a criterion for discerning and deciding parental practices. Taking the transgender experience as the empirical excerpt, a reflection on how gender articulates with parental performance within a context of social and political legitimacy will be developed. The main idea of the text is to problematize the transgender parenting in its relationship with gender, analyzing the conceptions of paternity and maternity that permeate a gestational experience. Theoretically, we intend to discuss the possibility of parenting as being a performative act, using Butlers performativity theory and linking it with discussions about the maternal and paternal role proposed by Lacan. On the other hand, the concepts of performativity and parody as a proposal that escapes heteronormative discourse will be used. For that matter, semi-structured interviews with transgender men were used. The trans phenomenon plays with the production and re-creation of new social relations. It becomes possible to reinvent the gender relations within a heterosexual domain, making us question the binarity to which the sex / gender system is submitted, being represented by the gender asymmetry in parenthood: the father and the mother

<p>Detta är en studie med en kvalitativ ansats som syftar till att undersöka bonusföräldrars behov av riktat stöd i föräldraskapet. Den ombildade familjen består av vuxna som har barn sedan tidigare och denna studie behandlar ombildade familjer där enbart en av de vuxna har barn sedan tidigare. Vidare läggs fokus på bonusförälderns upplevelse av att bli en del i en sådan familj. Studien har genomförts med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju bonusföräldrar. De intervjuade bonusföräldrarnas familjesituationer skilde sig åt på många sätt vilket ger en nyanserad bild av hur en bonusförälder kan uppleva sin situation. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt utgörs av rollteori och generell systemteori. I resultatet framkommer att bonusföräldrarna upplever en övergripande tillfredställelse med sin roll inom familjen och även utåt mot skola, myndigheter m.m. De har givits utrymme att själva utveckla sin roll även om de inte reflekterat över det. De har haft möjlighet att söka stöd hos sin partner, sin familj och sina vänner. De flesta problem som bonusföräldrarna upplever är förknippade med den externa föräldern och rör sällan bonusföräldern personligen även om denne påverkas.</p> / <p>This is a study with a qualitative approach, with the purpose of examining bonus parents need of certain support in the parenthood. The reconstructed family consists of adults who have children from before and this research concerns reconstructed families where only one of the adults have children from before. Focus is placed on the bonus parents experiences of becoming a part of that type of family. The research has been conducted through semi structured interviews with seven bonus parents who where recruited through criterion sampling. The family situations of the interviewed bonus parents differed in many ways which offers a diverse picture of how a bonus parent can experience his or her situation. The theoretical basis used in the research is role theory and general system theory. The result shows that the bonus parents experience a general satisfaction with his or her role in the family and also outwards towards school, authorities etc. They have been given the space to develop their role even though they haven’t thought so much about it. They have had the opportunity to seek support through their partner, and among their family and friends. Most of the problems experienced by the bonus parents are associated with the external parent and do seldom concerns the bonus parent in person even if he or she is affected by it.</p>

Detta är en studie med en kvalitativ ansats som syftar till att undersöka bonusföräldrars behov av riktat stöd i föräldraskapet. Den ombildade familjen består av vuxna som har barn sedan tidigare och denna studie behandlar ombildade familjer där enbart en av de vuxna har barn sedan tidigare. Vidare läggs fokus på bonusförälderns upplevelse av att bli en del i en sådan familj. Studien har genomförts med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju bonusföräldrar. De intervjuade bonusföräldrarnas familjesituationer skilde sig åt på många sätt vilket ger en nyanserad bild av hur en bonusförälder kan uppleva sin situation. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt utgörs av rollteori och generell systemteori. I resultatet framkommer att bonusföräldrarna upplever en övergripande tillfredställelse med sin roll inom familjen och även utåt mot skola, myndigheter m.m. De har givits utrymme att själva utveckla sin roll även om de inte reflekterat över det. De har haft möjlighet att söka stöd hos sin partner, sin familj och sina vänner. De flesta problem som bonusföräldrarna upplever är förknippade med den externa föräldern och rör sällan bonusföräldern personligen även om denne påverkas. / This is a study with a qualitative approach, with the purpose of examining bonus parents need of certain support in the parenthood. The reconstructed family consists of adults who have children from before and this research concerns reconstructed families where only one of the adults have children from before. Focus is placed on the bonus parents experiences of becoming a part of that type of family. The research has been conducted through semi structured interviews with seven bonus parents who where recruited through criterion sampling. The family situations of the interviewed bonus parents differed in many ways which offers a diverse picture of how a bonus parent can experience his or her situation. The theoretical basis used in the research is role theory and general system theory. The result shows that the bonus parents experience a general satisfaction with his or her role in the family and also outwards towards school, authorities etc. They have been given the space to develop their role even though they haven’t thought so much about it. They have had the opportunity to seek support through their partner, and among their family and friends. Most of the problems experienced by the bonus parents are associated with the external parent and do seldom concerns the bonus parent in person even if he or she is affected by it.

This dissertation contains reports of three separate studies in which the connections between work role salience, family role salience, stereotype threat, and work-family conflict were explored. In the first study, findings from a systematic review of the role salience literature were reported. Following a search of four Human Resource Development (HRD) journals, the PsycINFO database, and the Academic Search Complete database, 69 articles and papers were identified for inclusion in the literature review. The literature mostly pertained to career development, with a notable emphasis on life-span, life-space theory. Though, very little of the research in the sample of literature pertained specifically to how individuals negotiate their lives as they occupy multiple life roles. In the second study, meta-analytic techniques were used to identify the nature of the relationships between work role salience, family role salience, and work-family conflict. Hypothesized relationships were based on conservation of resources theory. Data were collected from fourteen papers and articles to test the hypothesized relationships. Work role salience was positively related to work-family conflict (ρ = 0.151; p < 0.01) and family role salience was negatively related to work interference with family (ρ = -0.049; p ≤ 0.05). Family role salience appeared to support healthy involvement in both the work and family roles while work family salience appeared to deplete the necessary resources to balance work and family roles satisfactorily. The third study was an introduction of stereotype threat as a potential moderator of the role salience and work-family conflict relationships. Data were collected from 727 individuals who responded to an online survey. MANOVA was used to conclude that White and Black/African-American participants differed in their responses to the work-family conflict and stereotype threat scales. Regression analyses were used to assess the moderating effects of stereotype threat. Stereotype threat moderated the relationships between parental role salience and family interference with work. Future research efforts should include further examination of the similarities and differences in how the variables interact across racial boundaries and the mechanism(s) by which the stereotype threat affects role salience and work-family conflict relationships.

Adolescence is marked with significant changes in how girls feel and act within their bodies, and is considered a special risk period for body image disruptions. Cross sectional quantitative research within this area suggests that parents represent an important contextual and developmental contributor to body image. The present study aimed to address gaps in previous research by investigating parental influences, including both protective and risk factors, on girls’ embodied experiences through utilizing a prospective qualitative design with a diverse sample of twelve girls, ages 9-18, interviewed annually over four years. Results revealed the presence of both protective and risk factors related to embodiment experiences within the parental relationships, including aspects of relational qualities, self-care, evaluative gaze and social location. Results are discussed in relation to Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory and to previous research. The implications for future research are also discussed.