Current society is facing the crisis of the family, for many people the family is losing its value and we are witnessing frequent family break-up. On the background of the current difficulties of families, this thesis tries to investigate the function of the family, its individual relationships and their importance for family members. The ethics of the family relationships is analyzed in terms of children's needs and complementarity of partnership and parenthood.

L’expression « parents nourriciers » n’est plus utilisée en France depuis environ un demi-siècle. Pourtant notre pays signe des traités internationaux faisant figurer la parenté nourricière, et le conseil de l’Europe donne des recommandations à son sujet. Il s’agit d’un terme de droit figurant dans plusieurs codes civils francophone (Suisse, Belgique) mais pas dans le code civil français, cette parenté y faisant l’objet d’un déni juridique ancien. Dans le droit international, ce terme désigne une protection de remplacement pour les enfants placés ne pouvant, provisoirement ou durablement, vivre avec leurs parents.Dans un premier temps, l’approche historique nous permet de présenter la construction de la parenté nourricière – parenté d’éducation, intermédiaire entre placement et adoption – et la contradiction entre le modèle adoptif de l’Assistance publique et l’absence de reconnaissance légale des liens créés. Nous décrivons ensuite le contexte actuel de la protection de l’enfance. Le modèle substitutif – remplacer des parents absents ou disqualifiés – se transforme en contre-modèle, et la norme dominante devient l’accueil provisoire référé à la suppléance familiale (Paul Durning, 1986). De ce fait les enfants sont plutôt placés que confiés, le provisoire n’a pas de limite, et le rôle parental des assistants familiaux est peu reconnu. La recherche empirique est fondée sur des récits de vie professionnelle de 12 assistants familiaux (pour dix familles d’accueil) abordant 35 situations d’enfants accueillis dans le passé ou actuellement. A partir de leurs points de vue nous cherchons à faire apparaître la persistance de la parenté nourricière et ses reconfigurations dans l’accueil familial. En associant une approche anthropologique, la théorie de l’attachement et l’approche politique du care, nous analysons le rôle parental des assistants familiaux. En se transformant en accueil familial, la parenté nourricière garde ses fondamentaux : il s’agit toujours de vivre avec un enfant, de le nourrir, d’en prendre soin (le care), de l’éduquer. Mais il ne s’agit plus de remplacer des parents disqualifiés et l’enfant est inscrit dans une pluriparentalité à la fois réelle et incertaine, du fait du déni juridique de la parentalité d’accueil. Nous étudions les reconfigurations liées au changement des publics, les risques et les échecs qui y sont associés, et la nouvelle mission de soutien des parents des enfants accueillis. Enfin, une reconfiguration majeure est l’utilisation de l’adoption simple par les familles d’accueil et les jeunes adultes, après le placement.Dans une troisième partie nous étudions comment la parenté nourricière peut être reconnue dans le droit et les institutions françaises, en nous fondant sur des exemples étrangers et des propositions d’experts. / The old french term equivalent to “foster parents", “parents nourriciers”, has not been used in France for about half a century. However, France signs international treaties including “parents nourriciers”, “familles nourricières”, and the Council of Europe gives recommendations on it. This is because “parents nourriciers” is a legal term appearing in several French-speaking civil codes... but not in the French civil code, this kinship being the subject of a very old legal denial. In international law, this term refers to alternative care for children who cannot, temporarily or permanently, live with their parents. This situation corresponds to a reality of foster care in France and is at the centre of the law of 14 March 2016. From a double historical approach (long history and recent history) we seek to show what this kind of fosterage was, to understand why it disappeared as a symbol and how it continues to exist as a reality.The empirical research is based on the professional life story of 12 foster parents (of ten foster families) and 35 situations are approached to answer two questions: how foster parents invest the new mission of supporting the parents of the child being cared for? How do they cope with the contradiction between a care legally conceived as temporary with parents present, in situations of permanent care in reality, with parents little or not present? Using an anthropological approach, attachment theory and parental care theories, we analyse the parental role of family carers.We study the reconfigurations of traditional fosterage in several dimensions: the evolution of the problems at the origin of foster care, the risks and failures associated with it, the new mission of supporting the parents of the foster children. Finally, a major reconfiguration is the use of simple adoption by foster families and young adults after placement.In a third part we study how foster kinship can be recognized in French law and institutions, based on foreign examples and proposals from experts.

Ce travail se compose de deux études principales : La première étude est destinée à valider une version française de l’échelle d’évaluation des qualités d’attachement adulte (MAQ ; Carver, 1997). La deuxième étude est destinée à évaluer les qualités d’attachement chez les jeunes adultes antérieurement placés en famille d’accueil et de les mettre en perspective avec la perception qu’ils ont du soutien parental reçu dans le cadre familial de substitution (famille d’accueil ou assistante familiale). Les résultats de la première étude montrent que l’échelle de MAQ-Fr présente des niveaux adéquats de cohérence interne, de stabilité temporelle et d’une bonne validité du construit. Nous pouvons considérer qu’elle constitue donc un bon outil d’évaluation des qualités d'attachement auprès d’une population d’adultes français. Les résultats de la deuxième étude montrent que les jeunes accueillis avaient été marqués par leur expérience de placement. Leurs types d'attachement à l'âge adulte ont été influencés dans une certaine mesure par leurs expériences individuelles en famille d'accueil. Ces types d'attachement sont liés à la fois au soutien parental de substitution et aux conditions dans lesquelles se sont effectuées le /ou les placements. Les types d'attachement insécure influencent l'évolution relationnelle des adultes anciens placés en famille d'accueil. Ils ont alors développé des « modèles internes opérants » provoquant des défenses qui renforcent en fait les angoisses et la méfiance déjà présentes du fait des traumatismes relationnels précoces. Cette étude fournit à la fois des indices positifs comme quoi les enfants placés subissent des souffrances liées à leurs difficultés d’attachement et que celles-ci peuvent se trouver modifiées en bien ou en mal selon la sensibilité des milieux d’accueil à ces difficultés d’attachement. Les résultats obtenus mettent en lumière l'importance de s'intéresser au placement en famille d'accueil et aux relations entre les jeunes placés et les parents d'accueil, celles-ci étant des facteurs susceptibles d'influencer dans une forme de sécurisation l’attachement à l'âge adulte tout en renforçant l’autonomisation et les capacités de mentalisation. / This work is composed of two main studies: The first study intended to validate a French version of the of the measure of adult attachment qualities (MAQ; Carver, 1997). The second study is designed to assess the attachment qualities of young adults previously placed in foster care and put them in perspective with the perception they have of parental support received in foster care. The results of the first study show that the MAQ-Fr scale has adequate levels of internal consistency, temporal stability, and good construct validity. We can consider that it is therefore a good tool for assessing the qualities of attachment to a French adult population. The results of the second study show that the participants have been affected by their foster care experience. Their relationship styles indicate that their attachment style in adulthood has been influenced to some extent by their individual experiences in foster care. These types of attachment are related both to foster parental support and the conditions in which the placement (s) was made. Insecure attachment patterns influence the relational evolution of adults who have been in foster care. They then developed "working internal models" hat provoke defenses that actually reinforce the anxieties and mistrust already present due to early relationship traumas. This study provides both positive indications that the children placed suffer pain related to their attachment difficulties and that these can be modified in good or bad according to the sensitivity of the host environments to these difficulties of 'attachment. The final results highlight the importance of foster care placement and relationships between young in foster care and their foster parents, as these factors are likely to influence attachment in adulthood in a form of securing while reinforcing empowerment and mentalizing abilities.

Barbora Hrušková, Rodičovství osob s těžkým zrakovým postižením Abstract (in English) The diploma thesis researches practical aspects of the parental role of persons with severe visual impairment. Its aim is to describe the experiences of visually impaired parents with preparing for the arrival of a child, with parental role and with childcare during a preschool age. At the same time it aims to chart the social services available to this group and to determine the extent to which they actually use these services, or whether they are missing some services. Due to differences in the availability of services in Prague and in smaller towns, the whole diploma thesis is focused on the territory of Prague. The theoretical part describes a person with severe visual impairment, including its specifics in different areas of life. It also deals with possible different aspects of parenting for people with visual disabilities. It provides a description of compensatory aids and explains their important role in the lives of visually impaired people. Next it acquaints readers with the possibilities of financial support for visually impaired parents primarily by the state. The conclusion of the theoretical part is devoted to listing and description of Prague organizations that provide some services for parents with severe...

The legal status of a child and a registered partnership Abstract The topic of this master thesis is the legal status of a child and a registered partnership. The aim is to outline the current concept and status of family and parenthood, but also to list differences between registered partnership and marriage. The work is focused on how the Registered Partnership Act met the needs of homosexual couples, and whether registered partners have limited rights in comparison with spouses. The master thesis examines the registered partners' legal options to have or take care of a child. The thesis also deals with adoption and alternative care, and states legal duties and rights between parents and children. In conclusion, it describes foreign homosexual partnerships regulation on the selected examples of Slovakia and France. The thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter on family and parenting focuses on the role of the family in contemporary society and its recent development. It also briefly mentions parenting, assisted reproduction, and surrogate motherhood. The last part is focused on homosexual couples and their options while starting a family. The second part deals with registered partnership in relation to marriage. It contains individual provisions of the Registered Partnership Act which are...

Surrogacy in case law of the Supreme and Constitutional Court Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the phenomenon of surrogacy and places the topic and its aspects into the context of up-to-date social background, legal theory and practice and case law of the Supreme and Constitutional Court. The aim of this thesis is to provide a summary of all available theoretical and practical understanding of the matter, analysis of relevant case law and illustration of both legal and factual issues concerning surrogacy in the Czech republic for the reader to be able to form a comprehensive understanding of the matter, taking into account its interdisciplinarity. Keywords Surrogacy, surrogate motherhood, assisted reproduction, parenthood, best interests of the child, right to family and family life

Bachelor thesis "The Quality of Mother's life on Maternity and Parental Leave" deals with mothers and their satisfaction with this role. It deals with the definition of quality of life and its meaning. It also contains chapters on pregnancy, parenthood, the importance of families and the needs of mothers. It explains the concepts of maternity leave and parental leave. The aim of this work is to find out to what extent women are on maternity leave / parental leave happy and what factors contribute to this. For the practical part was chosen quantitative research, with the technique of questionnaire survey.

L’objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre comment s’exerce la parentalité d’accueil dans le contexte des visites supervisées. À partir du point de vue des familles d’accueil, cette étude vise à décrire leur compréhension des visites supervisées; leur implication dans la planification de celles-ci; l’accompagnement qu’elles offrent à l’enfant et la communication qu’elles ont avec les différents acteurs impliqués dans les visites supervisées. Pour ce faire, des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées avec quatorze parents d’accueil affiliés au programme jeunesse du Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal. Les entrevues ont été soumises à une démarche d’analyse de contenu thématique. Le modèle théorique et conceptuel écosystémique de la parentalité a été utilisé pour décrire les différentes dimensions de la parentalité d’accueil dans le contexte des visites supervisées. Les résultats de cette recherche démontrent que les familles d’accueil ont une bonne compréhension des visites supervisées en termes des objectifs visés et des motifs de leur mise en place. Pour ce qui est de la planification des visites supervisées, l’implication des familles d’accueil est variable. Certaines rapportent être impliquées dans les prises de décisions tandis que d’autres témoignent se faire imposer des choix par l’intervenant. En ce qui concerne l’accompagnement offert aux enfants, des besoins de formation et/ou de coaching ont été identifiés par bon nombre de familles d’accueil. Il ressort également de cette étude que les familles d’accueil ont majoritairement des échanges positifs avec l’intervenant. Quant à la communication avec les parents d’origine, une panoplie d’expériences autant positive que négative a été rapportée par les familles d’accueil. L’analyse du discours des participants a mis en lumière des défis associés à l’exercice de la parentalité d’accueil dans le contexte des visites supervisées. Elle a également soulevé des enjeux reliés à la reconnaissance des familles d’accueil comme partenaire dans la prestation de services à l’enfant. En terminant, cette recherche offre des pistes de réflexion intéressantes concernant la parentalité d’accueil et les pratiques en matière de visites supervisées. / The main objective of this research is to understand how foster parenting is exercised in the context of supervised visitation. From the foster families' point of view, this study aims to describe their understanding of supervised visits; their involvement in their planning; the support they provide to the child; the communication they have with various parties involved in supervised visits. To this end, semi-structured interviews were conducted with fourteen foster parents affiliated with the youth program division from the Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal. The interviews were subject to a continuous thematization. The theoretical and conceptual ecosystemic model of parenting was used to describe the various dimensions of foster parenting. The results of this research show that foster families have a good understanding of supervised visits in terms of their objectives and the reasons for their implementation. The foster families’ involvement in the planning of supervised visits varies. Some are involved in decision-making. While others have choices imposed on them by caseworkers. As for the accompaniment of children, a need for training and/or coaching was identified by a good number of foster families. This study also shows that the majority of foster families have positive exchanges with caseworkers. As for communication with the child’s biological parents, a variety of experiences were reported by the foster families. The participants' discourse analysis highlighted the challenges of foster parenting in the context of supervised visits. It also raised issues related to the recognition of foster families as partners in the delivery of services to children. In conclusion, this research offers interesting avenues for reflection regarding foster parenting and practices for supervised visits.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 and consists of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Sustainable development was adopted in 2003 as an overall objective of Swedish government policy. This study focuses more closely on gender-equal parenting as an aspect of social sustainability. According to the Swedish government’s national policy on gender equality, the work of family centers must be characterized by a gender equality perspective as a step towards creating social sustainability. However, several studies show that female dominance in family centers, together with traditional norms linked to parenthood, entails a challenge related to the pursuit of equal parenthood. For example, fathers tend to feel excluded and not welcome in the center. Hence, this study especially aims to find out how family centers and their professionals work to create conditions for including fathers in their activities and thereby stimulate equal parenting. The study used a qualitative method with semi-structured interviews with a total of six interviewees at two family centers. The result shows that the personnel at the family centers are working for social sustainability diligently, in this case, gender-equal parenting. Still, the execution of the work varies between professionals and family centers. Therefore, it is safe to say that a national effort is needed to create greater equality in family centers' approach to gender-equal parenting.

The aim of this study is to compare views on parenting of partners (from a gender perspective) in families caring for children. Changes in women's position in society, their increasing financial contribution to the family budget and therefore economic background influence the opinions about the overall organization of family life, which is reflected in the actual division of parental roles and associated responsibilities. Although the paper focuses primarily on the opinions and ideas about parenting, I did not fail to devote some space also their subsequent practice. Close interaction of people who share a household and raising children, can result in blindness, which in turn creates the feeling of certain conformity of opinion. Parents can sometimes mistakenly believe that their views on parenthood are shared by their partners. In the research I have included ten couples raising two or more children. For the chosen method of semi-structured interviews, I selected respondents from my circle of acquaintances. The choice was quite deliberate, as with many of them I knew for a long time. Therefore I have had an opportunity to watch some of their educational practices or behaviors, and wondered whether their views correspond to their actions. An important aspect when examining the similarities or...