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This study extends the research of Rodgers (1999) on the relationship between parenting processes and adolescent sexual risk-taking. Parenting behaviors considering were parental monitoring, parent-adolescent communication, and parenting styles. Sexual risk-taking was determined by assessing number of lifetime sexual partners as well as use of condoms during last sexual intercourse. A sample (n=286) of 9th-12th grade males and females who reporting having had sexual intercourse were separated into two groups-those engaging in low sexual risk-taking or high sexual risk-taking. Logistic regression analysis revealed gender differences in the relationship between parents' behaviors and adolescent sexual risk-taking. For females, parenting monitoring of the adolescent's after-school whereabouts was related to a decrease in the odds that a daughter would take sexual risks. For males, parental monitoring of whom the adolescent male goes out with was related to a decrease in the odds of a son taking sexual risks. Several significant interaction effects were also found. / Master of Science

Introdução: A Anorexia Nervosa é um transtorno alimentar grave que costuma se manifestar na adolescência. Historicamente, intervenções psicoterapeuticas destinados a essa população têm incluído a família como protagonista no tratamento. No entanto, o foco é psicoeducativo e no manejo comportamental dos pais com objetivo de normalização do peso do adolescente, sem abarcar características das famílias consideradas um fator de risco para a seleção e manutenção dos comportamentos verificados na Anorexia Nervosa, tais como os estilos e práticas parentais inadequados. Essas intervenções têm apresentado resultados modestos e, por isso, estudos recentes têm apontado para a necessidade de intervenções psicológicas que abarquem tanto o restabelecimento de peso dos filhos quanto o desenvolvimento de habilidades socioemocionais e educativas dos pais que respondam adequadamente às necessidades emocionais de seus filhos. O objetivo geral do presente estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar os efeitos de uma intervenção psicoterápica, de orientação Analítico-Comportamental, destinada a adolescentes com Anorexia Nervosa e a seus pais. Método: o delineamento do estudo foi de coletânea de casos. Participaram da pesquisa cinco tríades, compostas do adolescente com Anorexia Nervosa e de seus pais. Foram realizados, ao longo de seis meses, de 20 a 25 encontros com cada família, incluindo avaliação inicial, final e de seguimento. Na avaliação inicial os pais preencheram os seguintes instrumentos: Inventário de Autoavaliação para Adultos (ASR), Inventário de Percepção de Suporte Familiar (IPSF) e Questionário Sociodemográfico. Os filhos foram submetidos ao exame antropométrico, realizado por uma nutricionista especialista em transtornos alimentares, e preencheram os seguintes instrumentos: Questionário sobre Alimentação (EDE-q), Escala de Responsividade e Exigência (ERE), Inventário de Autoavaliação para Adolescentes (YSR) e o IPSF. A intervenção psicoterápica envolveu: (a) psicoeducação sobre Anorexia Nervosa para adolescente e pais; (b) manejo comportamental dos pais para recuperação do peso de seus filhos e (c) treinamento de habilidades socioemocionais e educativas. Todas as fases do tratamento tiveram como guia o livro Anorexia Nervosa na adolescência: como a família pode ajudar?, elaborado pelo autor desta tese. A avaliação final envolveu os mesmos instrumentos da etapa inicial, acrescidos do Inventário de Satisfação com a Intervenção, também elaborado pelo autor, destinado aos pais. A avaliação de seguimento, agendada três meses após a avaliação final, envolveu nova aplicação dos mesmos instrumentos e entrevista devolutiva aos pais e ao adolescente. Paralelamente à etapa de tratamento foram realizados acompanhamentos nutricional e psiquiátrico. Os dados provenientes da aplicação dos instrumentos de avaliação psicológica foram analisados por meio de suas padronizações específicas. Foram conduzidas análises descritivas de frequência simples dos comportamentos dos pais, mães e adolescentes, adotando-se os participantes como seus próprios controles. Resultados: quatro famílias finalizaram o tratamento. A aderência foi de 100%, sem faltas ou interrupções embora o nível de engajamento tenha variado entre as famílias e dentro da própria família. Ao final do tratamento e em seguimento todas as adolescentes estavam com o peso adequado e com menstruação regular. O tratamento produziu melhora expressiva dos indicadores de gravidade do transtorno alimentar de todas as adolescentes participantes. Houve melhoras no funcionamento adaptativo e nos problemas de comportamento referidos pelas adolescentes. Indicadores de funcionamento adaptativo e de problemas de comportamento referidos pelos pais, estilos parentais e suporte familiar percebido mudaram de maneira menos consistente, com tendência de piora após a intervenção e melhora em seguimento. Conclusão: a modalidade de psicoterapia testada se mostrou viável e produziu efeitos positivos. Novos estudos são necessários para solidificar as evidências produzidas nesta pesquisa, sobretudo quanto aos achados sobre suporte familiar e estilos parentais / Introduction: Anorexia Nervosa is a severe eating disorder that usually manifests during adolescence. Historically, research protocols directed to this population include the family as the protagonist of the treatment. These protocols, however, focus on the psycho-educational and behavioral management on the part of parents to normalize adolescents bodyweight, without addressing the characteristics of families that are considered risk factors for the selection and maintenance of Anorexia Nervosa behaviors, such as inappropriate parenting practices and styles. These interventions achieve modest results. For this reason, recent studies highlight the need for psychological interventions to focus on the reestablishment of patients bodyweight and the development of socio-emotional and parenting skills for them to respond properly to their childrens emotional needs. This studys general objective was to develop and assess the effects of a psychotherapeutic intervention with an Analytical-Behavioral approach, directed to adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa and their parents. Method: the studys design was a collection of cases. Five families, each composed of an adolescent with Anorexia Nervosa and her parents, participated in the study. Twenty to twenty-five meetings were conducted over a period of six months with each family, including initial and final assessment and follow-up. The parents completed the following instruments: Adult Self-Report (ASR), Inventário de Percepção de Suporte (IPSF) and a Sociodemographic Questionnaire. The adolescents were given an anthropometric assessment conducted by a nutritionist who was an expert on eating disorders, and completed the following instruments: Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-q); Escala de Responsividade e Exigência (ERE); Youth Self-Report (YSR), and the IPSF. The intervention included: (a) psycho-education addressing Anorexia Nervosa directed to adolescents and parents; (b) behavioral management directed to parents to support their childrens bodyweight recovery; and (c) training focused on parents socio-emotional and child-raising skills. All the treatment phases were based on the book Anorexia Nervosa na adolescência: como a família pode ajudar?, written by the author. The final assessment included the same instruments used in the initial phase, along with a questionnaire to assess the satisfaction of parents with the intervention, also developed by the author. The follow-up interview was scheduled with parents and adolescents three months after the final assessment and the same instruments were applied. Nutritional and psychiatric monitoring was performed concomitantly with psychotherapy. Data concerning the psychological assessment were analyzed using the instruments specific standards. Descriptive analysis included the simple frequency of the behaviors of fathers, mothers and adolescents, while the participants were their own controls. Results: Four families completed treatment. There was 100% adherence to the intervention, with no absences or interruptions, though the level of engagement between and within families varied. All the adolescents reached an appropriate bodyweight and had their periods regulated at the end of the treatment and in follow-up. The treatment produced expressive improvement of indicators concerning the severity of the eating disorder among all the adolescents. Adaptive functioning and behavior problems reported by the adolescents improved. Indicators of adaptive functioning and behavior problems reported by the parents, parenting styles and perceived family support presented a less consistent change, tending to worsen after the intervention and improve during follow-up. Conclusion: the psychotherapy modality tested was viable and produced positive effects. Further studies are needed to consolidate evidence found in this study, especially in regard to the findings concerning family support and parenting styles

Children diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) are at a higher risk to develop other serious problems based on reoccurring symptoms such as; aggression, hostility, and lack of empathy for others. Based on the emotional intelligence theory, it may be possible that understanding emotional intelligence in children with ODD could help reduce future psychological and social problems. This quantitative study addresses the problem of poor or low Emotional Intelligence (EI) in children diagnosed with ODD. A correlation between parenting style, as defined by Baumrind's parenting style theory, and the development of emotional intelligence has been found in current research. However, there is limited research which addresses the potential moderating effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on the relationship between parenting style and level of emotional intelligence in young children (4-8 years) diagnosed with ODD. Parents of children aged 4-8 years old, with a diagnosis of ODD, were sampled and asked to complete three surveys: Kuppuswamy's Socioeconomic Scale, Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire, and The Parenting Rating Sclae from Childrens Emotional Intellignce (4-8). There were 85 surevys completed. A multiple regression analysis with a moderator was used and the results did not show statistically significant impacts of SES on the relationship between parenting styles and level of emotional intelligence in young children diagnosed with ODD. Social change impacts may include: access to behavioral/mental health resources for families in low income neighborhoods and parent education/training.

<p>Using the literature on Baumrind&rsquo / s theory of Parenting Styles and how perceptions of these are associated to adolescent at-risk behaviour, this study set out to examine whether any parenting style increased or decreased adolescent substance use. The central aim of this study was to examine the association between perceived parenting styles and adolescent substance use. To further this, 239 grade 10 and 11 adolescent participants were drawn from 3 schools in Mitchell&rsquo / s Plain, a suburb in the Western Cape (with permission granted from the Education Department). This particular suburb was chosen due to the high rates of substance use and substance related crime within the area. A quantitative research design was implemented within this study. The participants were required to complete the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT), a questionnaire aimed at measuring drug use, and the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), aimed at measuring perceived parenting styles and a Biographical Questionnaire to provide additional information. Informed consent was obtained and the confidentiality of the schools and participants were protected. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS, a data analysis programme available at the University of the Western Cape. Results show that substance use reduction was significantly related to a perceived authoritative parenting style. However, no significant relationships could be found between perceived permissive and authoritarian parenting style. Significant difference was found in the results obtained for male and female adolescents, with males generally appearing to use more substances. It can be concluded that perceived authoritative parenting styles have an important role to play in the prevention of adolescent substance abuse</p>

The present study aimed (1) to examine possible influence of demographic variables of age, gender, familial monthly income, relationship status, mother&rsquo / s education, father&rsquo / s education on Parenting Styles, Schema Domains, Schema Coping Styles, and Psychopathology/Life Satisfaction / (2) to examine associated factors of Schema Domains, Schema Coping Styles, Psychopathology/Life Satisfaction / (3) to examine the mediator role of Schema Domains in the relationship between Parenting Styles and Psychopathology/Life Satisfaction / (4) to examine the mediator role of Schema Coping Styles in the relationship between Schema Domains and Psychopathology/Life Satisfaction. In order to fulfill these aims 404 people between the ages 18-42 participated in the study. According to results, negative parenting practices from both sources (i.e., mother, father) were found to be associated with stronger levels of schema domains. Furthermore, Impaired Limits/Exaggerated Standards and Impaired Autonomy/Other Directedness schema domains were found to be associated with Compensation schema coping style / while Disconnection/Rejection and Impaired Limits/Exaggerated Standards schema domains were found related to Avoidance schema coping style. After that, mother&rsquo / s parenting style, schema domains of Disconnection/Rejection, and Impaired Autonomy/Other Directedness were found to be significantly associated with depressive symptomatology. In addition, psychopathological symptoms were found to be associated with both parenting styles, schema domains of Disconnection/Rejection and Impaired Limits/Exaggerated Standards, and schema coping style of Avoidance. What is more, both parenting styles, schema domain of Disconnection/Rejection, were negatively / and compensation schema coping style was positively associated with satisfaction with life. As for the mediational analyses, schema domains mediated the relationship between parenting styles and psychopathology/life satisfaction / furthermore, schema coping styles mediated the relationship between schema domains and psychopathology/life satisfaction.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the differences in demographic variables (i.e., gender, age, mother&rsquo / s and father&rsquo / s education level, monthly income, and residence status) on the measures of the study (i.e., parenting styles, schema domains, personality dimensions, coping styles, perceived social support, and well-being) of the study. Secondly, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between these measures and to determine the associated factors of schema domains, personality dimensions, other psychological resources namely coping strategies and perceived social support, and lastly, psychological symptoms and life satisfaction. For these purposes, data was collected from 309 university students aging between 18-33 years old, from different cities in Turkey. The results revealed that schemas were closely related to perceived negative parenting / and besides their significant effects, it was found out that personality dimensions, coping strategies, and perceived social support had important role on psychological symptoms and life satisfaction. Especially having higher levels of neuroticism, insufficient usage of coping strategies, and lower levels of perceived social support, besides perceiving high levels of negative parenting, and having stronger schema structure in Disconnection/Rejection domain were associated with higher levels of psychological symptoms and lower levels of life satisfaction. These results indicated that psychological resources (i.e., personality, coping strategies, and perceived social support) have additional effects on well-being. Finally, implications of these results and limitations of the study were discussed in line with the literature and suggestions for future studies were mentioned.

<p>Using the literature on Baumrind&rsquo / s theory of Parenting Styles and how perceptions of these are associated to adolescent at-risk behaviour, this study set out to examine whether any parenting style increased or decreased adolescent substance use. The central aim of this study was to examine the association between perceived parenting styles and adolescent substance use. To further this, 239 grade 10 and 11 adolescent participants were drawn from 3 schools in Mitchell&rsquo / s Plain, a suburb in the Western Cape (with permission granted from the Education Department). This particular suburb was chosen due to the high rates of substance use and substance related crime within the area. A quantitative research design was implemented within this study. The participants were required to complete the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT), a questionnaire aimed at measuring drug use, and the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), aimed at measuring perceived parenting styles and a Biographical Questionnaire to provide additional information. Informed consent was obtained and the confidentiality of the schools and participants were protected. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS, a data analysis programme available at the University of the Western Cape. Results show that substance use reduction was significantly related to a perceived authoritative parenting style. However, no significant relationships could be found between perceived permissive and authoritarian parenting style. Significant difference was found in the results obtained for male and female adolescents, with males generally appearing to use more substances. It can be concluded that perceived authoritative parenting styles have an important role to play in the prevention of adolescent substance abuse</p>

Perceptions of parenting styles by parents and their 12-year-old preadolescents are studied One hundred seven parents and their adolescents enrolled in the first year of secondary education in one of four Catholic schools in Montevideo completed Affection, Rules and Requirements questionnaires. There were significant differences in parent perception in the critical / rejection and inductive factor subscale, depending on the gender of the adolescent. Preadolescent perceptions exhibit significant differences in indulgent and affection scales for father, and in affection, indulgent and inductive scales for mothers. Parents with a primary school education level appear significantly more inductive than those who were areuniversity graduates. / Se estudiaron los estilos parentales según la percepción de padres, madres y sus hijos e hijas de 12 años. Se aplicaron las escalas de Afecto y de Normas y Exigencias a 107 padres y madres y 107 hijos e hijas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la percepción de padres y madres, en el factor Crítica/Rechazo y en la subescala Inductiva, según el sexo de los hijos que respondieron. Las percepciones de hijos e hijas arrojaron diferencias significativas para los padres, en las escalas Afecto e Indulgente y para las madres en las escalas Afecto, Indulgente e Inductiva. Los padres con nivel de enseñanza primaria aparecieron significativamente más inductivos que quienes tuvieron estudios universitarios. / No artigo são estudadas as percepções dos pais, mais e seus filhos e filhas menores de 12 anos, sobre os estilos parentais em suas famílias. Foram aplicadas as escalas de Afeto, Normas e Exigências a 107 pais e mais e 107 adolescentes. Os resultados mostram diferenças significativas nas percepções sobre os pais e mais nas dimensões de crítica/rejeição e indutiva, dependendo se os respondentes são homens ou mulheres. As percepções de filhos e filhas sobre os pais mostraram diferenças significativas nas escalas de afeto e indulgente e as percepções de filhos e filhas sobre as mais mostraram diferenças nas escalas de afeto, indulgente e indutiva. Os pais com nível de educação primaria apareceram como mais indutivos que os pais que estudaram na universidade.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:40:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dulcineia Bastos Duarte.pdf: 2403794 bytes, checksum: 97b88d9bb8b7e23d5dcee1fd24779e45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-07 / Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS) is characterized by cognitive and behavioral alterations with various degrees of mental disorder. Its prevalence is of 1/7.500 newborns and it is caused by a microdeletion of the long arm of chromosome 7 at region 7q11.23, caused by the loss of approximately 20-23 genes which explains the broad spectrum in the presented phenotype. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) displays a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. It is characterized by motor agitation, difficulty or reluctance to perform tasks that require effort and concentration; despite the absence of intellectual disability, the disorder can lead to social inability, school failure and difficulties with family relations. According to literature there is a higher prevalence of problems related to mental health and inappropriate parenting style practices in parents of children with intellectual disability. Thus, this study has the objective of assessing indicators of mental health and parenting style practices in parents of children and adolescents with WBS and intellectual disability, and to compare them with a group of parents of children with ADHD (without intellectual disability). It was used a correlational descriptive method; the sample was composed of 30 parents of children with ADHD and 24 parents of children with WBS. Data collection instruments were: Parenting Style Inventory (PSI), Family Support Perception Inventory (FSPI), Adult Self-Report 18-59 (ASR), World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQL-bref). Results show that despite the positive rate of adequate parenting practices by the parents of both groups, the use of negative practices was observed, including negligence and physical abuse. The group of parents (ADHD) presents deficient perception of family support and quality of live in the area of social relations. Both groups presented clinical or borderline rates of anxiety, depression and somatic complaints, this rate was higher for parents (ADHD). Therefore it was verified the need for creation of support programs that focus the dynamics and functioning of these families in order to promote mental health, quality of life and adequate parenting practices. / A Síndrome de Williams-Beuren (SWB), é caracterizada por alterações cognitivas e comportamentais com grau variados de deficiência mental possui incidência de 1 a cada 7.500 nascidos vivos, devido a uma microdelação no braço longo do cromossomo 7 na região 7q11.23, ocasionando a perda aproximada de 20-23 genes, explicando o amplo espectro no fenótipo apresentado. O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) possui um padrão persistente de desatenção e/ou hiperatividade e impulsividade. É caracterizado por agitação motora, dificuldade e relutância ao desempenhar tarefas que exigem esforço e concentração, apesar da ausência de déficit intelectual, o transtorno poderá levar à inabilidade social, fracasso escolar e dificuldades familiares. Dados da literatura têm demonstrado maior incidência de problemas relacionados à saúde mental e práticas de estilos parentais inadequadas em pais de crianças com deficiência intelectual. Desse modo, este estudo possui como objetivo avaliar indicadores de saúde mental e prática de estilos parentais em pais de crianças e adolescentes com SWB (que possuem deficiência intelectual) e comparar com o grupo de pais de filhos com queixa de TDAH (que não possuem deficiência intelectual). O método usado foi o descritivo correlacional, a amostra foi composta por 30 pais de filhos com queixa de TDAH e 24 pais de filhos SWB. Os instrumentos utilizados para coleta de dados foram o Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP), Inventário de Percepção de Suporte familiar (IPSF) - Inventário de Auto- avaliação para Adultos de 18- 59 anos / Adult Self Report ASR - Instrumento abreviado de avaliação de qualidade de vida WHOQOL bref. Os resultados mostraram que apesar do índice positivo de práticas parentais adequadas desempenhadas pelos dois grupos, o uso de práticas negativas tem sido observado, incluindo a negligência e o abuso físico. O grupo de pais (TDAH) apresenta percepção deficitária em relação ao suporte familiar recebido e da qualidade de vida no domínio das relações sociais. Os dois grupos apresentaram índices de ansiedade, depressão e queixas somáticas com perfil classificatório clínico e limítrofe, sendo este índice superior no grupo de pais (TDAH). Conclui-se a necessidade da criação de programas de apoio que focalizem a dinâmica e o funcionamento dessas famílias, a fim de promover saúde mental, qualidade de vida e práticas parentais adequadas.