The composition of society is rapidly changing as the elderly population is increasing dramatically. In South Africa, black grandmothers play an important role in intergenerational relationships as they take on the responsibility of caring for their young grandchildren because of HIV/Aids, migration of the parents or other economic difficulties. As the grandmothers and the children are raised in different time–periods, it can be difficult for them to understand one another. Since healthy relationships with older persons in the early years lead to secure attachments, the relationship between grandmother and grandchild holds serious implications for the development and view of the world of the child. Research of this nature can help to develop healthy connections with a younger generation which again can help older adults to feel a greater sense of fulfilment. In fact, linking older adults with youth can provide advantages for both generations to thrive as people. Understanding the developmental life tasks and cognitive development of the generations can also assist to effectively deal with different perspectives of the interactions and communication processes between grandmothers and their grandchildren, thus helping both generations to thrive as people. Healthy interaction between grandmothers and grandchildren are guided by clear structure, which means that grandmothers can provide a trustworthy and predictable interpersonal environment to assist their grandchildren to define and clarify their experiences, whislt nurturance implies that grandmothers are warm, tender, soothing, calming, and comforting. When engaging with the grandchildren, one can say that grandmothers provide excitement, surprise and stimulation and simultaneously challenge the children which means that grandmothers encourage grandchildren to expand their behavioural repertoire and become more independent. Grandmother ? grandchildren interactions are informed by specific parenting styles which are referred to as a group of attitudes toward children that create an emotional climate in which the intergenerational relationships between the two generations are expressed. The manner, therefore in which grandmothers and grandchildren communicate with each other, as well as the content of the conversations, help to shed light on the nature of the relationship between the two generations. This research aims to gain a better understanding as well as different perspectives of the interactions and communication processes between grandmothers and their grandchildren. A convenience sample was employed to obtain 17 grandparents between 71 and 96 years and older, and their grandchildren in their care, boys and girls between ages 4 and 13 years old. The criterion was the availability of participants on the specific day of data gathering. The intergenerational reflective listening technique (IGRT) was used for data gathering while both generations are present. In terms of the IGRT, the researcher requested the children to sit in an inner circle and answer questions about the important places that their grandmothers tell them about. The researcher also explored the manner in which this information was communicated to the children. As the study involved older persons and very young children, special attention was paid to ethical considerations. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the North–West University, Potchefstroom Campus, as part of a larger project, being: “An exploration of enabling contexts (05K14).” The main finding of the study is that type of information which is transferred from the grandmother to the younger generation is educational in nature with instrumental support as a sign of love and care. The grandmothers teach the children norms, values and life principles. During the younger age, children conform to the teachings of the grandmothers, which evoke feelings of pride and appreciation from the grandmothers. This confirms solidarity in the relationship. On the other hand, the same relational definition does not apply to the young adults and the grandmothers explained their strained relationship with the young adults as out of their control. It is also clear that the way the two generations display love and affection are instrumental in nature. Although the IGRT is considered as an effective method of collecting data of this nature, the limited time available for this study resulted in the collecting of only one data set. One of the recommendations is further study with more than one group of participants. This includes grandmothers with young grandchildren as well as grandmothers with younger adults. / Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-09-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:35:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dascanio_d_me_bauru.pdf: 540186 bytes, checksum: c3dd2c0d9467bd15fa5a8e18bcac9e4c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A intoxicação por chumbo é prejudicial ao desenvolvimento das crianças, sendo potencializada por outras variáveis ambientais e sociais como: alimentação inadequada, pobreza, baixa renda e qualidade da estimulação e interação fornecidas pelos pais e escola. Isso posto, o presente estudo tem por objetivo geral comparar o desempenho intelectual de crianças com alta e baixa plumbemia com os estilos parentais nas respectivas interações com os filhos. Para isso, foi utilizada a Escala Wechsler de Inteligência - WISC-III; Roteiro de Anammese e o IEP (Inventário de Estilos Parentais). Este estudo foi realizado com 80 participantes - 40 crianças, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 7 e 13 anos; e 40 pais (pai e mãe), todos moradores da área de risco próximo ao local de contaminação. As crianças foram divididas em dois grupos: G1 - 20 crianças com alta plumbemia (superior a 10μg/dl); e G2 - 20 crianças com baixa plumbemia (inferior a 10μ/dl). Com as informações coletadas, procedeu-se a análise estatística com Teste do Mann Whitney, com 5% de significância. Os resultados foram apresentados de forma a contemplar cinco conjuntos de dados: I) Caracterização das crianças com alta plumbemia; II) Dados anamnésicos; III) WISC-III; IV) IEP - Inventário de Estilos Parentais e V) Comparação entre o WISC-III com o IEP. A análise dos dados apontou redução da plumbemia nas crianças entre os anos de 2002 e 2005. Para as crianças com alta plumbemia os pais relataram maior número de queixa escolar, problemas de saúde, socialização e motor, embora sem significância estatística entre os grupos. Nos itens avaliados pelo WISC-III, o desempenho do Grupo I foi menor que o do Grupo 2. Na Escala de Execução o desempenho dos dois grupos foi menor que para a escala Verbal, com diferença estatística entre os grupos em: QIE (0,001) e QIOP (0,04)... / The lead poisoning cause impairment to the children's development, being strenghten by other environmental and social variables, as inadequate feeding, poverty, low income and quality of the stimulation and interaction supplied by the parents and school. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the children's intellectual development with high and low blood lead level with the parenting styles in the respective interactions with these children. In order to accomplish this study were used - WISC-III; Anamnese's Script and IEP (Parenting Styles's Inventory), in which all of the 80 participants - 40 children, of both sexes, with ages among 7 to 13 years old, and 40 parents (father or mother), lived in the risk's area, next to the contamination place. The children were divided into two groups: G1-20 children with blood lead level above 10μg/dl; and G2 - 20 children with blood lead level lower than 10μg/dl. With the collected information, the statistical analysis was preceded with Mann Whitney's test, with 5%. The results were presented in way to contemplate five groups of data: I) the children's Characterization with plumbemia; II) Anamnese's Script Date; III) WISC-III; IV) IEP - Parenting Styles's Inventory I and V) Comparison between WISC-III IEP. The analyzed data's showed a reduction of the bllod lead level in children between 2002 and 2005. For the children blood lead level the parents related a larger number of school complaints, health problems, socialization and less motor development, although without statistical difference between the groups. In the items evaluated by WISC-III, the development of Group 1 was smaller than Group 2. In the Scale of Execution the development for both groups were lower than the Verbal Scale, with statistical difference between the groups in: QIE (0,001) and QIOP (0,04). In the Parenting Styles... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Mudanças nos hábitos alimentares somadas ao sedentarismo são os principais fatores do aumento da prevalência do excesso de peso. A obesidade infantil é uma realidade, tornando-se um grave problema de saúde pública mundial. Na infância, a família é considerada o principal apoio ao indivíduo interferindo diretamente no desenvolvimento dos jovens. O presente estudo teve como objetivos verificar a influência dos estilos parentais na prática de atividade física e no estado nutricional dos estudantes de três escolas do ensino fundamental; avaliar a acurácia e satisfação na percepção do tamanho corporal dos estudantes e também a percepção dos pais em relação ao tamanho corporal dos filhos. A amostra consistiu em 154 estudantes, com idade entre nove e 12 anos, de ambos os sexos e seus respectivos responsáveis, sendo um total de 308 participantes. Para classificar o estilo parental foi utilizado as Escalas de Exigência e Responsividade e a percepção da imagem corporal foi investigada por meio da Escala de Silhuetas Infantis. Para análise dos resultados foram utilizados o teste de Correlação Linear de Pearson e Análise de Variância (ANOVA). Os resultados mostraram que 40% dos estudantes estavam acima do peso, e a prática de atividade física foi menor nos estudantes com pais menos exigentes. O estilo parental mais frequente avaliado tanto pelas crianças quanto pelos pais foi o autoritativo. Apenas 23,4% dos estudantes apresentaram uma percepção acurada do seu tamanho corporal e 50% dos pais subestimaram o tamanho corporal de seus filhos. Essa subestimação foi maior quanto maior o índice de massa corporal da criança. Concluímos que uma pequena parcela dos estudantes tem uma percepção acurada do seu tamanho corporal, e que há uma tendência dos pais subestimarem o tamanho corporal dos filhos. Poucos estudantes foram considerados ativos fisicamente. Não encontramos relação entre o estado nutricional da criança e o estilo parental da família. / Changes in eating habits coupled with physical inactivity are the main factors in increasing the prevalence of overweight. Childhood obesity is a reality, making it a serious public health problem worldwide. In childhood, the family is considered the main support to the individual directly interfering in the development of the young. The present study had as objective to verify the influence of the parental styles in the practice of physical activity and nutritional status of the students; and assess the accuracy and overall satisfaction of students and their caregivers with their body image. The sample consisted of 154 students, aged between 9 and 12 years, of both sexes and their respective responsible ones, being 308 participants. To classify the parenting style was used the Scales of Responsiveness and Demandingness and the physical activity practice of the students was evaluated by the questionnaire to evaluate the Physical Activities of children and adolescents. The perception of the corporal image was investigated through the Scale of Silhouettes for children. To analyze the results, Pearson\'s linear correlation and Variance Analysis were used to analyze the results. The results showed that 40% of the students are overweight. The practice of physical activity was lower in students with less demanding parents. 23.4 % of students had an accurate perception of their body size and 50% of the parents underestimated the size of their children. This underestimation was greater the higher the body mass index of the child. We conclude that a small portion of the students has an accurate perception of their body size, and that parents have a distorted perception of the children\'s body image. There was no relationship between the child\'s nutritional status and the family\'s parental style.

The present study tried to find evidences of construct validity and interna! reliability for the Parenting Styles Scale of L. Steinberg. The instrument was applied in a sample of 224 adolescents from 11 to 19 years old from a public school of Lima. With a strategy of multiple group confirmatory factor analysis, the three-subscale structure (Commitment, Psychological Autonomy and Behavior Control/Supervision) was in general stable, although the theoretical grouping of the items was influenced by the distribution of the item. The alpha reliability reached marginal levels and the probable impact of the random error was recognized. Results show that this instrument is a potential too! for research, but these findings are preliminary and additional studies are required to evaluate the generalization of the analysis. / Se estudió la validez de constructo y confiabilidad interna de la Escala de Estilos de Crianza de L. Steinberg que se administró a una muestra de 224 adolescentes entre 11 y 19 años de un colegio público en Lima. Mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio de grupo múltiple, la estructura de tres subescalas (Compromiso, Autonomía Psicológica y Control Conductual/Supervisión) se mantuvo en general estable, aunque la agrupación teórica de los ítems tendió a estar influenciada por la distribución de los ítems. La confiabilidad alfa para las subescalas solo alcanzó niveles marginales de aceptación y se reconoció el probable impacto del error de medición aleatorio. Los resultados muestran que el instrumento utilizado es una herramienta potencial para la investigación, pero estos hallazgos son preliminares y se requieren estudios adicionales para evaluar la generalización del análisis efectuado.

Introdução: As mudanças nas relações entre pais e filhos decorrentes das transformações pelas quais a família vem passando têm levado a um crescente questionamento sobre o papel dos pais na educação de seus filhos. Objetivo: Realizar um levantamento sistemático e revisão crítica da literatura referente a estilos e práticas parentais, buscando apontar diretrizes que possam ser orientadores para pesquisadores, profissionais e pais. Metodologia: Revisão sistemática integrativa da literatura. Definimos como questão norteadora O que tem sido estudado e publicado sobre estilo e práticas parentais que pode orientar pesquisadores, profissionais e pais? Estabelecemos como descritores parenting style AND parenting practices e SciELO, PsycINFO, Science Direct e Web of Science como bancos de dados. Optamos por artigos publicados em periódicos, desde o início do ano 2006 até o final de 2010 e estudos voltados para as práticas com crianças de 02 aos 12 anos. Após a obtenção do corpo da pesquisa ficamos com um total de 67 artigos na integra para serem analisados. Utilizando o programa Access criamos um banco de dados que permitiu análises do conjunto do material a partir de várias tabelas construídas automaticamente de acordo com a determinação do pesquisador. Foi realizado posteriormente um trabalho exaustivo de leitura dos artigos voltada para a análise das contribuições trazidas na temática. Resultados: Percebemos uma grande maioria de artigos (61,8%) oriundos dos Estados Unidos, um aumento no número das publicações no decorrer dos anos e trabalhos predominantemente quantitativos e transversais. O número amostral utilizado variou bastante, com uma maioria de artigos (60,3%) com até 200 participantes; quanto às crianças focalizadas, meninas e meninos aparecem com porcentagens praticamente iguais. No maior número de trabalhos (39,7%), os participantes eram as crianças e seus pais (pais e mães) e as pesquisas são realizadas principalmente nas escolas (50%). Encontramos na maioria dos artigos a caracterização da sua amostra tanto com relação ao fator socioeconômico (69,1%) como dos grupos étnicos (89,7%). Dentre os instrumentos o Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire é o mais utilizado (16%) e os autores mais citados foram Baumrind (1966, 1971), seguido por Maccoby e Martin (1983) e Darling e Steinberg (1983). Após várias leituras do material completo definimos três temas: a) conjunto de práticas que afetam o desenvolvimento (34% dos artigos); b) práticas educativas e saúde (28% dos artigos); c) contexto afetando as práticas parentais (38% dos artigos). A descrição do corpo reunido por tema permite apontar: a) é comum o uso de práticas parentais coercitivas, inclusive a punição física, sendo associada com problemas de adaptação, comportamento, ajustamento emocional e baixa autoestima; b) o aumento da obesidade infantil é foco de várias pesquisas, que sugerem que o uso de práticas inadequadas, relacionadas aos estilos autoritário, negligente e indulgente propicia a obesidade infantil; c) os treinamentos para pais foram impulsionados por questões diversas - deficiência de desenvolvimento, ajustamento comportamental e emocional da criança talentosa e/ou superdotada, crianças diagnosticadas com obesidade, ansiedade, problemas de aprendizagem, de comportamento e de conduta - e foram unânimes em constatar ótimos resultados para pais e filhos; d) vários estudos correlacionais enfocam as questões das diferenças relativas à culturas e etnias, sendo sugerido que o estilo parental autoritativo de Baumrind (1966), considerado como o mais adequado a partir de estudos com norte americanos descendentes de europeus, não poderia ser considerado desta forma em outros contextos. Conclusão: através da revisão sistemática integrativa percebemos que os estudos com foco nas práticas que afetam o desenvolvimento investigam continuamente as práticas disciplinares coercitivas, que as práticas relacionadas à saúde voltam-se para problemáticas e demandas atuais e que a tipologia dos estilos parentais de Baumrind vem sendo questionada e investigada para melhor utilização em diversas culturas e etnias. / Introduction: Families have changed, and, therefore, so have parent-child relationships. This has raised constant questions regarding the parents role in their childrens education. Goal: Perform a systematic search and critical review of the literature on parenting styles and practices, aiming at pointing out guidelines to assist researchers, psychologists, and parents. Method: Integrative systematic literature review. We used the following guiding question What has been studied and published on parenting styles and practices that could guide researchers, psychologists, and parents? We chose parenting style AND parenting practices as keywords, and SciELO, PsycINFO, Science Direct and Web of Science as databases. We chose journal articles published between early 2006 and late 2010, and studies on practices with children aged 2 to 12 years. The complete body of research comprised 67 full-text articles to be analyzed. We used Microsoft Access to create a database that permitted to perform group analyses of the material from several tables created automatically and according to the researchers preference. Later, an exhaustive reading of the articles was performed aimed at analyzing their contributions. Results: We realized that the vast majority of the articles (61.8%) were originally from the United States, and that the number of publications has increased over the years, mostly quantitative and cross-sectional studies. The sample size ranged considerably, with most articles (60.3%) working with 200 participants or less; as to the children involved, boys and girls appear with virtually the same participation. The larger part of the studies (39.7%) had children and their parents for participants, and was usually (50%) performed at school. We observed that most articles characterized the sample regarding socioeconomic factors (69.1%) as well ethnic groups (89.7%). The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire is the most often used (16%) instrument, and the most cited authors were Baumrind (1966, 1971), followed by Maccoby and Martin (1983), and Darling and Steinberg (1983). After reading the material several times, we defined three themes: a) set of practices that affect child development (34% of articles); b) educational practices and health (28% of articles); c) context affecting parenting practices (38% of articles). The description of the body of research grouped according to the theme shows that: a) coercive parenting practices are common, including physical punishment, and they are associated with problems involving adjustment, behavior, emotional adjustment, and low self-esteem; b) several focus on the increasing rates of childhood obesity, which suggest that inadequate practices, related with authoritarian, negligent and indulgent styles promote childhood obesity; c) parent training programs were motivated by several different issues impaired development, behavioral and emotional adjustment of talented and/or gifted children, children diagnosed with obesity, anxiety, and learning, behavior, and conduct disorders and were unanimous in reporting excellent results for parents and children; several correlational studies focus on issues regarding cultural and ethnical differences, suggesting that the authoritarian parenting style proposed by Baumrind (1966), considered the most appropriate according to studied with North-Americans of European descent, could not be considered as such in different contexts. Conclusion: through an integrative systematic review we realized that studies focused on practices affecting child development continuously investigate coercive disciplinary practices, that health practices aim at current issues and demands, and that the typology of Baumrinds parenting styles is being questioned and investigated to improve its use among different cultures and ethnicities.

The diploma thesis focuses on parenting styles and the sibling group of large families. The theoretical part describes the theoretical base of parenting styles, variables that can influence parenting styles and the specifics of large families. The qualitative approach in the empirical part was used. The study sample consists of nine Czech families with four or five children aged 1.5 to 18 years. Parents are mostly highly educated practicing Catholics. Data were gathered using qualitative and quantitative methods. The outcome of this research is a description of the specifics of family education in large families, possible causes for education differences among children in a family and the characteristics of a sibling group. Family size impacts communication among parents and children in the family, as well as the number of shared activities and the way the household is organized. Causes of differences in education among siblings can be found in the different personality characteristics, age, sibling constellation and the extent of parental experience. The significance of the sibling group is reflected in a compensation for lack of parental attention, an encouragement of younger siblings' development and a cultivation of social skills.

Magister Artium (Child and Family Studies) - MA(CFS) / Self-Determination Theory is a theory of motivation that aims to explain individuals' goal directed behaviour. Grade 11 learners are naturally in a stage of pursuing certain life goals and aspirations in the process of completing their schooling careers. Often the circumstances or environment provide the opportunities for individuals to be motivated towards aspiring to their life goals. Parents are key role players in either enhancing or hindering the motivation for children to be goal directed. This study examined the association of parenting practices and styles on the identification of goals and aspirations of Grade 11 learners in secondary schools in the Metro South region of the Western Cape. The objectives were to determine: (1) the content of the goals and aspirations of Grade 11 learners, (2) the perceived parental styles and practices of their parents and (3) the relationship between (1) and (2). A quantitative research method with a cross-sectional correlation design was used. The Parental Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire and the Aspiration Index were the instruments for collecting the data. The final sample consisted of 257 participants of which 155 (60.3%) were females. The mean age was 17.3 years. The results suggest that the maternal parenting was more prevalent than paternal parenting. Maternal and paternal authoritative parentings were significantly positively related to both intrinsic and extrinsic goals and aspirations whereas maternal and paternal permissive parentings were significantly positively related to only extrinsic goals. The study showed that the participants are inclined towards intrinsic goal pursuits. Furthermore, maternal parenting was a significant predictor of both intrinsic and extrinsic goals and aspirations and both parents predicted a stronger association.

Sammanfattning   Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur föräldrar upplevde sitt föräldraskap fram tills barnet fyllde 18 år.   Metoden som användes var en kvalitativ ansats. Resultatet samlades in med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Urvalsgruppen bestod av fyra föräldrar varav två mammor och två pappor i åldrarna 40-50 år, där föräldrarna varit sammanboende under barnets första 18 år. Respondenterna rekryterades via facebook i ett offentligt inlägg där de kunde anmäla sitt deltagande frivilligt. Intervjuerna spelades in med en smartphone och transkiberades sedan. Materialet analyserades ur ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv.   Resultatet visade att det bästa stödet i sitt föräldraskap fick de från sin partner, nära släkt, vänner och bekanta med barn i samma ålder. Majoriteten upplevde att de fick sämre stöd från skolan och saknade föräldrastöd från samhället. Respondenterna kände stress i form av tidsbrist samt av att konstant vara engagerad i barnets skolgång. Alla föräldrarna upplevde höga krav på sig själv och kände sig otillräckliga då de ville vara en så bra förälder som möjligt. Samtliga respondenter uppgav att de hade tappat/ eller saknat kontrollen som förälder någon gång. Gemensamt för alla föräldrarna i urvalsgruppen var att de ville uppfostra sina barn enligt en auktoritativ fostransstil.   Slutsatsen av studien visade att föräldrarna kände bristande föräldrastöd från samhället. De kände sig stressade på grund av tidsbrist samt otillräckliga som förälder med höga krav på sig själv. / Abstract   Title: Parenthood Challenges-An Interview Study   Course: Public Health C: Theory and method of application and degree. Bachelor Theses in Public Health, 15 hp.   Program: Health education program, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, University of Gävle.   Author: Regina Krantz   The purpose of the study was to investigate how parents perceived their parenthood until their child received the age of 18.    The used method was a qualitative approach and the results were collected by using semi-structured interviews. The selection group consisted of four parents, two mothers and two fathers in the age between 40-50 years, and the parents were cohabitants during the first 18 years of their child. The respondents were recruited through facebook in a public post where they could voluntarily report their participation .  The interviews were recorded with a smartphone and then transcribed. The material was analyzed with a phenomenological perspective.   The results showed that the best support in their parenthood was received from their partner, close relatives, friends and acquaintances with children in the same age. The majority experienced poorer support from the school and lacked parent support from society. Respondents felt stress in terms of lack of time and constant involvement in their child's schooling. All the parents experienced high demands on themselves and felt insufficient as they wanted to be a good parent. All respondents stated that they had sometime lost/ missed control as a parent. Common to all the parents in the selection group was that they would raise their children according to an authoritative foster style.   The conclusion of the study showed that the parents felt lack of parental support from society. They felt stressed due to lack of time and insufficient as parents with high demands on themselves.

The purpose of this study was twofold: firstly to explore the parenting experiences of lesbian parents rearing children and secondly with a specific focus on parenting styles that may be present within lesbian families. The conceptual framework for this study was the ecosystemic model of Urie Bronfenbrenner. During the research I followed a qualitative approach, secured in an interpretative paradigm. A case study research design was utilised to gain a better, richer and deeper understanding. Data collection involved using semi structured questionnaires, parenting style worksheets and vignettes. Participant selection was a combination between snowball and non-probability sampling methods, including four lesbian families with children between the ages of four and twelve years. Data analysis consisted of identifying themes and subthemes. Several main themes emerged subsequent to the thematic data analysis. The first theme was the parenting styles within lesbian families namely; warm, involved and tolerant parenting style as the main styles. The second theme was family rules, values and norms. The third theme was discipline strategies that were used within the lesbian families. The fourth theme was the experiences and lastly a theme on how the participants saw themselves with regards to sameness or being different than other families was identified. Based on the findings I concluded that there are three main parenting styles that emerged within these lesbian families and that there are several experiences, both positive and negative, that have influences on how lesbian mothers rear their children. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Educational Psychology / MEd / Unrestricted

Homework is given to learners on a daily basis to practice a specific skill, to foster personal development and to develop planning and time management skills. Although learners in the Foundation Phase are encouraged to do homework on their own, the support and involvement of their parents are required in order to develop personal skills and to maintain a healthy social relationship. As homework is a time of the day when parents usually interact with their children, their attitudes regarding homework in the Foundation Phase impact the way in which a learner will experience the homework process. Some learners experience homework as more pleasant when parents are involved, while others feel that homework disrupt families and causes conflict and tension. Research has indicated that the early years of a child’s life are critical for development, as this is the time when learners acquire fundamental concepts, skills and attitudes and when parents pass on values such as respect, tolerance and appreciation, all of which are important to laying down the foundation for lifelong learning. Parents’ beliefs and behaviours thus have an important role to play in a child’s development, and their attitudes and actions influence the nature and course of their children’s development. Parents and families need to be encouraged to assist their children with homework and to see this as the time of the day when they can bond with their children. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Educational Psychology / MEd / Unrestricted