Parking a vehicle can often lead to frustration, air pollution and congestion due to limited availability of parking spaces. With increasing population density this problem can certainly increase unless addressed. Parking lots occupy large areas of scarce land resource therefore it is necessary to identify the driving behaviour in a parking lot to improve it further. This Paper tries study the driving behaviour in the parking lot and for this endeavours it conducted direct observation in three parking lots and used GPS data that was collected prior to this study by the University of Dalarna. To evaluate the driving behaviour in the parking lot direct observation was conducted to obtain overall indices of the parking lot vehicles movement. The parking route taken by the driver was compared with the optimal path to identify the driving behaviour in parking lot in terms of distance. The collected data was evaluated, filtered and analysed to identify the route, the distance and the time the vehicle takes to find a parking space. The outcome of the study shows that driving behaviour in the parking lots varies significantly among the parking user where most of the observed vehicles took unnecessary long time to complete their parking. The study shows that 56% of the 430 observed vehicles demonstrated inefficient driving behaviour as they took long driving path rather the than the optimal path. The study trace this behaviour to two factors, first, the absent of parking guidance in the parking lots and the second is the selectivity of the drivers when choosing the parking space. The study also shows that the ability of GPS data to identify the driving behaviour in the parking lots varies based on the time interval and the type of the device that is being used. The small the time interval the more accurate the GPS data in detecting the driving behaviour in the parking lots.

No description available.

Disertacijoje atliekama automobilių stovėjimo vietų poreikio mieste analizė. Pagrindinis darbo objektas – asmeninių kelionių automobilių stovėjimo vietų didmiestyje pasiskirstymo sistema. Ekspertiniu metodu sudaryta automobilių stovėjimo vietų mieste kriterijų sistema. Taikant daugiatikslius metodus kriterijams suteikti rangai ir apskaičiuoti jų svorių koeficientai, kurie leido nustatyti kriterijų prioritetus ir parinkti racionaliausias automobilių stovėjimo aikštelių išdėstymo vietas miesto teritorijoje. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas – pasiūlyti automobilių stovėjimo vietų mieste plėtros vertinimo modelį ir pateikti originalius automobilių stovėjimo aikštelių plėtros koncepcinius sprendinius. Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, 3 skyriai, bendrosios išvados, literatūros sąrašas, publikacijų sąrašas. Įvade trumpai aptariama tiriamoji problema, darbo aktualumas, aprašomas tyrimo objektas, formuluojamas darbo tikslas ir uždaviniai, aprašoma mokslinis darbo naujumas, ginamieji teiginiai. Įvado pabaigoje pristatomos autoriaus paskelbtos publikacijos, pranešimai konferencijose, nurodomas dalyvavimas tarptautiniuose seminaruose ir pateikiama disertacijos struktūra. Pirmame skyriuje pateikiama mokslinės literatūros ir kitų atliktų darbų analizė nagrinėjama tematika. Taip pat atlikta Lietuvos Respublikos, Europos Sąjungos ir kitų pasaulio šalių norminių dokumentų, reglamentuojančių lengvųjų automobilių stovėjimą skirtingose miesto teritorijose, analizė. Antrajame skyriuje atliekamas automobilių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This dissertation examines the shortage of motor vehicle parking spaces in the city area. The object of this research is the allocation of passenger car parking spaces in cities. A criteria system for car parking spaces in cities was formed using the expert estimate method. By using multi-criteria methods, the criteria were grouped and their factor value was calculated, which helped to establish the priorities of the criteria and to determine the most rational places for parking lots in the city area. This research aims to suggest a model for developing an infrastructure of car parking spaces in the city and to present original conceptual solutions for the expansion of parking lots. The dissertation comprises an introduction, three chapters, general conclusions, a list of literature, and a list of publications. The introduction specifies the problem, describes the relevance of the paper, names the research object, the aim and objectives, its scientific novelty, and the defended statements. Finally, it lists publications and conference presentations of the author, describes the author’s participation in international seminars and presents the structure of the dissertation. Chapter one introduces the literature overview of the subject analysis and discusses the study of the scientific research carried out in this field. It also presents the examination of the normative documents in Lithuania, the European Union and in other countries, which regulate motor car parking in... [to full text]

This research explores how community leaders could use Corbett’s Spectrum of Environmental Ideologies (2006) to analyze the ideologies of communication campaigns before adopting one into a community. In this research, a mixed age class of elementary students and local artisans created two “parks” in public parking spaces and participated in an arts contest in Nelson, BC. This action research used analytic coding to reflect on participants’ relationship with nature based on their response to: international Park(ing) Day and Transition Nelson. Additionally, participant recommendations for greening Nelson’s downtown core were compared with four models of social change for generating ecocentric solutions. Ecocentric solutions stem from the belief that humans and nature are interdependent. Found to be key were nurturing participants’ nascent ecocentric values and investigating the campaign materials deeply. Additionally building motivation, exploring alternatives, problem-solving, partnerships and improved organizational communication are important elements of social change.

Internet of Things är ett begrepp som innebär att alla tänkbara enheter kan kommunicera med varandra. Utvecklingen är snabb och antalet uppkopplade enheter ökar enormt. Detta medför bland annat att samhället blir effektivare vilket innebär både ekonomiska och miljömässiga fördelar. Genom att göra parkeringsplatser smarta kan de lediga platserna snabbare lokaliseras vilket minskar både miljöpåverkan och bränslekostnad. Eftersom strömförsörjning kan vara ett problem vid en del parkeringsplatser undersöks huruvida det är möjligt att åstadkomma smarta parkeringsplatser baserat på en enhet utan extern strömförsörjning. Undersökningen görs genom att konstruera en prototyp och på den utvärdera ström- och effektförbrukning samt batteritid. Dessutom analyseras om en annan design på prototypen skulle prestera bättre genom att uppskatta strömförbrukningen för en sådan design och därefter beräkna effektförbrukning och batteritid. Prototypens konstruktion bestod av en ultraljudsgivare inklusive styrenhet, en mikrokontroller kallad mDot, ett 9 V-batteri och en strömbrytare. Med mDot:en kunde data sändas till en server via LoRaWAN. De utförda mätningarna och beräkningarna visade att prototypen drar mycket ström. En enhet med tillräcklig prestanda är dock möjlig att konstruera genom att utföra beräkningar i mDot:en istället för i ultraljudsgivarens styrenhet. Detta skulle minska strömförbrukningen vilket förlänger batteritiden. Uppskattningar visade även att batteritiden för en sådan enhet ökar exponentiellt mot tiden i viloläge. Slutsatsen är att batteritiden varierar beroende på hur enheten är designad samt hur länge enheten är i viloläge. Det är dock möjligt att konstruera en enhet utan extern strömförsörjning som har tillräckligt bra prestanda för att åstadkomma smarta parkeringsplatser. / Internet of Things is a term for describing that every imaginable device can communicate with each other. The development in the field is fast and the amount of connected devices increases at an enormous rate. This means that the society becomes more efficient and some part of this is economic as well as environmental benefits. By making parking lots smart, the vacant lots can be located more quickly thus reducing environmental impact and fuel cost. At some parking lots there is no power supply. This report investigates whether or not it is possible to achieve smart parking lots based on a device without external power supply. The investigation is done by constructing a prototype and evaluate its current and power consumption as well as its battery life. Furthermore, an investigation is done to find out if another design can perform better than the prototype. This is done by making assumptions of how another design might look and from that estimate its current consumption and then calculating power consumption and battery life. The prototype constructed existed of an ultrasonic sensor including control unit, a microcontroller called mDot, a 9 V battery and a power switch. The mDot was able to send data to a server via LoRaWAN. The performed measurements and calculations showed that the prototype used to much current. However, a device with sufficient performance is possible to construct by doing the computation in the mDot instead of in the ultrasonic sensors control unit. This would increase the battery life of the device. Estimations showed that the battery life of such a device increases exponentially to the sleep time. The conclusion is that the battery life will vary depending on the design and the sleep time of the device. It is however possible to design a device without external power supply that has sufficiently good performance to enable smart parking lots.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal el desarrollo de nuestro plan de negocio llamado Apark-Car, el cual tiene como visión permitir la identificación de estacionamientos públicos y privados en Lima Metropolitana. A través de este proyecto se buscará resolver el tiempo perdido que hay al buscar estacionamiento, así como el desconocimiento de los distintos conductores acerca de los lugares para estacionarse, las tarifas, así como la cantidad de horas permitidas y las posibles multas que se impongan por cumplir infracciones de estacionamiento. Para la validación de la idea de negocio de Apark-Car, se realizaron diversas entrevistas, tanto a expertos del sector, como a potenciales clientes o usuarios. Obtuvimos resultados de suma importancia para que nuestro equipo de investigación corrija errores. Por otro lado, elaboramos distintos experimentos para determinar la respuesta del público ante las distintas propuestas de valor y poder conocer el cumplimiento de las hipótesis planteadas.Por último, con la finalidad de establecer si nuestra idea de negocio resulta viable dentro del mercado peruano, logramos desarrollar a través de planes financieros,marketing y de desarrollo operacional conocer los distintos elementos y áreas que ayudarán con la sostenibilidad del Apark-Car en el tiempo. Por último, el presente trabajo contará con la proyección de ventas y los respectivos flujos de cajas, donde podremos visualizar a detalle el financiamiento de nuestra idea de negocios y los gastos que se realizarán. / Our present research work has as its main objective the development of our business plan called Apark-Car, which has as its vision to allow the identification of public and private parking lots in Metropolitan Lima. Through this project we will seek to solve the time wasted when looking for parking, as well as the lack of knowledge of the different drivers about the places to park, the rates, as well as the number of hours allowed and the possible fines imposed for parking violations. For the validation of Apark-Car's business idea, several interviews were conducted, both with experts in the sector and with potential customers or users. We obtained very important results for our research team to correct errors. On the other hand, we elaborated different experiments to determine the public's response to the different value propositions and to know the fulfillment of the hypotheses proposed. Finally, with the purpose of establishing if our business idea is viable in the Peruvian market, we were able to develop financial, marketing and operational development plans to know the different elements and areas that will help with the sustainability of Apark-Car in time. Finally, this work will have the sales projection and the respective cash flows, where we can visualize in detail the financing of our business idea and the expenses that will be incurred. / Trabajo de investigación

En los últimos años las motocicletas se han vuelto cada vez más comunes como medio de transporte en la población en Perú, ya sea por ser más ligera, rápida e implicar costos muchos menores que un auto. Sus usuarios aumentan constantemente y con ello también sus necesidades, y es que la moto presenta muchas ventajas, pero también requiere de algunos servicios que no son muy frecuentes de encontrar en Lima. Entre ellos se encuentra la falta de estacionamientos, y es que en el país se percibe la ausencia de lugares específicos en los que estacionar una moto. Por otro lado, a causa de la pandemia los ingresos de muchas personas se han reducido constantemente y en algunos casos están en busca de obtener una fuente de dinero adicional y una opción que contempla es alquilar un espacio de su casa. El siguiente trabajo de investigación se centrará en verificar la viabilidad de desarrollar un aplicativo que conecta y les brinde una solución a ambos segmentos, desarrollaremos experimentos que cuenten con diversos participantes entre ellos expertos para conocer la factibilidad de la idea de negocio y obtener ideas que puedan potenciarla. Además, se elaboraron distintas acciones, estrategias para generar una introducción estable de la idea y proyección tanto de ventas como financiera con la que poder identificar la rentabilidad de la propuesta. / In recent years, motorcycles have become increasingly common as a means of transportation in the population of Peru, either because they are lighter, faster and involve much lower costs than a car. Its users constantly and with it also their needs, and the motorcycle has many advantages, but it also requires some services that are not very frequent to find in Lima. Among them is the lack of parking lots, and it is that in the country the absence of specific places in which to park a motorcycle is perceived. On the other hand, a cause of the pandemic, the income of many people has been constantly reduced and in some cases they are looking for an additional source of money and an option that contemplates renting a space in their house. The following research work will focus on verifying the viability of developing an application that connects and provides a solution to both segments, we will develop experiments that have various participants, including experts to know the feasibility of the business idea and obtain ideas that can empower it. In addition, different actions were developed, strategies to generate a stable introduction of the idea and both sales and financial projection in order to identify the profitability of the proposal. / Trabajo de investigación

No description available.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The traffic problems are of general scope in several cities in the world, especially in central area, usually more congested. This work aims to simulate an operational alternative that provides improved flow of vehicles in the central area. It is proposed the elimination of parking lots regulated rotary (called Blue Zone ) on the streets and main avenues in the downtown area and meeting this need with the implementation of parking garages/lots in buildings and / or underground garages in places near the central area. Identify the best location for such a development strategy includes facility location approach to logistics and optimization of the distance pathway. It can be pointed out urban politics for Land Use and Transportation, urban planning and needs applied to determine strategic locations for new enterprises considering the logistics. Some strategies of traffic management adopted in Brazil, United States and Europe are generally discussed with their benefits and limitations. The strategic locations were selected considering Clustering and Facility Location approaches using software TransCAD. Reduction of blue zones allows increasing the capacity of lane and therefore, improving the performance in central area. This benefit can be measured through the simulation, using Traffic Software Integrated System, taking into account Traffic Engineering. That is the case of downtown in Uberlandia. Comparing the proposed and real scenario it could be reduced delay and waiting time, fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The results pointed the better scenario of the central area and also showed it is important to review the land use/transportation. It is necessary to adopt integrated politics to improve the performance of the routes due the increased flow vehicles and traffic problems. The relocation of parking lots is a current alternative which improves the vehicles flow and the mobility in downtown. / Os problemas no trânsito são de amplitude geral em diversas cidades mundiais, principalmente na área central, normalmente, mais congestionada. Este trabalho pretende simular uma alternativa operacional que proporcione melhoria do fluxo de veículos na área central. Para isso, propõe-se a retirada dos estacionamentos regulamentados rotativos (Zona Azul) nas ruas e avenidas principais da área de estudo e o atendimento desta necessidade com a implantação de bolsões de estacionamentos em edifícios garagens e/ou garagens subterrâneas em locais próximos a área central. Identificar o melhor local para um empreendimento desta natureza engloba estratégias de localização de instalações com abordagem em logística e de otimização da distância de caminhamento. Destaca-se a importância das políticas urbanas, como o planejamento urbano e a legislação de uso e ocupação do solo. Algumas estratégias de gerenciamento de tráfego adotadas no Brasil, Estados Unidos e países da Europa são abordados juntamente com seus benefícios e limitações. Os locais estratégicos para estacionamento foram selecionados com base nos procedimentos de Clustering e Facility Location do software TransCAD. Com a retirada das vagas dos estacionamentos rotativos ao longo do meio-fio, obtém-se um aumento na capacidade das vias, devido ao maior número de faixas de tráfego e, portanto, melhor desempenho operacional nas vias da área central. Este benefício é mensurado com abordagem em técnicas de engenharia de tráfego através da simulação no Traffic Software Integrated System (TSIS), adotando o caso típico da área central da cidade de Uberlândia. Analisando-se os dois cenários (cenário real e cenário proposto), percebeu-se uma redução do tempo de espera e atraso, aumento da velocidade média, redução do consumo de combustível dos veículos e das emissões de gases poluentes (HC, CO e NO). Os resultados indicaram melhoria do fluxo de veículos e maior aproveitamento do espaço viário na área central. Este trabalho mostrou ainda, que é importante rever a legislação de uso e ocupação do solo, adotando políticas integradas de transporte para melhorar as condições operacionais das vias. A realocação dos estacionamentos é uma alternativa eficaz e imediata, que melhora o fluxo de veículos e a mobilidade na região central da cidade, deslocando a demanda por vagas para locais isolados fora da área densa. / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

The subject of this diploma thesis is the design of a multifunctional building, which consists of parking lots, store section, office as well as dwelling units. Multifunctional building has four above-ground floors, full basement and a flat roof. During processing, emphasis was placed on layout solutions to be designed according to legislation and standards. In the basement there are parking lots, the ground flood is used as a store section, the first floor consists of office units designed for start-up companies. The third and fourth floor consists dwelling units from one-bedroom to three-bedroom apartments. The building has a concrete frame structure combined with a masonry system from Porotherm ceramic pieces. Horizontal load bearing system is designed of two way reinforced concrete slabs. Walls bellow the ground level are made from core-filled reinforced concrete blocks. The building is supported by the spread footing concrete system. Multifunctional building is situated in flat terrain in the city of Brumov-Bylnice.