In contradistinction with road transport exhaust particulate matter (PM) emission, non-exhaust PM emission has not decreased substantially in recent years. One source of non-exhaust PM emission is studded tyre-pavement contact. A-state-of-the-art experimental machines must be developed and improved in order to make a contribution to decrease of non-exhaust PM emission consequently improving human health. This thesis carried out at the department of Machine Design at KTH Royal Institute of Technology deals with redesign of the tribometer available at the department premises to mount and test scaled down studded tyre-pavement PM generation. Three concepts of redesigned tribometer were generated and evaluated against each other, out of which one was selected to be designed in detail, manufactured, assembled and tested. Final concept validation was conduction of an experiment with studded and plain tyres running on a granite sample. PM10 and PM0.5 results were collected and analysed and final redesign of the tribometer was assessed. / I motsats till utsläpp av partiklar från vägtransporter har utsläpp av partiklar från andra källor än avgaser inte minskat avsevärt under de senaste åren. En källa till utsläpp av partiklar utöver avgaser är kontakten mellan dubbdäck och vägbana. Det är nödvändigt att utveckla och förbättra de senaste laborationsmaskinerna för att kunna bidra till att minska icke avgasrelaterade utsläpp och därmed människors hälsa. Denna avhandling, som utförts vid avdelningen för maskinkonstruktion vid KTH (Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan), handlar om att omkonstruera den tribometer som finns tillgänglig vid institutionen för att kunna montera och testa en nedskalad produktion av partiklar från däck och beläggning med dubbdäck. Tre koncept för en omkonstruerad tribometer skapades och utvärderades mot varandra, varav en valdes ut för att konstrueras i detalj, tillverkas, monteras och testas. Den slutliga valideringen av konceptet bestod av att genomföra ett experiment med dubbade och vanliga däck som kördes på ett granitprov. PM10- och PM0.5-resultaten samlades in och analyserades, varpå den slutliga omkonstruktionen av tribometern utvärderades.

Particulate emissions from road transportation are known to have an adverse impact on human health as well the environment. As the effects become more palpable, stricter legislation have been proposed by regulating bodies. This puts forward a challenge for the automotive industry to develop after treatment technologies to fulfil the progressively stricter legislation. At present, the most common after-treatment technologies used for particulates are the diesel and gasoline particulate filters. The typical size distribution of the particles is such that the smallest particles in terms of size are in numbers the largest, although they are not influencing the total particle mass significantly. The most recent legislation have included restrictions on the particle number as well as particle mass. In this thesis numerical tools for studying the transport and interaction of particles in an exhaust flow are evaluated. The specific application is particle agglomeration as a mean to reduce the number of particles and manipulate the size distribution. As particles agglomerate the particle number distribution is shifted and larger sized agglomerates of particles are created reducing the number of ultra-fine particles. The particle agglomeration is obtained by forcing sudden acceleration and deceleration of the host gas carrying the particles by variations in the cross sectional areas of the geometry it is passing through. Initially, a simplified one dimensional model is utilized to assess the governing parameters of particle grouping. Grouping here means that the particles form and are transported in groups, thus increasing the probability for agglomeration. The lessons learned from the 1D-model are also used to design the three dimensional geometry: an axisymmetric corrugated pipe. Two different geometries are studied, they both have the same main pipe diameter but different diameter on the corrugations. The purpose is to find the potential onset of flow instabilities and the influence of 3D-effects such as recirculation on the agglomeration. The CFD simulations are performed using DES methodology. First the simulations are run without particles in a non pulsatile flow scenario. Later particles are added to the setup in a one way coupled approach (no particle-particle interaction). The main results were: 1) An additional criterion for grouping to the ones given in previous work on the 1D model is proposed. It is found that grouping is more likely if the combination of the pulse frequency and geometric wavelength is large. Furthermore, smooth pulse forms (modelling the modulation in the flow due to the geometry) yielded more grouping than other more abrupt pulse shapes. However, idealised inlet pulses underestimate the extent of grouping compared to actual engine pulses. 2) For the geometry with larger maximum cross sectional area stronger flow separation was observed along with higher turbulent kinetic energy. 3) Particles were added in the flow field and a reduction in the particle count was observed in the initial simulations for particles going from the first corrugated segment to the last. Natural extensions of the present work would be to consider pulsatile flow scenarios, particle-particle interaction and a polydisperse setup for the particles / <p>QC 20181008</p>

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23493号 / 工博第4905号 / 新制||工||1766(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 高野 裕久, 教授 米田 稔, 准教授 上田 佳代 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

We investigated the hypothesis that exposure to inhaled diesel exhaust PM can alter the gut microbiome and intestinal integrity, thereby promoting systemic inflammatory response and early CVD risk, which are exacerbated by HF diet. Furthermore, we investigated whether the observed exposure and diet-mediated outcomes could be mitigated through probiotic treatment. We performed an exposure study on C57Bl/6 male mice, placed on either a low fat (LF) diet or a high-fat (HF) diet, and exposed via oropharyngeal aspiration to 35 μg diesel exhaust particles (DEP) suspended in 35 μl of sterile saline or sterile saline controls (CON) twice a week for four weeks. A subset of mice on HF diet were dosed with 0.3 g/day (PRO, ~7.5x108 CFU/day) of probiotic Ecologic® Barrier 849 (Winclove Probiotics) in drinking water during the course of the study. For our first aim, we investigated the alterations in the gut microbiome, measured circulating cytokines and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and measured CVD biomarkers in the heart. Our results revealed that exposure to inhaled DEP results in gut dysbiosis characterized by expansion of the phyla Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria and reduction in Actinobacteria, which was exacerbated by HF diet. Probiotics mitigated the DEP-mediated expansion of Proteobacteria and re-established Actinobacteria in the intestine of HF animals. Furthermore, we determined that exposure to inhaled DEP increases systemic LPS and inflammatory markers IL-1α, IL-3, G-CSF, and TNF-α. Furthermore, we found that inhaled DEP exposure results in increased CVD biomarkers sICAM-1, sP-selectin, and thrombomodulin in the heart. Probiotic treatment was effective in attenuating LPS, inflammatory responses, and CVD biomarkers in HF animals, validating the involvement of the microbiome in mediating inhaled DEP-mediated responses. Considering the effects we observed in the microbiota and systemically of the HF and probiotic treatment animals, we investigated the effects of inhaled DEP on intestinal integrity and inflammation in HF ± PRO animals. Our results showed that inhaled DEP in conjunction with HF diet promotes increased goblet cell and mucin 2 expression, tight junction (TJ) proteins (claudin-3, occludin, and zonula occludens (ZO)-1) expression, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, and decreased TNF-α and IL-10. Moreover, we found that probiotics promoted intestinal immune response following inhaled DEP exposure characterized by an increase in TNF-α and IL-10 and showed variable expression of TJs in the intestine. In conclusion, we found that inhaled DEP exposure results in changes in gut microbial profiles, altered intestinal integrity, systemic inflammation, and increased CVD biomarkers, which are exacerbated by HF diet. The use of probiotics in this study proved to be pivotal in understanding the microbiome's influences on the regulation of intestinal integrity, intestinal inflammation, systemic inflammation, and cardiovascular system following inhaled DEP exposure with HF diet.

La contaminación atmosférica originada por la producción animal intensiva afecta al medio ambiente global, a la salud de las personas y al bienestar de los animales de la propia granja. Se trata de una problemática de creciente interés en países en los que, como en el caso de España, se ha investigado poco hasta el momento. Esta tesis doctoral se centra en la medición experimental de concentraciones y emisiones de gases (amoniaco, metano, óxido nitroso y dióxido de carbono) y partículas (PM10) en granjas de pollos de cebo y de conejos, principalmente en clima mediterráneo, analizando los factores que afectan a dichas emisiones. Para ello, la tesis se compone de cinco trabajos de investigación diferenciados, aunque estrechamente relacionados entre sí. En primer lugar, se estudia en detalle la metodología empleada para medir las emisiones, basado en un balance en el que las variables son la concentración de gases y el flujo de ventilación; por otra parte, se desarrolla un procedimiento para el análisis de la incertidumbre cuyo objetivo es obtener indicadores de la calidad de los resultados. En segundo lugar, se aborda la medición del flujo de ventilación en granjas comerciales mediante el desarrollo de un circuito para la adquisición de información sobre el funcionamiento de los ventiladores. Posteriormente, y en aplicación de los dos anteriores estudios, se determinan las emisiones de gases en dos granjas comerciales de conejos y una de pollos en el litoral mediterráneo español, obteniendo resultados muy útiles para la mejora del inventario nacional de emisiones. Finalmente, se ha cuantificado la influencia de la actividad de los pollos de engorde en las emisiones de partículas y de gases, y se ha evaluado la aplicabilidad de un método para la determinación indirecta de la ventilación basado en el balance de dióxido de carbono. Los resultados obtenidos en estos experimentos y en los correspondientes análisis contribuyen al conocimiento general acerca de las emisiones / Calvet Sanz, S. (2008). Experimental studies on gas and dust emissions to the atmosphere in rabbit and broiler buildings [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8304

[pt] As emissões de combustíveis fósseis derivados do petróleo têm um impacto significativo no meio ambiente, nas mudanças climáticas, na poluição do ar e outros. Por isso, existe um grande interesse por fontes alternativas de energia, principalmente aquelas que podem reduzir as emissões de poluentes atmosféricos. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os perfis das concentrações de poluentes regulamentados (material particulado e CO2) e não regulamentados (benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno, xilenos, HPA, hidrocarbonetos alifáticos, aldeídos e metais) originados da queima de diferentes combustíveis em um motor estacionário do ciclo diesel e verificar os possíveis efeitos toxicológicos utilizando células epiteliais brônquica. Os combustíveis utilizados foram: mistura binária diesel com 5 por cento de biodiesel (B5), biodiesel de soja (B100), biodiesel de soja aditivado (B100 adt) e etanol aditivado. Para obter uma maior confiabilidade dos resultados realizou-se a verificação do método para a determinação de monoaromáticos e aldeídos por meio de cromatografia gasosa com detector de ionização de chama (CG-DIC) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), respectivamente. O MP foi determinado por gravimetria, Os HPA associados ao MP foram determinados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa (CG-EM), hidrocarbonetos alifáticos (HA) por CG-DIC e metais foram analisados por espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS). Os perfis das concentrações foram avaliados considerando: o tempo de queima de combustível (15, 30 e 60 min) e, o tempo de armazenamento (7, 14 e 21 dias) a 40 graus Celsius, para avaliar os processos oxidativos que podem ocorrer durante o armazenamento, especialmente no caso do biodiesel. A operação do motor quando ele ainda está frio, por exemplo, em 15 minutos, apresentou maior emissão de MP, benzeno e etilbenzeno para o biodiesel de soja (B100) em comparação com a mistura de diesel com 5 por cento de biodiesel (B5). O estudo dos perfis das concentrações dos compostos mono aromáticos, hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA) mostraram resultados semelhantes aos descritos na literatura, em que o combustível B5 emiti mais poluentes do que o biodiesel. No entanto, comparando alguns poluentes individualmente, as emissões de benzeno e etilbenzeno foram maiores para B100 e B100 adt. O B5 apresentou o maior perfil de concentração para a soma HPA na fase gasosa do que na forma particulada em períodos de funcionamento do motor mais longos. O tempo de armazenamento reduziu as emissões de MP em 40 por cento para B100, 20 por cento para B100 adt e 3 por cento para B5. Em relação à concentração de compostos aromáticos, a redução foi de aproximadamente 60 por cento desses poluentes para B100 e B100 adt. A menor emissão de poluentes foi durante a queima do etanol aditivado. / [en] The emissions of fossil fuels derived from oil have a significant impact on the environment, climate change, air pollution, and others. Therefore, there is great interest in alternative energy sources, especially those that can reduce emissions of air pollutants. The aim of this study was the evaluation of concentration profiles of criteria pollutants, particulate matter (PM) and CO2 and unregulated pollutants (i.e., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), aliphatic hydrocarbons, aldehyde and metals) originated from burning of different fuels: The evaluated fuels were the binary mixture of fossil diesel with 5 percent biodiesel (B5), biodiesel soybean (B100), additivated biodiesel soybean (B100 adt) and additivated ethanol using a stationary diesel engine cycle, operating at the speed of 1800 rpm and 0 percent load. For a larger reliability of results, the method validation for determination the monoaromatic and aldehydes by gas chromatography flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. PM mass was determinate by gravimetry, PAH associated to the PM were determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), aliphatic hydrocarbons were determined by GC-FID, and metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentration profiles were evaluated considering: 1) burning time (15, 30, and 60 minutes) and; 2) storage time (7, 14, and 21 days) at 40 Celsius Degrees to evaluate the oxidative processes that occur during storage, especially for biodiesel. When it is still cold (i.e., 15 minutes), the operation of the engine showed negative effect on particulate matter (PM), benzene, and ethylbenzene emissions for B100 compared to B5. In this study, the concentration profiles of the monoaromatic, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and PAH showed similar results to those reported in the literature, where B5 fuel emits more pollutants than pure biodiesel. However, comparing some pollutants individually, the benzene and ethylbenzene emissions were higher for B100 and B100 adt. For long engine operation periods, B5 showed the highest concentration profile for the PAH sum in the gaseous in comparison to PAH sum in the particulate phase. The storage time reduced the PM emissions in 40 percent (B100), 20 percent (B100 adt), and 3 percent (B5). Regarding the concentration of aromatics, the reduction was circa 60 percent for B100 and B100 adt. The lowest emission of pollutants was observed for additived ethanol burning.