Simuladores de tráfego são ferramentas importantes para planejamento e operação do tráfego, pois permitem avaliar cenários de maneira segura e com baixo custo. Porém, a configuração original desses programas é ajustada para replicar as condições do tráfego observado no país de origem do simulador. Em rodovias, o modelo de desempenho de caminhões tem grande influência no comportamento da corrente de tráfego. No Vissim, todavia, esse modelo simula veículos com melhor desempenho, se comparados aos caminhões brasileiros. Apresenta-se neste trabalho a calibração das funções de aceleração para caminhões do Vissim, utilizando a diferença entre perfis de velocidade simulados e reais como medidas de ajuste. Os perfis de velocidade foram criados a partir de dados de GPS para caminhões que trafegaram ao longo de uma rodovia de pista dupla em relevo ondulado, sob baixo fluxo de tráfego. O ruído na velocidade presente nesses dados foi atenuado por meio de um filtro gaussiano. Determinou-se então o perfil longitudinal da rodovia através dos pontos coletados pelo GPS, de modo a ser possível comparar as velocidades reais e simuladas em pontos preestabelecidos ao longo do trecho. A calibração foi automatizada por meio de um algoritmo genético. Todas as replicações da calibração resultaram em configurações para as funções de aceleração capazes de gerar perfis de velocidade simulados mais próximos dos reais se comparadas à configuração original do simulador. Por fim, um estudo de caso foi usado para demonstrar a necessidade de recalibração do simulador, através da avaliação do impacto causado pela calibração do simulador nos equivalentes veiculares obtidos com dados simulados. / Traffic simulators are important tools for traffic planning and operation, as they can be used to perform safe, low-cost scenario evaluation. However, these software\'s default configuration is adjusted to replicate the traffic conditions found in the simulators\' country of origin. The truck performance model heavily impacts traffic behavior in simulations of freeway segments. The default values for Vissim\'s performance model are adjusted for trucks with lower mass/power ratios than typical Brazillian trucks. The objective of the research reported here was to recalibrate Vissim\'s truck acceleration functions using the difference between real and simulated truck speed profiles as goodness-of-fit measures. The speed profiles were created using GPS data obtained from trucks travelling over a four-lane freeway situated on rolling terrain, under low traffic flow. Speed noise was removed from GPS data using a Gaussian filter. The longitudinal profile of the freeway was determined using GPS data, to allow for the comparison of observed and simulated speeds at fixed points along the segment. The calibration procedure was automated and based on a genetic algorithm. Every calibration run provided a configuration for the acceleration functions that reduced the difference between simulated and real speed profiles, if compared to the simulator\'s default configuration. The effects of the truck performance model recalibration were demonstrated by means of a case study focusing on the estimation of passenger-car equivalents for Brazilian trucks travelling on freeways.

Simuladores de tráfego são ferramentas importantes para planejamento e operação do tráfego, pois permitem avaliar cenários de maneira segura e com baixo custo. Porém, a configuração original desses programas é ajustada para replicar as condições do tráfego observado no país de origem do simulador. Em rodovias, o modelo de desempenho de caminhões tem grande influência no comportamento da corrente de tráfego. No Vissim, todavia, esse modelo simula veículos com melhor desempenho, se comparados aos caminhões brasileiros. Apresenta-se neste trabalho a calibração das funções de aceleração para caminhões do Vissim, utilizando a diferença entre perfis de velocidade simulados e reais como medidas de ajuste. Os perfis de velocidade foram criados a partir de dados de GPS para caminhões que trafegaram ao longo de uma rodovia de pista dupla em relevo ondulado, sob baixo fluxo de tráfego. O ruído na velocidade presente nesses dados foi atenuado por meio de um filtro gaussiano. Determinou-se então o perfil longitudinal da rodovia através dos pontos coletados pelo GPS, de modo a ser possível comparar as velocidades reais e simuladas em pontos preestabelecidos ao longo do trecho. A calibração foi automatizada por meio de um algoritmo genético. Todas as replicações da calibração resultaram em configurações para as funções de aceleração capazes de gerar perfis de velocidade simulados mais próximos dos reais se comparadas à configuração original do simulador. Por fim, um estudo de caso foi usado para demonstrar a necessidade de recalibração do simulador, através da avaliação do impacto causado pela calibração do simulador nos equivalentes veiculares obtidos com dados simulados. / Traffic simulators are important tools for traffic planning and operation, as they can be used to perform safe, low-cost scenario evaluation. However, these software\'s default configuration is adjusted to replicate the traffic conditions found in the simulators\' country of origin. The truck performance model heavily impacts traffic behavior in simulations of freeway segments. The default values for Vissim\'s performance model are adjusted for trucks with lower mass/power ratios than typical Brazillian trucks. The objective of the research reported here was to recalibrate Vissim\'s truck acceleration functions using the difference between real and simulated truck speed profiles as goodness-of-fit measures. The speed profiles were created using GPS data obtained from trucks travelling over a four-lane freeway situated on rolling terrain, under low traffic flow. Speed noise was removed from GPS data using a Gaussian filter. The longitudinal profile of the freeway was determined using GPS data, to allow for the comparison of observed and simulated speeds at fixed points along the segment. The calibration procedure was automated and based on a genetic algorithm. Every calibration run provided a configuration for the acceleration functions that reduced the difference between simulated and real speed profiles, if compared to the simulator\'s default configuration. The effects of the truck performance model recalibration were demonstrated by means of a case study focusing on the estimation of passenger-car equivalents for Brazilian trucks travelling on freeways.

The main goal of this diploma thesis paper is the comparison of different forms of financing the purchase of passenger cars. The first part describes four main ways of financing used most frequently - financial and operating leases, credit/loans and cash financing from company's own cash resources. One part of the paper deals with tax and legislative changes influencing financing of passenger cars and their development in the past years. The final part of the paper compares financial leasing and credit products by two methods: the net advantage of leasing and the method of discounted costs.

Det svenska transportsystemet är i dagsläget till stor del fossilberoende och efterfrågan på transporter förväntas öka det närmaste decennierna. En ökad efterfrågan på transporter genererar i sin tur ökade utsläpp, vilket medför negativa effekter på människors hälsa men även på miljön. För att nå uppsatta klimatmål måste trenden om ständigt ökade trafikvolymer brytas. Samhällsplanering och beteendeförändringar av det mer kraftfulla slaget är nödvändigt för att kunna skapa ett hållbart transportsystem. All utbyggnad av transportinfrastrukturen innebär långsiktiga konsekvenser, dels på grund av den omfattande påverkan det har på städers och regioners struktur men också för att de leder till ett ökat bilresande och därmed större klimatpåverkan. Drivkraften för externa handelsetableringar är stark, och det finns fortfarande många förespråkare som menar att dessa etableringar behövs för att utöka kommuners konkurrenskraft. När externa handelsområden och köpcentrum etableras ökar det totala trafikarbetet med personbil, vilket har en direkt proportionell ökning av koldioxidutsläpp. I Sverige finns inga politiska krav på hur planering av externa och halvexterna handelsetableringar ska utformas, och kommunerna är inte heller skyldiga att upprätta några policys kring dessa etableringar. Detta examensarbete har genom kvalitativa intervjuer med nyckelpersoner i Gävleborgs län undersökt vilka drivkrafter och attityder som finns hos kommunerna vad gäller utveckling och planering av externa och halvexterna handelsetableringar. Ämnet har analyserats utifrån perspektiven tillgänglighet och hållbar utveckling, med stöd från det regionala hållbarhetsmålet om en fossilfri fordonsflotta år 2030, samt den svenska klimatlagen. Det som framkommit under intervjuerna är att det inte finns någon direkt drivkraft hos kommunerna att etablera nya externa handelsområden, men att det finns en vilja att fortsätta utveckla de redan existerande handelsområdena då dessa är viktiga för den lokala tillväxten. I Gävleborgs län prioriteras personbilen och är det vanligaste transportmedlet till länets externa och halvexterna handelsområden. Kommunerna arbetar med att förbättra tillgängligheten med kollektivtrafik, cykel och gång, men trots detta finns uppenbara brister och en medvetenhet om svårigheterna att få hållbara resemedel att bli de dominerande transportsätten till dessa områden. Mer kraftfulla metoder och åtgärder inom samhällsplanering och beteendeförändringar är nödvändigt för att kunna skapa ett hållbart transportsystem. Det kan uppnås genom att kombinera olika styrmedel och att förbättra samverkan inom såväl kommunerna som regionen i helhet. / The current Swedish transportation system is depending on fossil fuels and the demand for transportation is expected to increase in the coming decades. This will lead to increased emissions of greenhouse gases and other airborne pollutants, which have negative impacts both on human health and the environment. In order to achieve the national climate targets, the trend of constantly increasing traffic volumes must be slowed down. In order to create a sustainable transport system, radical changes in both community planning and behavioral changes are going to be necessary. All expansion of the transport infrastructure has long- term consequences, partly because of its extensive impact on the structure of cities and regions, but also because they can cause increased car travel and generate greater climate impacts. External trade agreements and the strive towards economic growth has a strong influence on traffic planning in the Swedish municipalities. When suburban retail districts and shopping centers are established, the total amount car traffic increases, which leads to increased carbon dioxide emissions. In Sweden, there are no political rules or guidelines on how external trade establishments should be planned, nor are the municipalities obliged to establish any such policies. Through a series of qualitative interviews with people in position of policy making in Gävleborg County, the present thesis investigated the driving forces and attitudes that exist in the municipalities regarding the development and planning of external establishments. The topic has been analyzed from the perspective of accessibility and sustainable development, supported by the regional sustainability goal of a fossil-free vehicle fleet in 2030, and the Swedish climate law. What emerged during the interviews is that there is no direct impetus for the municipalities to establish new external trade areas, but that there is a willingness to continue to develop the already existing ones, as they are deemed important for local growth. In the regional traffic planning, the passenger car is given priority, since it is the most commonly used means of transportation to and from the county’s suburban shopping districts. The municipalities are working to improve accessibility by public transport, bicycle and walking, but there is an awareness of the difficulties in making sustainable forms of travel the dominant transportation to these areas. More powerful methods and measures in community planning and behavior change are necessary to create a sustainable transport system. This can be achieved by combining different instruments and improving collaboration within both the municipalities and the region.

Multi-combination vehicles (MCVs) in urban areas impact on productivity, safety, infrastructure, congestion and the environment. However, psychological effects of MCVs on other drivers may also influence the positioning of vehicles and congestion. A literature review revealed little information on the psychological effects of heavy vehicles on other road users. This research can be used to quantify some psychological impacts of MCVs. A testing program was undertaken on the Gateway Motorway to observe passenger car behaviour around MCVs in a lateral and longitudinal sense. Video footage was collected on a four lane divided urban motorway section which was level, straight and away from any off/on ramps. It experiences high traffic volumes with a one-way AADT of approximately 33,500. The route is currently designated for B-doubles, which is the most common MCV in urban areas. In a lateral sense, the research showed that passenger car behaviour changes around heavy vehicles (prime mover semi-trailer combination and B-doubles); however, there is no statistical difference in passenger car behaviour around semi-trailers and B-doubles. Longitudinally it was found that, even though passenger cars shy away from B-doubles more than semi-trailers, B-doubles are still more efficient in a spatial sense since they carry more freight. The outcomes of this research indicate that there is no further psychological impact on passenger cars, when travelling around B-doubles compared with semi-trailers. Where the results identified longitudinal behaviour changes, it was still concluded that B-doubles were more efficient at transporting freight when the passenger car equivalent (PCE) per tonne of freight was considered. Tracking ability testing was undertaken in a rural area to determine the lateral spatial requirements of three different MCVs. The rural testing was considered appropriate since parts of the urban network have similar characteristics to rural networks. A model was developed as a part of this project to process the data collected by Haldane (2002), but results could not be relied upon due to poor quality data.

Tato diplomová práce obsahuje komplexní návrh systému aktivního řízení proudu instalovaného na osobním voze Škoda Roomster. Tato práce navazuje na výzkum provedený VUT a TUB na vozidle Volkswagen UP! Návrh lze rozdělit na tři základní části - návrh spoileru, návrh závěsů a návrh vyfukovacího systému. V každé z těchto částí je návrh detailně popsán a potřebná výkresová dokumentace je součástí práce v její příloze. Pro potřeby návrhu vyfukovacího systému bylo provedeno jeho testování. Výsledky testu jsou v této části uvedeny. Práce také obsahuje komplexní popis sestavení celého systému a jeho instalace na automobil.

This diploma thesis deals with the design of several variants of test rig for tests of axial ball joints of passenger cars. The individual design variants are evaluated based on the evaluation matrix and then the best option is selected. Selected proposal includes a complete design including 3D models and strength analyses that focus on the most stressed construction nodes. These design nodes are solved using the finite element method. Hydraulics and hydraulic elements are equipped by the existing equipment from a test lab. At the end of this thesis is solved risk analysis of the new construction and its economic evaluation.

The aim of this these was devise a automatic system applications, monitoring entering of motors vechitles with in automaric collection of trafic data. Automatic system allows identify of mooving vechitlses in slow speed and searching of the area registration number. Theoretical analysis of possible kind solving problems detection moving vechitles and their localization. From possible solutions was selected solution by camera systems. Was take a pictures of vechitles, whitch is as true of the real scene. On the pictures was testing of algorithm for detecting of area registraction number of vechitles. Designed system is possible to use for automatic monitoring mooving entering vechitles.

The subject of this thesis is the analysis of the negative effects associated with the operation of a trailer for a personal vehicle with respect to the design speed, technical checks and analysis related legislation. Its work is drawn from the measurement, cooperation with leading Czech production plant trailers Vezeko s.r.o., an organization engaged in the implementation of engineering controls DEKRA Automobil a.s. and available literature, including electronic resources. Results of the work end with proposals for specific measures to minimize the identified adverse effects.

In this thesis, an effect of a tyre defect on the driving dynamics of a vehicle is dealt with. The first part of the thesis is mainly concerned with the vehicle dynamics, road resistance, adhesion, orientation characteristics of the tyres and slowing down. This chapter is followed by an overview of the manufacturing process and construction of modern passenger car tyres. The practical part is focused on driving tests that are used to demonstrate the influence of tyre defects on handling characteristics of the vehicle. The main focus of this thesis is on directional variation, braking distance, deceleration and lateral acceleration. The very end of the thesis concentrates on tyre defect in higher speeds and its after-effects as well as precautions for mitigation of these after-effects.