Turkey is on the main migratory route for many bird species although especially passerine migration is little known. The objective of this study is to document and analyze the diversity, abundances, daily and seasonal phenologies of migrating passerines at METU as well as compare seasonal phenologies with those obtained at Manyas KuScenneti(Balikesir) and Cernek(Samsun) stations. The study covers autumn 2001, spring and autumn 2002 migration seasons. Methodology is based on the capture and ringing of passerines. In the first two seasons, intermittent sampling was the rule, but in autumn 2002 the study was continuous throughout the day and the season. Totally 1,832 individuals of 60 passerine species were ringed. Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) and Willow Warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus) were the two most common species. Blackcap dominates species composition in autumn seasons with a very high percentage (%33). Daily captures peaked in the early morning and with a smaller peak one hour before the sunset. Several waves of migrants were detected in autumn 2002, with most peaks in close correlation with those recorded at Cernek station, indicating some connection between migrant populations using both sites for stopover. Fat depositon rates showed at least Yalincak is a high quality stopover site for most migrant species since many species gained weight up to around 50% within a period of 10 days. This is the first study documenting passerine migration in Turkey, and it revealed that small wooded landscapes within less hospitable habitats provide crucial stopover habitat for many migrant passerines.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Atualmente muitas espécies nativas de pássaros são consideradas raras no Brasil, pois são capturadas de forma indiscriminada por traficantes de animais e são então comercializadas, fazendo com que sejam encontradas cada vez mais em menor quantidade em seus habitats naturais. Animais confiscados do tráfico têm sido submetidos a programas de soltura ou relocação, atentando-se para que os mesmos não representem risco à população nativa. Passeriformes silvestres, saudáveis ou doentes, podem carrear uma grande diversidade de microorganismos e, portanto, o conhecimento sobre o status sanitário de animais apreendidos do tráfico que serão submetidos a programas de soltura, permite uma avaliação quanto à possibilidade destes animais atuarem como portadores de agentes patogênicos bem como atua como elemento esclarecedor da epidemiologia de doenças transmissíveis, aspecto fundamental para a preservação da saúde animal e também humana. O presente estudo procurou avaliar a ocorrência e frequência de bactérias aeróbias e anaeróbias facultativas bem como de fungos em suabes obtidos de cloacas de passeriformes silvestres apreendidos do tráfico e que serão submetidos a programas de soltura. Foram realizados testes de suscetibilidade in vitro dos isolados de E. coli frente a diferentes antimicrobianos utilizando-se o método de disco difusão, bem como a pesquisa de diversos genes codificadores de fatores de virulência nos mesmos através reação em cadeia da polimerase. A maior parte dos passeriformes (62,5%) avaliados apresentou uma microbiota cloacal constituída por bactérias aeróbias e/ou anaeróbias facultativas e/ou fungos, sendo que os microorganismos mais frequentemente isolados foram Staphylococcus spp. (15,0%), Micrococcus spp. (11,5%), Escherichia coli (10,7%) e Klebsiella spp. (10,7%). Observou-se uma maior ocorrência de bactérias Gram positivas seguidas por bactérias Gram negativas e fungos. A frequência de bactérias Gram negativas (28,4% do total de amostras coletadas) foi bastante representativa. Foram isolados 14 gêneros de bactérias, 03 gêneros de leveduras e 04 de fungos filamentosos. As 27 estirpes de E.coli isoladas apresentaram multirresistência aos antimicrobianos, sendo que ampiclina e amoxicilina+ácido clavulânico foram os antimicrobianos frente os quais observou-se maior índice de resistência (100%) por parte dos isolados, enquanto que cloranfenicol foi o antimicrobiano frente o qual observou-se maior índice de sensibilidade (100%). Somente um dos isolados de E.coli foi positivo para presença do gene codificador de fímbria S (sfa), podendo ser compatível com perfil de E. coli patogênica aviária (APEC) ou E. coli uropatogênica (UPEC). Nenhum dos isolados apresentou características condizentes com E.coli enteropatogênica (EPEC). Considerando-se a reduzida ocorrência dos genes codificadores de fatores de virulência estudados pode-se concluir que os passeriformes apreendidos do tráfico representam baixo risco potencial no tocante à transmissão de estirpes de EPECs, APECs e UPECs para outros animais ou mesmo para o ser humano. Por outro lado deve-se considerar o risco potencial de transmissão intra ou interespécies de E. coli multirresistentes aos antimicrobianos bem como a introdução destes micro-organismos no ambiente. Os riscos de disseminação de Salmonella spp., Cryptococcus spp e Candida spp. são pouco prováveis quando considerados programas de soltura. / Currently, many native bird species are considered rare in Brazil, once they are indiscriminately captured by animal traffickers and then are sold, which makes them increasingly found in smaller quantities in their natural habitats. Confiscated animals have been submitted to relocation programs attempting to ensure that they do not pose a risk to the native population. Wild passerines, healthy or sick, may carry a wide variety of microorganisms and therefore, knowledge on health status of confiscated animals which will be relocated, allows an assessment as to whether these animals act as carriers of pathogens to native populations as well as clarifies the epidemiology of diseases, which is fundamental to the preservation of animal and human health. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and frequency of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria and fungi in cloacal swabs of wild confiscated passerines which will be submitted to relocation programs. In vitro susceptibility testing of E. coli strains to differet antimicrobials as well as an investigation of the presence of virulence genes in these isolates using the polymerase chain reaction were performed. Most of the animals investigated (62.5%) presented a cloacal microbiota composed by aerobic and/or facultative anaerobic bacteria and/or fungi. The microorganisms most frequently isolated were: Staphylococcus spp. (15.0%), Micrococcus spp. (11.5%), Escherichia coli (10.7%) and Klebsiella spp. (10.7%). The frequencies of isolations of Gram positives bacteria were higher (P <0.05) than those of Gram negatives and also higher (P <0.05) than fungi. The frequencies of isolations of Gram negatives bacteria (28.4% from the total of samples) were very representative. Fourteen genera of bacteria, 03 genera of yeasts and 04 of filamentous fungi were isolated. The occurrence of multidrug resistance was observed for 100% of the E. coli isolates. All ,E. coli strains were resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid and were sensitive to chloramphenicol. One E.coli isolate was positive for the presence of the gene encoding S fimbriae (sfa), may be a strain profile compatible with UPEC or APEC. None of the E. coli isolates resembled EPEC. Considering the reduced occurrence of genes encoding virulence factors it was concluded that confiscated passerines represent low potential risk regarding the transmission of EPECs, APECs or UPECs strains to other animals or even humans. Furthermore, the potential risk of intra or interspecies transmission of E. coli multiresistant to antimicrobials must be considered as well as the introduction of these micro-organisms in the environment. The risks regarding dissemination of Salmonella spp., Cryptococcus spp and Candida spp. are unlikely when relocation programs are considered.

No description available.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2018-08-23T18:54:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Mariana de Souza Oliveira.pdf: 2345749 bytes, checksum: 613f695368567431340caa1eae7f5872 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T18:54:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Mariana de Souza Oliveira.pdf: 2345749 bytes, checksum: 613f695368567431340caa1eae7f5872 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Brazil is one of the 5 most megadiverse countries in the world, presenting 14% of all the biodiversity known worldwide. Brazil also has a greater tropical vegetation covering the world, presenting a high number of endemic species, becoming one of the most important countries in the world for investments in bird conservation. The district of Cacaria, in the municipality of Pira?, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has an extensive vegetation cover area, but is affected by local cattle breeding, as well as other anthropogenic actions. Birds can have a high diversity of parasites, such as ectoparasites, helminths and coccidia. Coccidian parasites are the main cause of enteritis, behavioral and reproductive changes in most species of birds. . Coccidia studies are relevant both to animal health and to knowledge of the biodiversity of these parasites. In this context, the objective of this study was to examine the feces of wild birds captured in fragments of Atlantic Forest in the district of Cacaria, in southeastern Brazil, to identify and quantify the coccidian parasites that were present, besides relating them to some ecological characteristics of birds. 14 expeditions were carried out on three fragments of Atlantic Forest in Cacaria, resulting in the capture of 143 birds, with 20 of them positive for coccidia. Among the positive samples, coccidia of Isospora and Eimeira classification were found in 12 species of birds. These coccidia were identified according to the literature, species of coccidia not described in the literature until the present moment were considered morphotypes. There was no relation between the bird species and the positive samples, with their respective oopds (Oocyst by defecation). Regarding the ecological characteristics, only living habits in forest environments were significant, showing that the birds of forest environments are less susceptible to infection. Regarding eating habits, there were no significant results / O Brasil ? um dos 5 pa?ses mais megadiversos do mundo, apresentando 14% de toda a biodiversidade conhecida mundialmente. O Brasil tamb?m tem uma maior vegeta??o tropical cobrindo o mundo, apresentando um elevado n?mero de esp?cies end?micas, tornando-se um dos pa?ses mais importantes do mundo para investimentos em conserva??o de aves. O distrito de Cacaria, no munic?pio de Pira?, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, tem uma extensa ?rea de cobertura vegetal, mas ? afetado pela cria??o de gado local, al?m de outras a??es antr?picas. As aves podem ter uma alta diversidade de parasitas, como ectoparasitas, helmintos e coccidia. Os parasitas coccidianos s?o a principal causa de enterite, altera??es comportamentais e reprodutivas, na maioria das esp?cies de aves. Os estudos de coccidia s?o relevantes tanto para a sa?de animal quanto para o conhecimento da biodiversidade desses parasitas. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi examinar as fezes de aves silvestres capturadas em fragmentos de Mata Atl?ntica no distrito de Cacaria, no sudeste do Brasil, para identificar e quantificar os parasitas coccidianos que estavam presentes, al?m de relacion?-los a algumas caracter?sticas ecol?gicas das aves. Foram realizadas 14 expedi??es em 3 fragmentos de Mata Atl?ntica em Cacaria, resultando em captura de 143 aves, com 20 delas positivas para cocc?dios. Dentre as amostras positivas foram encontradas cocc?dios de classifica??o Isospora e Eimeira, em 12 esp?cies de aves. Esses cocc?dios foram identificados de acordo com a literatura, as esp?cies de cocc?dios n?o descritas na literatura at? o presente momento foram consideradas morfotipos. N?o se obteve rela??o entre as esp?cies de aves e as amostras positivas, com seus respectivos oopds (Oocisto por defeca??o). Em rela??o as caracter?sticas ecol?gicas, apenas h?bitos de viv?ncia em ambientes florestais foi significante, apresentando que as aves de ambientes florestais s?o menos suscept?veis a infec??o. J? em rela??o aos h?bitos alimentares, n?o se obteve resultados significativos.

L’urbanisation grandissante est certainement à l’heure actuelle parmi les phénomènes à l’origine des changements les plus importants induits par l’homme sur notre planète, et soulève donc de nombreuses questions concernant les conséquences d’une telle perturbation de l’environnement sur la biodiversité. La vie urbaine est souvent caractérisée par des conditions jugées comme contraignantes (fragmentation, dégradation et perte d’habitats, pollutions chimiques, sonores et lumineuses accrues, etc.) pouvant avoir des effets néfastes sur les vertébrés. Cependant, les mécanismes par lesquels l’urbanisation affecte la faune sauvage sont encore très mal compris. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif central de ce doctorat est d’améliorer notre compréhension de l’influence de l’urbanisation sur les espèces de vertébrés évoluant dans les environnements urbains. Pour cela, nous avons exploré, d’une part, l’influence globale de l’urbanisation, et d’autre part, l’impact spécifique de certaines contraintes caractéristiques des milieux urbains (pollution par les métaux lourds et pollution sonore) sur les passereaux, en utilisant une approche fonctionnelle intégrant notamment des études éco-physiologiques et éco-toxicologiques. Ainsi, nous avons mis en évidence que les passereaux urbains ne sont pas contraints énergétiquement par leur environnement pendant leur vie adulte, mais qu’en revanche, les conditions fortement modifiées des milieux urbains pourraient contraindre les individus pendant leur développement. De plus, nous avons montré que l’urbanisation est effectivement associée à une contamination par les métaux lourds plus importante, et surtout que des niveaux plus élevés de ces contaminants sont associés à des niveaux de corticostérone plus élevés (degrés de stress plus importants). Enfin, l’étude expérimentale de l’impact de la pollution sonore sur des paramètres très souvent négligés jusque-là (développement, physiologie, comportement anti-prédateur), nous a permis de montrer que le bruit d’origine anthropique pouvait avoir des effets particulièrement complexes sur le développement des vertébrés avec de possibles conséquences à long terme. L’ensemble de ces travaux soulignent l’importance d’évaluer l’impact des perturbations d’origine anthropique sur le développement phénotypique des individus afin de mieux comprendre l’influence de l’environnement urbain sur les populations de vertébrés. / Consistent expanding urbanization is certainly among the most important human-induced environmental changes facing our planet today, and thus raises important questions regarding the consequences of such environmental disturbance on biodiversity. Urban life is often characterized by constraining environmental conditions (e.g., fragmentation, degradation and loss of habitats, increased noise, light, and chemical pollutions) that can have detrimental effects on wild vertebrates. However, the mechanisms through which urbanization affects wildlife are still poorly understood. In this context, the main objective of this doctoral research is to improve our understanding of the influence of urbanization on vertebrate species that are able to live in urban environments. To this end, we explored both the global influence of urbanization and the impact of specific factors associated with urban life (heavy metals and noise pollutions) on passerine birds, using a mechanistic approach including eco-physiological and eco-toxicological studies. We demonstrated that urban passerines are not energetically constrained by their environment during their adult life, but conversely, that the altered environmental conditions of urban environments could constrain individuals during their development. Furthermore, we showed that urbanization is indeed associated with an increased heavy metal contamination, and most importantly, that higher levels of these contaminants are related to higher corticosterone levels (i.e., elevated stress levels). Finally, using an experimental approach to study the impact of noise pollution on several parameters that have often been overlooked (development, physiology, anti-predator behaviour), we showed that anthropogenic noise can have particularly complex effects on vertebrate’s development, with possible life-long consequences for developing birds. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of investigating the impact of human-induced environmental changes on the phenotypic development of individuals to better understand the influence of urban environments on vertebrate populations.

Birdsong is one of the most astounding natural sounds which profoundly shaped our evolutionary thinking since the 19th century. Despite a strong interest in birdsong for over 100 years, our understanding of birdsong ecology and evolution over large spatial and phylogenetic scales is still very fragmentary. Answering many basic questions requires a global synthesis covering vast diversity of extant bird species and adoption of multidisciplinary approaches. In presented dissertation thesis, my co-workers and I have explored important patterns in macroecology and macroevolution of song in passerines (Order: Passeriformes), the most diverse and widespread bird order. We have focused on three key song phenomena: (1) song complexity, (2) song frequency and (3) the presence of song in female birds. We have exploited birdsong "big data" available on public citizen science databases and other open sources in order to fill several important gaps in the current knowledge. These data were analysed by a combination of phylogenetically-informed cross-species analyses and spatial macroecological approaches. Since the publication of Darwin's seminal work, elaborated songs are generally agreed to be the result of sexual selection. We developed a simple but reliable song complexity metric to explore a global diversity in...

Birdsong is one of the most astounding natural sounds which profoundly shaped our evolutionary thinking since the 19th century. Despite a strong interest in birdsong for over 100 years, our understanding of birdsong ecology and evolution over large spatial and phylogenetic scales is still very fragmentary. Answering many basic questions requires a global synthesis covering vast diversity of extant bird species and adoption of multidisciplinary approaches. In presented dissertation thesis, my co-workers and I have explored important patterns in macroecology and macroevolution of song in passerines (Order: Passeriformes), the most diverse and widespread bird order. We have focused on three key song phenomena: (1) song complexity, (2) song frequency and (3) the presence of song in female birds. We have exploited birdsong "big data" available on public citizen science databases and other open sources in order to fill several important gaps in the current knowledge. These data were analysed by a combination of phylogenetically-informed cross-species analyses and spatial macroecological approaches. Since the publication of Darwin's seminal work, elaborated songs are generally agreed to be the result of sexual selection. We developed a simple but reliable song complexity metric to explore a global diversity in...

No description available.