Esta dissertação tem por objetivo descrever a estrutura argumental da língua Karitiana (grupo Tupi, família Arikém, aproximadamente 400 falantes) em uma perspectiva descritiva e teórica. Nesse trabalho, buscou-se o desafio de descrever as classes verbais da língua com base em uma teoria formal: a teoria de estrutura argumental de Hale e Keyser (2002). O trabalho encontra-se dividido em duas partes. Na parte I, descreve-se a morfossintaxe das classes verbais. Na parte II, foram analisadas, em termos de estrutura argumental, as evidências morfossintáticas notadas no padrão verbal. A segunda parte, ainda, oferece uma análise preliminar para a estrutura passiva impessoal em Karitiana, dentro da teoria Gerativa. A transitivização, a passivização, a construção de cópula e o padrão de concordância funcionam como evidências morfossintáticas para descrever classes verbais na língua. Todos os verbos intransitivos podem ser afetados pela causativização sintética (transitivização) através de um morfema causativo que permite a adição de um argumento externo (o sujeito agente ou causa) a uma sentença intransitiva, tornando-a transitiva. Através do morfema de passiva impessoal em Karitiana, é possível transformar um verbo biargumental em monoargumental, apagando o sujeito original da sentença transitiva. O morfema de passiva é adicionado apenas a um verbo minimamente biargumental ou a um verbo intransitivo que tenha sido antes transitivizado via . A construção de cópula nesta língua apresenta uma estrutura bioracional (S Copula minioração) em que a cópula toma como complemento uma minioração. No núcleo desta minioração, pode entrar apenas um verbo intransitivo, um adjetivo ou um nome. O padrão de concordância ergativo-absolutiva é o último diagnóstico utilizado como evidência de valência na língua. Com base nestas evidências, foram descritas três classes verbais: uma classe de verbos intransitivos (formada por 3 subclasses: composta de intransitivos comuns, de intransitivos com objeto oblíquo e sujeito experienciador e, por último, a subclasse de intransitivos locativos), uma classe de verbos transitivos e uma terceira classe composta por verbos bitransitivos. Esta última tem um objeto direto com papel semântico ALVO e um objeto indireto, marcado obliquamente (com a posposição ty) com papel TEMA. Os verbos intransitivos com objeto oblíquo apresentam um comportamento especial, comportando-se, morfossintaticamente e em termos de alternância, como os demais intransitivos, mas projetando em sua estrutura um complemento oblíquo, o que leva a considerar que eles são sintaticamente intransitivos e semanticamente transitivos. Concluimos que todos os verbos intransitivos nesta língua têm o comportamento de verbos inacusativos do tipo alternante. Na proposta de Hale e Keyser, os verbos são formados, estrutural e hierarquicamente, a partir de duas estruturas básicas (monádica e diádica) nucleadas pelos núcleos verbais (V1 e V2). Deste modo, os verbos do Karitiana descritos como intransitivos são analisados como verbos diádicos compostos, em conformidade com suas propriedades alternantes. Os verbos intransitivos com objeto oblíquo e aqueles verbos intransitivos locativos foram analisados como verbos diádicos compostos com complemento oblíquo (P-complemento). Os verbos bitransitivos são analisados como diádicos básicos. Apenas os verbos transitivos em Karitiana podem ser analisados como verbos monádicos. / This masters thesis aims to describe the argument structure in Karitiana (Tupi branch, Arikém family, about 400 speakers) both in a theoretical and in a descriptive perspective. In this work, the challenge is to describe the verb classes identified in Karitiana in the formal theory of argument structure proposed by Hale and Keyser (2002). The work is divided in two parts. In Part I, the morphosyntax of the verb classes is described. In Part II, the verb patterns were analyzed in terms of their argument structure. Still in this part, a preliminary analysis of the structure of the impersonal passive is presented, inside the Generativist framework. All instransitive verbs may be affected by the synthetic causativization (transitivization) in which a causative morpheme allows the addition of an external argument (the subject) to an intransitive sentence, transitivizing it. By the use of the impersonal passive in Karitiana it is possible to turn a bi-argumental verb into a mono-argumental one, causing the demotion of the initial subject and the promotion of the initial object to subject of the passive. The passive morpheme is added only to a transitive verb or to an intransitive verb which has been first transitivized via . The copular construction in Karitiana presents a biclausal structure (Subject + copular verb + small clause) in which the copular verb selects a small clause as its complement. Copular verbs can only select complements headed by nouns, adjectives or intransitive verbs. If a transitive verb is added to the head of the small clause, the sentence is ungrammatical. However, if a transitive verb has undergone a passivization process via , that verb may be the head of the small clause. The ergative-absolutive agreement pattern is also used as evidence of valency in Karitiana. Based on this evidence, three verbal classes were described: a large class of intransitive verbs (with three subclasses, one of common intransitive verbs, another of intransitive verbs with oblique objects and experiencer subjects, and one of intransitive locatives), a class of transitive verbs, and a third class of ditransitive verbs. The latter presents a direct object with the semantic role GOAL, whereas the indirect object is a THEME, marked as oblique (with the postposition ty). These intransitive verbs with an oblique object are part of a special subclass of intransitives because they behave, in terms of morphosyntax and valency, as other intransitive verbs, but they also project in their structure an oblique complement; it seems to be the case that they are syntactically intransitive and semantically transitive. We conclude that all intransitive verbs in Karitiana have the behavior of unaccusative verbs that may alternate. In Hale and Keysers proposal, verbs are formed, in structural and hierachical terms, from two basic structures (monadic and dyadic) headed by the verbal heads (V1 and V2). Thus, the Karitiana verbs described as common intransitives are analyzed as dyadic because of their alternation properties. The intransitives with oblique objects and the locative intransitives were analyzed as composite dyadic with oblique complements (P-complements). The ditransitive verbs are analyzed as basic dyadic, and only the transitive verbs in Karitiana may be analyzed as projecting monadic argument structures.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo descrever a estrutura argumental da língua Karitiana (grupo Tupi, família Arikém, aproximadamente 400 falantes) em uma perspectiva descritiva e teórica. Nesse trabalho, buscou-se o desafio de descrever as classes verbais da língua com base em uma teoria formal: a teoria de estrutura argumental de Hale e Keyser (2002). O trabalho encontra-se dividido em duas partes. Na parte I, descreve-se a morfossintaxe das classes verbais. Na parte II, foram analisadas, em termos de estrutura argumental, as evidências morfossintáticas notadas no padrão verbal. A segunda parte, ainda, oferece uma análise preliminar para a estrutura passiva impessoal em Karitiana, dentro da teoria Gerativa. A transitivização, a passivização, a construção de cópula e o padrão de concordância funcionam como evidências morfossintáticas para descrever classes verbais na língua. Todos os verbos intransitivos podem ser afetados pela causativização sintética (transitivização) através de um morfema causativo que permite a adição de um argumento externo (o sujeito agente ou causa) a uma sentença intransitiva, tornando-a transitiva. Através do morfema de passiva impessoal em Karitiana, é possível transformar um verbo biargumental em monoargumental, apagando o sujeito original da sentença transitiva. O morfema de passiva é adicionado apenas a um verbo minimamente biargumental ou a um verbo intransitivo que tenha sido antes transitivizado via . A construção de cópula nesta língua apresenta uma estrutura bioracional (S Copula minioração) em que a cópula toma como complemento uma minioração. No núcleo desta minioração, pode entrar apenas um verbo intransitivo, um adjetivo ou um nome. O padrão de concordância ergativo-absolutiva é o último diagnóstico utilizado como evidência de valência na língua. Com base nestas evidências, foram descritas três classes verbais: uma classe de verbos intransitivos (formada por 3 subclasses: composta de intransitivos comuns, de intransitivos com objeto oblíquo e sujeito experienciador e, por último, a subclasse de intransitivos locativos), uma classe de verbos transitivos e uma terceira classe composta por verbos bitransitivos. Esta última tem um objeto direto com papel semântico ALVO e um objeto indireto, marcado obliquamente (com a posposição ty) com papel TEMA. Os verbos intransitivos com objeto oblíquo apresentam um comportamento especial, comportando-se, morfossintaticamente e em termos de alternância, como os demais intransitivos, mas projetando em sua estrutura um complemento oblíquo, o que leva a considerar que eles são sintaticamente intransitivos e semanticamente transitivos. Concluimos que todos os verbos intransitivos nesta língua têm o comportamento de verbos inacusativos do tipo alternante. Na proposta de Hale e Keyser, os verbos são formados, estrutural e hierarquicamente, a partir de duas estruturas básicas (monádica e diádica) nucleadas pelos núcleos verbais (V1 e V2). Deste modo, os verbos do Karitiana descritos como intransitivos são analisados como verbos diádicos compostos, em conformidade com suas propriedades alternantes. Os verbos intransitivos com objeto oblíquo e aqueles verbos intransitivos locativos foram analisados como verbos diádicos compostos com complemento oblíquo (P-complemento). Os verbos bitransitivos são analisados como diádicos básicos. Apenas os verbos transitivos em Karitiana podem ser analisados como verbos monádicos. / This masters thesis aims to describe the argument structure in Karitiana (Tupi branch, Arikém family, about 400 speakers) both in a theoretical and in a descriptive perspective. In this work, the challenge is to describe the verb classes identified in Karitiana in the formal theory of argument structure proposed by Hale and Keyser (2002). The work is divided in two parts. In Part I, the morphosyntax of the verb classes is described. In Part II, the verb patterns were analyzed in terms of their argument structure. Still in this part, a preliminary analysis of the structure of the impersonal passive is presented, inside the Generativist framework. All instransitive verbs may be affected by the synthetic causativization (transitivization) in which a causative morpheme allows the addition of an external argument (the subject) to an intransitive sentence, transitivizing it. By the use of the impersonal passive in Karitiana it is possible to turn a bi-argumental verb into a mono-argumental one, causing the demotion of the initial subject and the promotion of the initial object to subject of the passive. The passive morpheme is added only to a transitive verb or to an intransitive verb which has been first transitivized via . The copular construction in Karitiana presents a biclausal structure (Subject + copular verb + small clause) in which the copular verb selects a small clause as its complement. Copular verbs can only select complements headed by nouns, adjectives or intransitive verbs. If a transitive verb is added to the head of the small clause, the sentence is ungrammatical. However, if a transitive verb has undergone a passivization process via , that verb may be the head of the small clause. The ergative-absolutive agreement pattern is also used as evidence of valency in Karitiana. Based on this evidence, three verbal classes were described: a large class of intransitive verbs (with three subclasses, one of common intransitive verbs, another of intransitive verbs with oblique objects and experiencer subjects, and one of intransitive locatives), a class of transitive verbs, and a third class of ditransitive verbs. The latter presents a direct object with the semantic role GOAL, whereas the indirect object is a THEME, marked as oblique (with the postposition ty). These intransitive verbs with an oblique object are part of a special subclass of intransitives because they behave, in terms of morphosyntax and valency, as other intransitive verbs, but they also project in their structure an oblique complement; it seems to be the case that they are syntactically intransitive and semantically transitive. We conclude that all intransitive verbs in Karitiana have the behavior of unaccusative verbs that may alternate. In Hale and Keysers proposal, verbs are formed, in structural and hierachical terms, from two basic structures (monadic and dyadic) headed by the verbal heads (V1 and V2). Thus, the Karitiana verbs described as common intransitives are analyzed as dyadic because of their alternation properties. The intransitives with oblique objects and the locative intransitives were analyzed as composite dyadic with oblique complements (P-complements). The ditransitive verbs are analyzed as basic dyadic, and only the transitive verbs in Karitiana may be analyzed as projecting monadic argument structures.

Cette thèse présente une réflexion sur quatre formes passives anglaises et françaises : les passifs canoniques en BE Ven et ETRE Vé et leurs concurrents respectifs en GET Ven et SE FAIRE Ver. Dans une perspective constructionnelle, ce travail consiste en un nouvel examen de leurs propriétés sémantiques et fonctionnelles. A partir de l’étude d’un corpus de 1235 énoncés en BE Ven, ETRE Vé, GET Ven et SE FAIRE Ver extraits d’articles scientifiques, d’articles de presse et de sites Internet [blogs, forums, etc.], on a pu montrer que ces quatre formes possèdent un sens qui n’est pas entièrement prévisible à partir de leurs éléments [grammaticaux et lexicaux] constitutifs et sont conventionnellement attachées à des fonctions pragmatico-discursives spécifiques. Par conséquent, elles ne sont pas de simples agencements syntaxiques mais des « constructions », au sens où les Grammaires de Construction l’entendent, c’est-à-dire des appariements conventionnels entre une forme, un sens et des fonctions. D’autre part, l’analyse a révélé que GET Ven et SE FAIRE Ver expriment un sens différent de celui de BE Ven et ETRE Vé, qui est lié à des fonctions différentes dans les domaines de l’organisation de l’information et de la relation interpersonnelle établie en discours et explique leur affinité avec des types de discours interactionnels et expressifs, par opposition aux discours factuels impersonnels associés aux passifs canoniques. Enfin, on a montré que les deux constructions passives françaises étaient soumises à des contraintes syntaxiques et sémantiques plus strictes que les constructions homologues anglaises. / This dissertation explores four English and French passive constructions : the canonical passives in BE Ven and ETRE Vé, and their alternatives, respectively, in GET Ven and SE FAIRE Ver. From a constructional perspective, this study investigates their semantic and functional-pragmatic properties. Based on the examination of a corpus of 1235 occurrences of BE Ven, ETRE Vé, GET Ven and SE FAIRE Ver taken from scientific articles, news reports and websites [blogs, forums, etc.], it shows that the four syntactic structures are associated with a meaning which is not entirely predictable from their [grammatical and lexical] constituents, as well as specific discourse-pragmatic functions. Consequently, they qualify as « constructions », in the constructional sense of the term, that is, conventional form-meaning-function pairings. GET Ven and SE FAIRE Ver have been shown to express a different meaning than BE Ven and ETRE Vé which motivates different discourse pragmatic functions and accounts for why they are found in different discourse types, namely interactional and expressive registers, as opposed to factual and impersonal ones for the canonical passives. Finally, both French constructions are shown to be tied to more rigid syntactic and semantic constraints than their English counterparts.

Cette thèse présente un ensemble de solutions pour une métrologie efficace de l'Internet. La métrologie de l'Internet est un domaine en pleine évolution étant donnée la croissance exponentielle du réseau en termes de machines, réseaux, et applications, couplée à l'absence de solutions standard pouvant répondre à tous les besoins des utilisateurs et des opérateurs. Notre objectif le long de cette recherche a été le développement des solutions qui passent à l'échelle et qui réduisent la charge sur le réseau sans pour autant compromettre la précision des résultats obtenus. Nous avons agi pour cela sur deux fronts. Sur le front des mesures passives, nous avons proposé une solution pour la capture du trafic à travers un réseau d'opérateur. Au lieu de collecter tout le trafic et de l'analyser ultérieurement, notre solution permet aux opérateurs de définir une tâche de mesure et de programmer les routeurs de telle sorte que chacun d'eux collecte la quantité de trafic nécessaire sans que le volume total du trafic collecté dépasse un certain seuil. Cette réduction du volume du trafic collecté s'effectue par le biais de l'échantillonnage spatiale et temporelle. L'échantillonnage a un impact négatif sur la précision de la mesure, un impact qui peut être réduit par des techniques de filtrage et des solutions protocolaires. Nous avons illustré ceci sur deux exemples concrets, le premier celui de la détection des gros flots utilisateurs et le deuxième celui de la métrologie des grandes populations variant au cours du temps. Pour les deux exemples nous avons mené une étude pour évaluer l'impact de l'échantillonnage suivi par des solutions réduisant l'erreur lors de l'inversion des informations échantillonnées. Ensuite nous avons abordé l'approche active dans la métrologie et avons présenté une solution appelée TICP qui permet de contrôler le débit des paquets sondes à injecter dans le réseau et d'assurer la fiabilité quand il s'agit d'une application sondant un grand nombre de machines distribuées à travers le réseau. TICP peut être vu comme un multiplexage d'un grand de connexions TCP partant d'une même machine et destinées à des machines différentes en une seule connexion. Toutes nos solutions ont été validées par des simulations et des traces réelles.

In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde die Eignung von Flechten als Biomonitor für die retrospektive Ermittlung der Luftqualität im Hinblick auf Spurenstoffe systematisch untersucht. Dazu wurde die ubiquitär verbreitete Krustenflechte Lecanora muralis ausgewählt und mit ihrer Hilfe der Einfluss von Lokalität, Probennahmehöhe und -position, Sammelmethodik, Präparationsmethodik, Wachstum etc. eingehend bearbeitet. Die Luftqualität in Nordrhein-Westfalen galt es als regionales Beispiel mit hochdifferenzierten Einflüssen zu charakterisieren. Hierfür wurden Flechten an ihren natürlichen Standorten gesammelt und auf die folgenden Elementgehalte analysiert (sog. passives Biomonitoring): Ag, As, Ba, Ce, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, Tl, V und Zn.

<p>This study deals with difficulties of different nature encountered in the process of translating a tourist booklet on Dover Castle, published by English Heritage. The study focuses on grammatical aspects as the translation of the passive and attributive adjectives, and lexical aspects as the translation of terminology and cultural words and expressions. The analysis is based on Peter Newmark's translation theory and translation strategies. Passives and adjectives have been divided into groups based on the translation models and strategies used, and the focus is on changes in the grammatical structure. Most passives were rendered as passives in Swedish by the use of s-passives, which involves a change in the grammatical structure. Most adjectives in the source text were translated by the use of a corresponding adjective in the target language, with no change in the grammatical structure. However, some adjectives were translated using for example a prepositional phrase or a compound noun.</p><p>The analysis on terminology and cultural aspects focuses on what translation strategies have been used and problems that may occur concerning such aspects. Most source language terms were translated by the use of corresponding target language terms found in dictionaries or parallel texts. Some of the terms were transferred into the target text in their source text form, with an added explanation.</p><p>The cultural aspects consisted mainly of names, which were dealt with in different ways. Some were transferred using the source language form, and in some cases conventionalised Swedish forms were used. The main aim of the translation has been to render the text as natural as possible in Swedish, and the main aim of the analysis has been to discuss certain aspects of difficulty that occurred in the translation process.</p>

Cette thèse présente une réflexion sur quatre formes passives anglaises et françaises : les passifs canoniques en BE Ven et ETRE Vé et leurs concurrents respectifs en GET Ven et SE FAIRE Ver. Dans une perspective constructionnelle, ce travail consiste en un nouvel examen de leurs propriétés sémantiques et fonctionnelles. A partir de l'étude d'un corpus de 1235 énoncés en BE Ven, ETRE Vé, GET Ven et SE FAIRE Ver extraits d'articles scientifiques, d'articles de presse et de sites Internet [blogs, forums, etc.], on a pu montrer que ces quatre formes possèdent un sens qui n'est pas entièrement prévisible à partir de leurs éléments [grammaticaux et lexicaux] constitutifs et sont conventionnellement attachées à des fonctions pragmatico-discursives spécifiques. Par conséquent, elles ne sont pas de simples agencements syntaxiques mais des " constructions ", au sens où les Grammaires de Construction l'entendent, c'est-à-dire des appariements conventionnels entre une forme, un sens et des fonctions. D'autre part, l'analyse a révélé que GET Ven et SE FAIRE Ver expriment un sens différent de celui de BE Ven et ETRE Vé, qui est lié à des fonctions différentes dans les domaines de l'organisation de l'information et de la relation interpersonnelle établie en discours et explique leur affinité avec des types de discours interactionnels et expressifs, par opposition aux discours factuels impersonnels associés aux passifs canoniques. Enfin, on a montré que les deux constructions passives françaises étaient soumises à des contraintes syntaxiques et sémantiques plus strictes que les constructions homologues anglaises.

Driven by ever growing demands of miniaturization, increased functionality, high performance and low cost for microelectronic products and packaging, embedded passives will be one of the key emerging techniques for realizing the system integration which offer various advantages over traditional discrete components. Novel materials for embedded capacitor applications are in great demand, for which a high dielectric constant (k), low dielectric loss and process compatibility with printed circuit boards are the most important prerequisites. To date, no available material satisfies all these prerequisites and research is needed to develop materials for embedded capacitor applications. Conductive filler/polymer composites are likely candidate material because they show a dramatic increase in their dielectric constant close to the percolation threshold. One of the major hurdles for this type of high-k composites is the high dielectric loss inherent in these systems. In this research, material and process innovations were explored to design and develop conductive filler/polymer nanocomposites based on nanoparticles with controlled parameters to fulfill the balance between sufficiently high-k and low dielectric loss, which satisfied the requirements for embedded decoupling capacitor applications. This work involved the synthesis of the metal nanoparticles with different parameters including size, size distribution, aggregation and surface properties, and an investigation on how these varied parameters impact the dielectric properties of the high-k nanocomposites incorporated with these metal nanoparticles. The dielectric behaviors of the nanocomposites were studied systematically over a range of frequencies to determine the dependence of dielectric constant, dielectric loss tangent and dielectric strength on these parameters.

Zugl.: Hannover, Univ., Diss., 2008

Zugl.: Darmstadt, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2009