A evolução da população de microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios, coliformes totais e fecais e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva foi estudada na linha de processamento do queijo Minas frescal em uma indústria de laticínios sujeita à fiscalização do Serviço de Inspeção Federal (S.I.F.). Três pontos do processamento foram avaliados individualmente: a pasteurização com amostras de leite cru e leite pasteurizado, a coagulação com amostras de leite pasteurizado, de coalhada cortada e de coalhada dessorada e a salga com amostras de queijos antes e depois da salga e da salmoura. A contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos aeróbios foi incluída na etapa de salga porque é feita sob refrigeração. E depois foram coletadas amostras de um mesmo lote ao longo da linha. Totalizaram 11 coletas em um ano de estudo. Os resultados mostraram que a pasteurização, único ponto crítico de controle do processo, foi insuficiente para garantir a qualidade microbiológica do leite de acordo com os padrões microbiológicos vigentes, porque o leite cru apresentava péssima qualidade. Durante a coagulação houve crescimento médio de 1,70 ciclos log na população de mesófilos aeróbios e um crescimento médio >3,0 ciclos log na população de coliformes fecais. Durante a salga houve crescimento médio de 0,73 ciclos log na população de mesófilos aeróbios e um crescimento médio de 0,37 ciclos log na população psicrotróficos aeróbios. Ao longo da linha, verificou-se que houve crescimentos da ordem de 11,77 ciclos log de coliformes totais e de >9,68 ciclos log de coliformes fecais do leite pasteurizado até o queijo após a salga. Em relação ao Staphylococcus coagulase positiva não foi detectado aumento expressivo de sua população. Os resultados encontrados indicam que o queijo Minas frescal do laticínio estudado antes de ser embalado já se apresentava impróprio para o consumo, devido às altas contagens de coliformes totais e fecais podendo vir a causar riscos aos consumidores e que o próprio processo de fabricação foi responsável pela alta contaminação, constituindo um problema de saúde pública. / The evaluation of aerobic mesophilic, of total and fecal coliforms and Staphylococcus positive coagulase microorganisms population in a dairy processing line of "Minas frescal" cheese submitted to inspection of Federal Service was studied. Three processing steps were analysed individually: the pasteurisation through samples of raw and pasteurised milk; the coagulation through samples of pasteurised milk, cut and drained curd; and the salting through samples of cheeses before and after salting and brine itself. The aerobic psichrotrophic microorganim’s count was made because salting was carried out under refrigeration. After, all the samples of a same allotment were collected. In one year 11 collections were taken and analysed. The results showed that the pasteurisation, the unique control critical point in the process, was not able to ensure the microbial quality of milk in agreement to the microbial standards, due to the bad quality of the raw milk. On curding the aerobic mesophilic population had an average growth of 1.70 cycles log and the fecal coliforms had an average growth of > 3.0 cycles log. On salting the aerobic mesophilic microorganisms had an average growth of 0.73 cycles log as well the aerobic psichrotrophic population had an average growth of 0.37 cycles log. In the processing line, had an average growth of 11.77 cycles log on the population of total coliforms and >9.68 cycles log on the population of fecal coliforms from pasteurised milk until the cheese after salting. An expressive increase of the number of Staphylococcus positive coagulase was not detected. The results indicated that the manufactured "Minas frescal" cheese was improper for consumption even before packing because the high counting of total and fecal coliforms, being harmful to consumers and the processing was responsible for the high contamination, being a potential public health problem.

Thesis (MNutr (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Human Nutrition))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Objective: Primary: To investigate the effect of pasteurisation on the composition of expressed breast milk from HIV positive mothers and its adequacy in relation to the growth of their VLBW premature infants. Methods: A descriptive, prospective case-controlled pilot study was performed in 3 regional state hospitals in the Western Cape, South Africa. The control and study groups consisted of 12 HIV negative and 11 HIV positive mothers, with their VLBW premature infants, respectively. All mothers (19 - 35 years old) belonged to the Xhosa ethnic group. All infants were born <34 weeks gestation and birth weight <1500g. Eight breast milk samples were collected on days 6, 7, 13, 14, 20, 21, 27 and 28 from all mothers during the first 28 days after birth. Breast milk was expressed by hand or pump from either the right or left breast. Half of each breast milk sample was kept raw. The remaining sample was Pretoria pasteurised, after which both samples were subdivided into 3 or 4 aliquots to determine energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, folate, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, otassium, iron, copper, zinc content and HI viral load (study group only). The mothers’ dietary intake during pregnancy and lactation was obtained by means of a quantitative food frequency questionnaire and repeated 24-hour recall respectively. The infants’ dietary intake was recorded daily. Mothers’ anthropometric measurements taken at study entry and exit were weight, height and mid-upper arm circumference. All infants’ daily weight, as well as length and head circumference at birth and on day 28 postpartum was obtained. Biochemical analysis was performed on the blood samples obtained at study entry and exit from all mothers and infants. For statistical analysis, Statistica® (release no 7, 2006) was used for repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the effect of HIV, pasteurisation, milk expression and time on the composition of the breast milk. Results: There was no significant difference in the studied macro- and micronutrient composition between raw or pasteurised expressed breast milk from HIV positive and HIV negative mothers with premature infants. A significant decline in breast milk protein (p<0.01), magnesium (p=0.045), potassium (p=0.002), zinc (p<0.01) and copper (p=0.03) content was observed for the whole study population over time, while folic acid content increased significantly (p=0.012) over time. The sodium/potassium ratio of both groups remained strongly indicative of the presence of sub-clinical mastitis. A significant (p=0.03) greater mean volume of milk was obtained with pump [42.5 Standard Deviation (SD) 18.1 ml], compared to hand expression [36.7 (16.7) ml]. Method of expression did not result in a significant difference in breast milk composition for any of the nutrients studied. Eight (35%) infants were born SGA while 21 (91%) infants were SGA on day 28. The infants gained a mean of 16.37 (4.5) g/kg/day (i.e. 91% of the recommended growth rate of >18g/kg/day) from the day on which birth weight was regained. The control and study group infants respectively consumed a mean of 3.27 (1.36) and 3.21 (1.36) g protein/kg/day and 138.1 (33.8) and 142.3 (33.8) kcal total energy/kg/day. This corresponds to a PER of 2.6 (control group) and 2.5 (study group) respectively, which cannot provide for the increased growth needs of the SGA infant in need of catch-up growth. Six infants experienced an incident of Grade 1 NEC which resolved and all completed the study. Two (18%) HIV-exposed infants were found to be HIV positive at 28 days post delivery. Four participating infants died. No adverse event or mortality was related to the study protocol as no intervention was undertaken. Conclusion: HIV positive Xhosa mothers provide as nutritious breast milk to their VLBW premature infants as HIV negative Xhosa mothers. Maternal nutrient intake during pregnancy and lactation did not have a significant effect on the nutritional composition of breast milk, except for folate content.

Les orientations de la politique agricole marocaine, notamment le Plan Maroc Vert, encouragent la valorisation des zones arides et le développement de cultures qui s’adaptent au réchauffement climatique. Le figuier de Barbarie est une plante qui s'adapte au climat aride et semi-aride mais il reste encore sous-exploité au Maroc. Les cladodes du figuier de Barbarie sont largement consommées au Mexique et elles contiennent des composants bioactifs qui ont des effets bénéfiques sur la santé. Le jus extrait à partir des cladodes des deux espèces Opuntia ficus-indica (inerme) et Opuntia megacantha (épineuse) a fait l’objet de ce travail. Les cladodes ont été récoltées dans la région de Marrakech (commune rurale Ouled Dlim) au Maroc durant trois saisons entre 2013 et 2014 (printemps, été et hiver) afin d’évaluer l’effet du temps de récolte sur la composition physico-chimique et biochimique ainsi que sur les propriétés antioxydantes. Le rendement en jus des cladodes varie en fonction des saisons et des espèces (20,83 – 63,39 %). Les analyses physico-chimiques et biochimiques ont montré que le jus de cladode est riche en polyphénols (455,65 ± 7,63 – 542,70 ± 1,35 µg EGA/ mL), en acide ascorbique (17,60 ± 1,87 – 22,88 ± 0,62 mg /100 mL) et en potassium (44,23 – 409,35 mg /100 mL), mais pauvre en sucre (0,66 ± 0,01 – 1,45 ± 0,03 g /100 mL). L’analyse HPLC sur les composés phénoliques a montré que le jus de cladode est riche en flavonols à savoir l’isoquercetine et l’hyperoside (645,90 µg/mL et 164,50 µg/mL respectivement). L’activité antioxydante du jus de cladode a été mesurée avec le test FRAP (1,74 ± 0,07 – 3,33 ± 0,02 µmol ET/mL) et l’activité antiradicalaire a été réalisée avec le test DPPH (1,78 ± 0,03 – 4,10 ± 0,02 µmol ET/mL) et le test ABTS (12,78 ± 1,69 – 23,10 ± 0,17 µmol ET/mL). La corrélation entre les analyses a montré qu'il y avait une relation significative (p<0,05) entre les méthodes d’analyses, les espèces et les saisons. Le jus de cladode extrait à partir de l’espèce épineuse (Opuntia megacantha) et la récolte effectuée au mois d’août nous ont donné les plus grandes valeurs en composants biochimiques et pour l’activité antioxydante. L’analyse quantitative du jus de cladode du mois de mars par HPLC-DAD à montré la présence d’une quantitié importante de flavonoïdes essentiellement l’isoquercetine et l’hyperoside. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré la richesse du jus en nutriments et son potentiel antioxydant. Le jus de cladode peut être conservé durant 42 jours à 4°C, après une pasteurisation à 95°C pendant 3 min dans un bain-marie et un abaissement du pH à 3,5 avec de l’acide citrique. Le jus peut être commercialisé sous forme de nectar, thé glacé ou boisson gazeuse, sans oublier une valorisation de ses coproduits (confiture, soupe, poudre, etc.). / The orientations of the Moroccan agricultural policy concerning the Green Morocco Plan, promote the development of the arid zones and the development of crops that adapt to global warming. The prickly pear cactus is a plant which is adapted to the arid climate and still untapped in Morocco. Prickly pear cladodes contain bioactive components that have beneficial health effects. The juice extracted from cladodes of both species Opuntia ficus-indica(spineless) and Opuntia megacantha(spiny) was the subject ofthis work. The cladodes were harvested in the region of Marrakech (Ouled Dlim) in Morocco for three seasons (spring, summer and winter) between 2013 and 2014 to assess the effect of harvest time on the physico-chemical and biochemical composition and antioxidant activity. The yield of cladode juice varies within the seasons and species (63,39 –20,83 %). The physico-chemical and biochemical analyzes showed that cladode juice is rich in polyphenols (543 ± 1–456 ± 8mg GAE/mL), in ascorbic acid (17,60 ± 1,87 –22,88 ± 0,62 mg/100 mL) and in potassium (409,35 –44,23 mg/100mL) but poor in sugar (0,66 ± 0,01–1,45 ± 0,03 g/100 mL). HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds has shown that cladode juice is rich in flavonols namely isoquercetin and hyperoside (645,90 mg/mL and 164,50 mg/mL respectively). The antioxidant activity of cladode juice was measured with FRAP test (1,74 ± 0,07 –3,33 ± 0,02 μmol TE/mL) and the antiradical activity was carried out with the DPPH test (1,78 ± 0,03 –4,10 ± 0,02 μmol TE/mL ) and the ABTS test (12,78 ± 1,69 –23,10 ± 0,17 μmol TE/mL ). The correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant relationship (p<0,05) between the methods of analysis, species and seasons.Quantitative analysis of cladode juice harvested in March HPLC-DAD showed the presence of a significant quantity of flavonoids essentially isoquercetin and hyperoside. Results of these analyzes showed that cladode juice is rich in nutriments and has an antioxidant activity potential. The juice can be stored for 42 days at 4°C, after pasteurization at 95°Cfor 3 min in a water bath and lowering the pH to 3,5 with citric acid. Cladode juice can be used as nectar, iced tea or soft drink and with a valorization of its coproducts (jam, soup, powder etc.).