In order to understand, more fully, some of the factors affecting the S requirements of pastures, S³⁵-labelled gypsum fertilizer was applied to several field trials located on soils within the recent, yellow brown earth and high country yellow brown earth soil groups in Canterbury, New Zealand. Among the major processes studied were the incorporation of the S³⁵-labelled gypsum fertilizer into the soil organic matter, its movement in the soil and its uptake by pasture plants. The results obtained showed that on the same soil type, plant uptake of fertilizer S and its incorporation into the organic matter were greater under improved pastures. However, the movement of fertilizer S was relatively unaffected by the pastoral improvement. Rainfall conditions affected all three processes studied, particularly the downward movement of fertilizer S. Over the growing seasons of the first year almost all of the added fertilizer S remained within the upper 15 cm of the soil at a low rainfall trial. On a similar textured soil, receiving almost twice as much rainfall over a similar time period, fertilizer S was distributed evenly to a depth of 60 cm. Where the rainfall was similar, but soils differed in their water holding capacity, large differences in the downward movement of fertilizer S occurred. On a steepland yellow brown earth soil almost 70% of the applied fertilizer S was lost from the 0-45 cm soil depth two months after application. While on a recent soil, with a much higher water holding capacity, greater amounts of fertilizer S remained within the upper 45 cm over the same period.. Large differences in the downward movement of fertilizer S were shown by soils with contrasting retention capacities, but under similar rainfall conditions. On a yellow brown earth soil, with a medium S retention in the subsoil, fertilizer S was found not to have moved beyond 60 cm in the winter following the spring application. In contrast, fertilizer S penetrated beyond the 60 cm on a recent low S retentive soil. Under improved pastoral conditions, applying fertilizer S in late spring rather than early spring, to two different soils gave larger (almost twofold) residual effects the following year. Total recovery of the added fertilizer S in the soil-plant systems studied were generally greater than 80%. The pattern and rate of the downward movement of fertilizer S was little affected by fertilizer rates. Pasture recovery (%) of fertilizer S at the lower rate (22.5 kgS/ha) was slightly higher than that at the higher rate (45 kgS/ha). Fertilizer rates did not produce a consistent effect on the extent of fertilizer S incorporation into soil organic matter. The magnitude of the sulphur cycling pool was determined at each trial location by using the equilibrium specific activity of pasture. This pool was found to vary between trials and showed no relationship to their respective S response patterns. The rate of S cycling appeared to be more important. At some trials a strong correlation was found between the specific activity of the S in pasture and that for phosphate-extractable sulphate in particular soil depths. This relationship was used to assess indirectly, the likely soil zones from which plants extract S to meet their nutritional requirements. A new technique was developed to study, directly, the soil zone from which plants extract S to meet their-nutritional requirements. Carrier-free S³⁵, injected horizontally into various soil depths in a recent and a yellow brown earth soil, showed that both grasses and clovers recovered S³⁵ to a depth of 52 cm, in the spring. However, most of the S³⁵ uptake by plants was found to occur in the upper 30 cm (A horizon) in both soils. In the autumn, S³⁵ uptake experiments on these soils showed uptake to occur at 100 cm on the recent soil, and cease at 52 cm on the yellow brown earth soil. Growth cabinet experiments, using S³⁵-labelled pasture residue, recovered from the field plots, and added to various soils, showed that ryegrass recovery of labelled fertilizer S ranged from 6-16% and it varied according to soil type, degree of pastoral development, type and form of plant residue added. This extent of recovery represents only a small proportion (1%) of the fertilizer S recovered by pasture in the first year. The overall experimental results were considered in relation to both the S response patterns obtained from the present field trials and also those from other similar trials conducted in recent years in the Canterbury area. Some possible reasons for the variable S responses obtained were discussed and methods for improving the efficiency of fertilizer use, at farm level, were proposed.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Murdoch University, 2006. / Thesis submitted to the Division of Arts. Bibliography: p. 334-359.

The influence of beef cattle pasture on the composition of pasture herbage was studied in Šumava region (Kaplice, 550 {--} 850 m a.s.l) from 2005 to 2006. Also was studied the effect of different nanagement of permanent grassland on its composition plantation form and non-producing functions. On the pasture herbage dominated grass and leguminous species. On the fallow land prevailed herb species. On the combined management site (pasture and harvest) was established higher frequency of Taraxacum officinale, Trifolium pratense and Dactylis glomerata

O experimento conduzido na Fazenda Rancho Santa Zelina, em Júlio de Castilhos, RS, entre julho de 2014 a setembro de 2015, analisou o desempenho reprodutivo de 42 vacas mestiças Angus primíparas aos 24/25 meses de idade postas no pós-parto em pastagem cultivada de aveia (Avena strigosa Schreb) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Aos 80 dias pós-parto foram distribuídas conforme peso (PC) e escore de condição corporal (ECC) em dois sistemas alimentares: SS – mantidas por 23 dias na pastagem cultivada e sete dias em pastagem natural; CS – mantidas por 23 dias na pastagem cultivada e sete dias em pastagem natural com a suplementação diária de 0,8% do PC de suplemento contendo 14% proteína bruta (PB) e 70% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). O método de pastoreio foi o contínuo com massa de forragem (MF) média de 1450 kg/ha de matéria seca (MS) em pastagem cultivada e 2150 kg/ha/MS em pastagem natural. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dois sistemas alimentares e vinte e uma vacas por sistema alimentar, sendo cada vaca considerada uma unidade experimental. Para comparar os sistemas alimentares, as variáveis que apresentaram normalidade foram avaliadas utilizando o procedimento MIXED do SAS. A variável taxa de prenhez foi avaliada pelo teste do qui-quadrado. A suplementação não influenciou o peso (PCFT) e condição corporal final (ECCFT) das vacas, porém a variação de peso diária média das vacas do CS foi superior a das em SS durante os sistemas alimentares (0,465 kg e 0,227 kg, respectivamente). Os bezerros do CS nesse período apresentaram maior ganho médio diário, 0,829 kg comparado com aqueles do SS de 0,644 kg e maior peso final (130,86 kg e 117,29 kg, respectivamente). As vacas do CS tiveram a significativa maior taxa de prenhez de 80,95%, enquanto as do SS tiveram 57,14%. Aos 42 dias de acasalamento 80,95% das vacas do CS estavam prenhes, enquanto do SS apenas 28,57% já tinham concebido. Vacas primíparas aos 24 meses de idade e que irão conceber têm maior peso e escore de condição corporal ao início do acasalamento do que as futuras falhadas. / The experiment was conducted at the Farm Rancho Santa Zelina in Julio de Castilhos, RS, from July 2014 to September 2015, examined the reproductive performance of 42 crossbred cows Angus gilts to 24/25 months old put postpartum in cultivated pasture oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). After 80 days postpartum were distributed as weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) in two food systems:SS – 23 days in a cultivated pasture (Avena strigosa Schreb. e Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and 7 days in a natural grassland; CS – 23 days in the same cultivated pasture and 7 days in a natural grassland receiving 0,8% BW supplement with 14% crude protein (CP) and 70% total digestible nutrients (TDN). The grazing method was continuous with herbage mass (MF) average of 1450 kg/ha of dry matter (DM) in cultivated pasture and 2150 kg/ha/DM in natural pasture. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with two food systems and twenty-one cows for feeding system, where each cow was considered an experimental unit. To compare the food systems, variables with normal distribuition were assessed using the SAS MIXED procedure. The pregnancy rate was evaluated using the chi-square test. Supplementation did not affect cows‟ final body weight (FBW) and final body condition (FBC), but the daily average weight variation of cows in CS was higher than in SS (0.465 kg and 0.227 kg, respectively). The CS calves this period had higher average daily gain, 0.829 kg compared to those of the SS 0.644 kg and higher final weight (130.86 kg and 117.29 kg, respectively). The 80.95% pregnancy rate of the CS cows was higher than the 57.14 % of SS cows. After 42 days of mating, 80.95% of the CS primiparous cows had conceived, against just 28.57% from the SS. Primiparous cows at 24/25 months old and that will get pregnant have higher BW and BCS at beginning of the mating than the open ones.

O experimento conduzido na Fazenda Rancho Santa Zelina, em Júlio de Castilhos, RS, entre julho de 2014 a setembro de 2015, analisou o desempenho reprodutivo de 42 vacas mestiças Angus primíparas aos 24/25 meses de idade postas no pós-parto em pastagem cultivada de aveia (Avena strigosa Schreb) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Aos 80 dias pós-parto foram distribuídas conforme peso (PC) e escore de condição corporal (ECC) em dois sistemas alimentares: SS – mantidas por 23 dias na pastagem cultivada e sete dias em pastagem natural; CS – mantidas por 23 dias na pastagem cultivada e sete dias em pastagem natural com a suplementação diária de 0,8% do PC de suplemento contendo 14% proteína bruta (PB) e 70% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). O método de pastoreio foi o contínuo com massa de forragem (MF) média de 1450 kg/ha de matéria seca (MS) em pastagem cultivada e 2150 kg/ha/MS em pastagem natural. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dois sistemas alimentares e vinte e uma vacas por sistema alimentar, sendo cada vaca considerada uma unidade experimental. Para comparar os sistemas alimentares, as variáveis que apresentaram normalidade foram avaliadas utilizando o procedimento MIXED do SAS. A variável taxa de prenhez foi avaliada pelo teste do qui-quadrado. A suplementação não influenciou o peso (PCFT) e condição corporal final (ECCFT) das vacas, porém a variação de peso diária média das vacas do CS foi superior a das em SS durante os sistemas alimentares (0,465 kg e 0,227 kg, respectivamente). Os bezerros do CS nesse período apresentaram maior ganho médio diário, 0,829 kg comparado com aqueles do SS de 0,644 kg e maior peso final (130,86 kg e 117,29 kg, respectivamente). As vacas do CS tiveram a significativa maior taxa de prenhez de 80,95%, enquanto as do SS tiveram 57,14%. Aos 42 dias de acasalamento 80,95% das vacas do CS estavam prenhes, enquanto do SS apenas 28,57% já tinham concebido. Vacas primíparas aos 24 meses de idade e que irão conceber têm maior peso e escore de condição corporal ao início do acasalamento do que as futuras falhadas. / The experiment was conducted at the Farm Rancho Santa Zelina in Julio de Castilhos, RS, from July 2014 to September 2015, examined the reproductive performance of 42 crossbred cows Angus gilts to 24/25 months old put postpartum in cultivated pasture oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). After 80 days postpartum were distributed as weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) in two food systems:SS – 23 days in a cultivated pasture (Avena strigosa Schreb. e Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and 7 days in a natural grassland; CS – 23 days in the same cultivated pasture and 7 days in a natural grassland receiving 0,8% BW supplement with 14% crude protein (CP) and 70% total digestible nutrients (TDN). The grazing method was continuous with herbage mass (MF) average of 1450 kg/ha of dry matter (DM) in cultivated pasture and 2150 kg/ha/DM in natural pasture. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with two food systems and twenty-one cows for feeding system, where each cow was considered an experimental unit. To compare the food systems, variables with normal distribuition were assessed using the SAS MIXED procedure. The pregnancy rate was evaluated using the chi-square test. Supplementation did not affect cows‟ final body weight (FBW) and final body condition (FBC), but the daily average weight variation of cows in CS was higher than in SS (0.465 kg and 0.227 kg, respectively). The CS calves this period had higher average daily gain, 0.829 kg compared to those of the SS 0.644 kg and higher final weight (130.86 kg and 117.29 kg, respectively). The 80.95% pregnancy rate of the CS cows was higher than the 57.14 % of SS cows. After 42 days of mating, 80.95% of the CS primiparous cows had conceived, against just 28.57% from the SS. Primiparous cows at 24/25 months old and that will get pregnant have higher BW and BCS at beginning of the mating than the open ones.

Dairy producers across the country are evaluating the effectiveness of management intensive grazing (MIG) systems as a means of reducing the economic pressures of confinement feeding and manure handling. Systems using MIG have been promoted as an environmentally safer way of managing nutrient balance on Center. However, little research has been conducted to evaluate how these systems affect phosphorus (P) loss from the Center through runoff and forage removal. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of forage type and manure density on P levels in runoff from release plots that simulated a MIG dairy system. Two forage treatments were planted on runoff release plots and applied with three manure density treatments and four replications of each combination for a total of 24 plots. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) and a broad-leafed forage treatment consisting of buckhorn plantain (Plantago lanceolata), red clover (Trifolium pratense), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) were planted on the runoff release plots in early spring. Manure densities with no manure (control), a density simulating a low stocking density (low), and a density simulating high stocking density (high) were applied to plots during grazing simulations. Six rainfall simulations were conducted over the season simulating grazing conditions when forage was removed and re-growth conditions when forage had reached its target re-growth height before re-grazing occurred. Thirty minutes of runoff was collected from the runoff release plots to determine first flush phosphorus losses from the various treatments. Mass losses of total phosphorus (TP) for manure treatments in series 1 were significant due to plot installation disturbance. No significant effect for ortho-phosphorus (ortho-P), particulate phosphorus (PP) or TP concentration or mass losses were observed for other simulation series. Significantly higher mass losses were observed in series 1 for both forage treatments, again due to installation disturbance. Seasonal mass losses for TP were significantly lower for the orchardgrass treatment. Forage mass removal over the season increased as the stands established. Orchardgrass treatments appeared to control P losses earlier in the season, while broadleaf treatments observed a steady increase in ortho-P losses up to series 5. Both mass and concentration losses of TP were controlled earlier in the season by orchardgrass, while PP showed no significant mass or concentration loss effects. / Master of Science

Machair is a habitat found predominantly in coastal areas of the north–west of Scotland and is characterised by a low-input, rotational arable system interspersed with semi-natural grasslands. Land management is an essential part of the machair system as both intensification and abandonment threaten its future. Little is known about this system in terms of its below ground communities. A survey was conducted over a three season, two year period for molecular determination of bacterial, AM fungal and nematode community structure. Cropped, fallow and undisturbed grassland were sampled; soil and roots associated with two commonly occurring species and composite soil samples were collected. In addition the effect of edaphic factors and vegetation composition on soil communities was assessed, both in the field and in greenhouse experiments. Results show that although all of the examined factors impacted the community structure of the three soil groups to some degree, the strength of this effect varied between groups. Bacterial communities were mainly affected by temporal factors, particularly year, possibly due to variation in soil moisture content. AM fungal community structure also varied considerably with season, but the mechanisms behind this were less obvious, with both abiotic and plant factors playing a role. AM fungal community structure varied with different plant hosts but also with soil moisture content. In contrast to both bacteria and AM fungi, nematode communities showed a strong response to land use although temporal factors and differences between locations were also observed. Grasslands harboured a distinctly different community structure from cropped and fallow, largely as a result of variation in bacterivores and carnivores. Vegetation composition and soil moisture content were also found to affect nematode community structure. This study has revealed that machair soil communities seem to be highly complex, dynamic and adapted to the changeable conditions that persist.

Orientador: Renato de Mello Prado / Abstract: Global warming is predicted to increase the intensity and duration of extreme weather events, such as droughts, heat waves, and floods, especially in tropical regions. Climate change affect growth of forage species. However, information regarding the effects of global climate change on the nutritional performance of tropical pastures is lacking, especially under field conditions. We, thus, conducted two field experiment with Panicum maximum and Stylosanthes capitata using a temperature free-air controlled enhancement system and evaluated the effects of two temperature conditions, ambient temperature and moderate warming (2°C above ambient canopy temperature), and two levels of water availability, irrigated and non-irrigated, on nutrients accumulation, nutrient use efficiency (NUE), the stoichiometric patterns of C:N:P and leaf biomass production. Both experiments was conducted using a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement. Our findings revealed in plants of P. maximum (C4- grass) that the N and P leaf concentration greatly decreased under water-stressed, which increased the C:N and C:P ratios, while warming increased the N:P ratio. Leaf biomass production was impaired by up to 16% under water stress and ambient temperature conditions, but the biomass production was improved by 20% under warming and irrigated conditions. Our results also showed that homeostatic instability under rainfed conditions resulted in decreased leaf biomass production, and it was ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumo: Prevê-se que o aquecimento global aumente a intensidade e a duração dos eventos climáticos extremos, como secas, ondas de calor e inundações, especialmente nas regiões tropicais. Mudanças climáticas afetam o crescimento de espécies forrageiras. No entanto, faltam informações sobre os efeitos das mudanças climáticas globais no desempenho nutricional de pastagens tropicais, especialmente em condições de campo. Nós, assim, conduzimos dois experimento em campos com as forrageiras Panicum maximum e Stylosanthes capitata utilizando um sistema de temperatura controlada do aquecimento do ar (T-Face) e avaliou-se os efeitos de duas condições de temperatura, (temperatura ambiente) e aquecimento moderado (2°C acima da temperatura ambiente) e dois níveis de disponibilidade hídrica, (irrigada e não irrigados), no acúmulo de nutrientes, eficiência de uso de nutrientes (NUE), nos padrões estequiométricos de C:N:P e na produção de biomassa foliar. Ambos experimentos foram conduzidos utilizando um delineamento de blocos completos casualizados em arranjo fatorial. Nossos resultados revelaram que em plantas de P. maximum (pastagem C4) a concentração foliar de N e P diminuiu sob estresse hídrico, o que aumentou as relações C:N e C:P, enquanto o aquecimento aumentou a relação N:P. A produção de biomassa foliar foi prejudicada em até 16% sob condições de estresse hídrico e temperatura ambiente, mas a produção de biomassa foi melhorada em 20% sob condições de aquecimento e irrigação. Nossos resulta... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Os fungos Batkoa sp. e Furia sp.(Entomophthorales), embora ocasionalmente ocorrendo de forma epizoótica em populações das cigarrinhas-das-pastagens e cana-deaçúcar, nunca foram avaliados quanto ao nível de incidência e potencial de controle biológico. Esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a ocorrência natural, produção "in vitro" e preservação de micélio seco desses fungos. Nos trabalhos de produção incluiu-se como padrão o fungo Neozygites floridana, representante de outra família de Entomophthorales. O estudo sobre a ocorrência natural foi realizado na região de Pindamonhangaba, SP, no período de 22 de janeiro a 9 de fevereiro de 1998 com o objetivo de avaliar a incidência de Batkoa sp. na população de Mahanarva fimbriolata em pastagem de capim napier e de Furia sp. sobre Deois schach em pastagem de Brachiaria sp. O estudo sobre produção foi realizado em condições de laboratório com o objetivo de desenvolver meios líquidos para a produção de micélio ou corpos hifais de Batkoa sp., Furia sp. e N. floridana, tendo como base o meio líquido para cultura de tecido de inseto Grace’s suplementado, o qual permite bom crescimento do último patógeno. Finalmente, estudou-se o efeito da combinação de dois dessecantes (sílica e glicerol) com dois redutores de oxigênio (vácuo e Agelessâ ZPT-200) na preservação de micélio seco de Batkoa sp. e Furia sp. sob temperaturas de 3°C e 23°C. Concluiu-se que: Batkoa sp. e Furia sp. causam doença na população de M. fimbriolata e D. schach, respectivamente; Furia sp. possui maior potencial epizoótico que Batkoa sp.; Batkoa sp., Furia sp. e N. floridana se assemelham quanto ao crescimento em meios adicionados de sais, vitaminas e aminoácido, e em meio completo; A adição de sais ao meio básico proporciona um aumento significativo na produção das três espécies de fungos, e maior do que a adição de vitaminas e aminoácidos; A mistura dos sais CaCl2.2H2O (0,06%), KCl (0,28%), MgCl2.6H2O (0,16%), MgSO4.7H2O (0,2%), NaHCO3 (0,03%) e NaH2PO4.H2O (0,1%) proporciona maior produção dos fungos do que os sais avaliados isoladamente na concentração de 0,83%; O sulfato de magnésio (MgSO4) pode ser utilizado como único sal, na concentração de 0,83%, visando a produção de Batkoa sp., Furia sp. e N. floridana; Esses fungos se assemelham quanto ao crescimento em meios contendo diferentes fontes de carbono, mas se diferenciam em meios com diferentes fontes de nitrogênio; O meio contendo 2,66% de glucose proporciona uma produção das três espécies de fungos significativamente maior do que o meio com 2,66% de sacarose; A adição de 0,1% de monossacarídeos no meio com 2,66% de sacarose não aumenta significativamente a produção dos fungos; O extrato de levedura proporciona maior produção de Batkoa sp.; A concentração de 0,5% de extrato de levedura é a mais adequada para a produção vegetativa de Batkoa sp.; A combinação de extrato de levedura + extrato de carne + leite desnatado proporciona a maior produção de Furia sp.; A combinação de extrato de levedura + leite desnatado proporciona o segundo maior rendimento de Furia sp., sendo mais adequada para a produção do fungo devido ao menor custo; A concentração de 1% da mistura dessas fontes de nitrogênio é adequada para a produção vegetativa de Furia sp.; A combinação de extrato de levedura + peptona + leite desnatado proporciona a maior produção de N. floridana; A concentração de 3% da mistura dessas fontes de nitrogênio é adequada para a produção vegetativa de N. floridana; A combinação de sílica + Ageless® prolonga a sobrevivência desses dois fungos formulados como micélio seco até 90 dias, armazenados a 3°C e 23°C; O uso de vácuo como redutor de oxigênio não prolonga a sobrevivência desses dois fungos, mesmo em associação com dessecantes; A temperatura de 3°C provoca uma ligeira queda no potencial de crescimento de Batkoa sp., porém prolonga a sobrevivência do fungo até 90 dias, independentemente do tratamento. / The fungi Batkoa sp. and Furia sp. although occasionally occurring at epizootic levels in populations of spittlebug pests of pasture and sugarcane, have never been evaluated as to natural incidence level nor biological control potential. This study was designed to evaluate the natural occurrence, in vitro production and dry mycelium preservation of these fungi. Neozygites floridana, a representative of another family of Entomophthorales, was included as a standard in the production studies. The study on natural occurrence was done in Pindamonhangaba county, São Paulo State, from January 22 to February 9, 1998, to evaluate the incidence of Batkoa sp. in the Mahanarva fimbriolata population on pasture of napier grass, and Furia sp. in Deois schach, on Brachiaria sp. pasture. The study on production was done in laboratory conditions with the purpose to develop liquid media for the production of mycelium or hyphal bodies of Batkoa sp. Furia sp. and N. floridana, using as a base a liquid medium for insect tissue culture [Grace’s supplemented (HyQ® TNM-FH, #SH30280.02)], which allowed good growth of the latter pathogen. Finally, the effect of combinations of two desiccants (silica and glycerol) with two oxygen reducers (vacuum and Ageless® ZPT-200) on the preservation of dry mycelium of Batkoa sp. and Furia sp. under temperatures of 3º C and 23º C was studied. It is concluded that: Batkoa sp. and Furia sp. cause disease in M. fimbriolata and D. schach sp. populations, respectively. Furia sp. has higher epizootic potential than Batkoa sp. Batkoa sp., Furia sp. and N. floridana are similar concerning their growth patterns in media with added salts, vitamins and amino acids, as well as in the complete one. The addition of salts to the basic medium causes a significant increase in biomass production of the three fungal species, and higher than that from the addition of vitamins and amino acids. The mixture of the salts CaCl2.2H2O (0,06%), KCl (0,28%), MgCl2.6H2O (0,16%), MgSO4.7H2O (0,2%), NaHCO3 (0,03%) and NaH2PO4.H2O (0,1%) afforded higher production of the three fungi than the salts solely evaluated, at the concentration of 0,83%. MgSO4 can be used as sole salt for the production of Batkoa sp., Furia sp. and N. floridana. These fungi are similar concerning their growth patterns in media with different sources of carbone, but different in media with different sources of nitrogen. The production of the three fungal species is significantly higher in medium containing 2.66% glucose than in 2.66% sucrose. The addition of 0.1% monossacarides to media containing 2.66% sucrose does not increase significantly biomass production. Yeast extract allows the highest production of Batkoa sp. The concentration of 0.5% yeast extract is the most suitable for vegetative growth of Batkoa sp. The combination of yeast extract + beef extract + skim milk allows the highest production of Furia sp. The combination of yeast extract + skim milk allows the second highest production of Furia sp., and is the most suitable for mass production due to the lower cost. The 1% concentration of the mixture of these nitrogen sources is suitable for vegetative growth of Furia sp. The combination of yeast extract + peptone + skim milk allows the highest production of N. floridana. The 3% concentration of the mixture of these nitrogen sources is suitable for the vegetative growth of N. floridana. The combination of silica + Ageless® extends the survival of these two fungi formulated as dry mycelium for 90 days, stored at 3º C and 23º C. The use of vacuum to reduce oxygen does not extend the survival of these fungi, even in association with desiccants. Storage at 3º C causes a slight decrease in growth potential of Batkoa sp., but it extends fungus survival for 90 days, independent of other treatments.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-19T15:50:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Sousa de Sales Gondim.pdf: 776312 bytes, checksum: 11af7695721b412fe1d383953438a7ee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-19T15:50:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Sousa de Sales Gondim.pdf: 776312 bytes, checksum: 11af7695721b412fe1d383953438a7ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-10 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The dairy industry stands out as the main agricultural activity of the Wasteland South, and this region, despite having the highest rainfall of the Wild, is subject to periodic droughts. Efficient use of water in agriculture ensures the crop to this end to it is necessary to study the processes of evapotranspiration from pasture. Thus, the objective was to determine the energy fluxes and evapotranspiration in Entisol cultivated with pastures in rainfed agriculture, in the microregion of Garanhuns-PE. To determine the energy balance was installed a tower in the center of the experimental area, containing two sensors measure temperature and relative humidity, and wind speed at two levels (z1 = 50 cm, e z2 = 100 cm) above the canopy of the pasture. In addition to these sensors were installed a pyranometer, a radiometer, a sensor for measuring the wind direction, and a rain gauge charts. To measure the heat flow in the soil, flowmeters were installed in two places to a depth z1 = 5,0 cm, with a soil moisture sensor at the same depth, and two horizontally installed in the thermal probes depths z1 = 2,0 cm and z2 = 8,0 cm. All the measurements mentioned above were stored as averages every 30 minutes, except where the rainfall was estimated their total value in a data acquisition system from Campbell Scientific CR 1000. There were also the following determinations in the pasture height of the vegetation cover (canopy), biomass accumulation, leaf area index and evolution of the root system. The evaporation of the culture, on average, of 1,5 mm d-1, with a total of 543,43mm. Most of the net radiation (Rn), during the analysis of the pasture, has been consumed by the sensible heat flux (H) with 58%. The latent heat flux consumed 36% and the heat flow in the soil only 6% of Rn. The water availability influenced the production of green biomass and LAI, with the highest yields of biomass and LAI occurring in the higher water availability. / A atividade leiteira destaca-se como a principal atividade agropecuária do Agreste Meridional, sendo que esta região, apesar de apresentar índices pluviométricos maiores que os do Sertão, está sujeita á secas periódicas. A utilização eficiente da água na agricultura garante a produtividade da cultura, para tal, faz-se necessário estudar os processos de evapotranspiração da pastagem. Dessa forma, objetivou-se determinar os fluxos de energia e a evapotranspiração num Neossolo Regolítico cultivado com pastagens, em agricultura de sequeiro, na microrregião de Garanhuns-PE. Para a determinação do balanço de energia foi instalada uma torre no centro da área experimental, contendo dois sensores de medidas da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar, e da velocidade do vento, em dois níveis (z1 = 50 cm, e z2 = 100 cm) acima do dossel da pastagem. Além desses sensores, foram instalados um piranômetro, um radiômetro, um sensor para a medição da direção do vento, e um pluviógrafo. Para a medida do fluxo de calor no solo, foram instalados fluxímetros em dois locais numa profundidade z1 = 5,0 cm, juntamente com um sensor de umidade do solo na mesma profundidade, além de duas sondas térmicas instaladas horizontalmente nas profundidades de z1 = 2,0 cm e z2 = 8,0 cm. Todas as medidas foram armazenadas como médias a cada 30 minutos, a exceção da pluviometria onde foi calculado seu valor total e diário, em um sistema de aquisição de dados CR 1000 da Campbell Scientific. Foram realizadas ainda as seguintes determinações na pastagem: altura da cobertura vegetal (dossel), acumulação de biomassa, índice de área foliar e evolução do sistema radicular. A evapotranspiração da cultura, em média, foi de 1,5 mm d-1, com um total de 543,43 mm. A maior parte do saldo de radiação (Rn), durante o período de análise da pastagem, foi consumida pelo fluxo de calor sensível (H), com 58%. O fluxo de calor latente consumiu 36% e o fluxo de calor no solo apenas 6% do Rn. A disponibilidade hídrica influenciou na produção de biomassa verde e no IAF, com as maiores produções de biomassa e IAF ocorrendo no período de maior disponibilidade hídrica.