Avec le vieillissement de la population et les progrès médicaux, le nombre de patients souffrant d’une maladie chronique et devant prendre chaque jour un ou plusieurs médicaments est en augmentation. La non-observance, définie comme l’absence de concordance entre les comportements des patients et les prescriptions médicales, pose de nombreux défis aux cliniciens et aux chercheurs par sa complexité et son caractère dynamique au cours du temps.Dans un premier temps, nous avons développé un outil de mesure de l’observance médicamenteuse chez les patients prenant un traitement au long cours, en prenant en compte les différents types de comportements de non observance, médicament par médicament. La validité et fiabilité de cet instrument ont été évaluées en France, auprès de 243 patients. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons réalisé une étude auprès de 128 binômes médecin-patient qui a mis en évidence une discordance entre l’observance médicamenteuse déclarée par les patients et l’importance des médicaments selon leur médecin traitant. Certains médicaments considérés comme importants par les médecins n’étaient pas correctement pris (situation potentiellement à risque) ; à l’inverse, certains médicaments de moindre importance étaient pris scrupuleusement, posant alors la question d’un fardeau évitable ou d’une potentielle surprescription. Dans un troisième temps, nous avons développé un outil collaboratif en ligne permettant à 544 médecins d’évaluer le seuil de non observance à partir duquel le risque encouru par le patient était inacceptable selon eux, en fonction du comportement de non observance (oubli ponctuel ou pause de plusieurs jours), et du médicament. Les estimations des médecins étaient très variables en fonction des médicaments, suggérant que les médicaments n’ont pas tous la même « tolérance à l’oubli » selon les médecins. Nos travaux ont permis de confirmer la complexité de l’observance qui ne se résume pas à une caractérisation binaire « bonne observance » ou « mauvaise observance ». Les perspectives de ces travaux seront le développement d’un outil de mesure en ligne inspiré de notre premier travail, ainsi que la comparaison des données de notre troisième travail avec des données d’observance. Une réflexion pour favoriser la discussion entre médecins et patients reste nécessaire, avec pour objectif une observance « optimale » et non forcément « parfaite », tenant compte des difficultés rencontrées par les patients. / Against the backdrop of population ageing and medical progress, the prevalence of long-term disorders is rising worldwide. As a consequence, an increasing number of patients need to take medications daily. Medication adherence, which can be defined as the extent to which patients’ medication-taking behaviors coincides with medical prescriptions, may become ever harder to achieve. Non-adherence is a main challenge for physicians and for researchers, especially given its complexity and its dynamic evolution over time. First, we developed a new instrument to assess medication adherence to each individual medication taken by patients undergoing long-term treatment, taking into account different types of medication-taking behavior. We assessed the instrument’s validity and reliability among 243 outpatients and inpatients taking 961 medications, in France. Second, we focused on the discordance between medication adherence as reported by patients and drug importance as reported by their physicians. We compared the opinions of 128 patients and physicians and showed that some drugs considered important by the physicians were not correctly taken by patients, a situation that may lead to potential severe consequences. On the contrary, some drugs considered less important by physicians were correctly taken by physicians, which may lead to potential overprescription and avoidable burden of treatment. Third, we used a crowd sourcing approach to assess physicians’ estimation of the threshold for unacceptable risk of non-adherence, for two distinct types of behavior (episodic missing doses and drug holidays) for the most prescribed drugs in France. Physicians’ estimations varied considerably according to the drugs assessed, suggesting that according to physicians, some drugs are “more forgiving” than others. Our findings confirm that medication adherence is a complex phenomenon that should not be simply dichotomized into « good adherence » and « bad adherence ». Future work will consist in developing and validating a new online tool inspired from our first study. We will try to sharpen our understanding of the results in our third study by comparing physicians’ estimations to patients’ adherence data. Future interventions are still needed to improve patient-physician discussion about medications in order to reach an “optimal adherence” rather than a "perfect adherence", taking into account patients’ perspectives.

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Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The purpose of the study was to determine how professional nurses perceive their roles in patient centered care in various units, in three regional hospitals in Mpumalanga Province. The main objectives of this study were to determine * whether the working environment in provincial hospitals is supportive of patient centered care * what factors could hinder the provision of patient centered care * the extent to which patient centered care is provided to patients in provincial hospitals * professional nurses' perception of their role in patient-centered care The researcher used the descriptive exploratory method. A questionnaire with closed and open-ended questions was used to collect data from professional nurses in the three hospitals. Seventy- two (72) respondents returned the completed questionnaires. The findings indicated that the professional nurses perceived patients' and nurses' lack of knowledge as the biggest hindrance to patient centered care. Patients and relatives seemed to be less involved in their own care and the lack of information given to patients by professional nurses subsequently contributed to patients' inability to make / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

The purpose of the study was to determine how professional nurses perceive their roles in patient centered care in various units, in three regional hospitals in Mpumalanga Province. The main objectives of this study were to determine * whether the working environment in provincial hospitals is supportive of patient centered care * what factors could hinder the provision of patient centered care * the extent to which patient centered care is provided to patients in provincial hospitals * professional nurses' perception of their role in patient-centered care The researcher used the descriptive exploratory method. A questionnaire with closed and open-ended questions was used to collect data from professional nurses in the three hospitals. Seventy- two (72) respondents returned the completed questionnaires. The findings indicated that the professional nurses perceived patients' and nurses' lack of knowledge as the biggest hindrance to patient centered care. Patients and relatives seemed to be less involved in their own care and the lack of information given to patients by professional nurses subsequently contributed to patients' inability to make / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)