Yes / In the drying process of a can making industry, the drying efficiency of a thermal drying oven can be improved by adjusting the volumetric air flow rate of the blower. To maximize drying efficiency, an optimal flow rate is needed. Consequently, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to provide simulation according to the response of air velocity, air temperature and evaporated solvent concentration with respect to changes in volumetric air flow rate in the drying oven. An experimental study has been carried out to determine the evaporation rate of the solvent. To validate the models, the process data obtained from the CFD is compared with that obtained from actual data. In the accurate models, the simulation results demonstrate that the decrease in volumetric air flow rate provides no major discrepancy of the air velocity patterns in all dimensions and decreases the maximum temperature in the oven. Consequently, this decrease in volumetric air flow rate rapidly increases the evaporated solvent concentration in the beginning and then gradually decreases over the length of the oven. In addition, further reduction of the flow rate gives lower heat loss of the oven up to 83.67%. / The authors would like to thank The Thailand Research Fund (TRF) under The Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program (PHD/0158/2550), The Institutional Research Grant (The Thailand Research Fund) (IRG 5780014) and Chulalongkorn University (Contract No. RES_57_411_21_076) for financial support to this work.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-01-23T10:52:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Luziane Montezoli Damon Mendes.pdf: 10632014 bytes, checksum: c93d6f0447b91ec5177b962e2f091bd9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-23T10:52:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014 - Luziane Montezoli Damon Mendes.pdf: 10632014 bytes, checksum: c93d6f0447b91ec5177b962e2f091bd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPQ / Species of the genus Uca Leach 1814, have wide distribution in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world, especially as a species excavators substrate, activity is important the processes of energy transfer and nutrient cycling, and is considered a keystone species in the ecosystem. This study was conducted with the aim of investigate the ecology distribution, population biology and somatic growth and natural mortality of the genus Uca in Itacuru??/Coroa Grande mangrove, Sepetiba Bay- RJ. Sampling was conducted in the right bank of the Draga river and Itingussu river during May/2010 to April/2011. The samplings were made monthly by two collectors during 10 minutes in low tide, digging sediment and removing crabs. Sediment samples were collected in 72 subareas of 5x5m, to determine the granulometry, organic matter, calcium, phosphor and metal zinco e manganese. They were studied seven species of the genus Uca: Uca cumulanta, Uca leptodactylus, Uca rapax, Uca thayeri, Uca uruguayensis, Uca mordax and Uca vocator. Uca cumulanta was the more abundant species and Uca vocator the rarer.The results indicated that distribution of the species was influenced by abiotic factors, being the main limiting factors: salinity, sediment grain size, organic matter, concentrations of phosphor and metals, zinc and manganese. Only air temperature presented correlatin with the abundance of the ovigerous females. During the study period was collected a total of 4234 crabs, with 2570 males and 1664 females (61 ovigerous females). The results of the mean size revealed the occurrence of significant differences between the sexes, with a predominance of larger males, for the most populations. Only the females of U. cumulanta presented larger mean size compared to males, and U. thayeri no difference between the sexes. The results of the growth dynamics revealed that a longevity for the study populations ranged from 3.27 to 4.22 years. U. thayeri was the species with the lowest difference in relation to longevity between the sexes, with 3.43 years for males and 3.53 years for females, and U. leptodactylus showed higher amplitude, with 3.43 years for males and 4 07 years for females. The coefficients of natural mortality showed no marked inter and intraspecific differences according to species and sexes, although the values of natural mortality have been higher on males than females / As esp?cies do g?nero Uca possuem ampla distribui??o nas regi?es tropicais, subtropicais e temperadas do mundo, destacando-se como esp?cies escavadoras do substrato, atividade importante para os processos de transfer?ncia de energia e ciclagem de nutrientes e ? considerada uma esp?cie-chave do ecossistema. Este trabalho foi realizado com objetivo de analisar a biologia populacional, distribui??o ecol?gica, crescimento som?tico e mortalidade natural das esp?cies do g?nero Uca no manguezal de Itacuru?a/Coroa Grande, Ba?a de Sepetiba ? RJ. A amostragem foi realizada ? margem direita do rio da Draga e do Rio Itingussu, em tr?s grades (0, 100 e 200 m), durante o per?odo de maio/2010 a abril/2011, mensalmente, durante a mar? baixa, por 10 minutos, atrav?s de coletas manuais escavando o sedimento e removendo os caranguejos. Amostras do sedimento foram coletadas nas 72 sub?reas de 5x5m, para determinar o tamanho das part?culas, mat?ria org?nica, teor de c?lcio, f?sforo e os metais, ferro, zinco e mangan?s. Foram capturadas sete esp?cies do g?nero Uca: Uca cumulanta, Uca leptodactylus, Uca rapax, Uca thayeri, Uca uruguayensis, Uca mordax e Uca vocator. A esp?cie mais abundante foi U. leptodactylus e U. vocator a mais rara.. As principais vari?veis limitantes da abund?ncia das esp?cies do g?nero Uca no manguezal de Itacuru??/Coroa Grande, foram a salinidade, tamanho dos gr?os do sedimento, teor de mat?ria org?nica, concentra??o de f?sforo e dos metais ferro, zinco e mangan?s. Para as f?meas ov?geras a vari?vel temperatura do ar foi a ?nica, que apresentou correla??o com a abund?ncia desses organismos. Durante o per?odo de estudo foi analisado um total de 4234 caranguejos, sendo 2570 machos e 1664 f?meas (61 f?meas ov?geras). A an?lise dos resultados do tamanho m?dio revelou a ocorr?ncia de diferen?as significativas entre os sexos, com predomin?ncia de machos maiores, para maioria das popula??es. Somente as f?meas de U. cumulanta apresentaram maior tamanho m?dio quando comparadas aos machos, j? U. thayeri n?o apresentou diferen?a significativa entre os sexos. Os resultados da din?mica de crescimento, revelaram que a longevidade para as popula??es em estudo, variou de 3,27 a 4,22 anos. U. thayeri foi a esp?cie que apresentou menor diferen?a em rela??o ? longevidade entre os sexos, com 3,43 anos para machos e 3,53 anos para f?meas, j? U. leptodactylus apresentou maior amplitude, com 3,43 anos para machos e 4,07 anos para f?meas. Os coeficientes de mortalidade natural n?o evidenciaram diferen?as inter e intraespecificas acentuadas de acordo com a esp?cie e o sexo, embora os valores de mortalidade natural tenham sido um pouco mais elevados sobre os machos, do que sobre as f?meas. Palavras-chave: Ba?a de Sepetiba, chama-mar?s, longevidade, padr?o de distribui??o, mortalidade.

O presente trabalho foi conduzido na região do Planalto Médio, RS, em protocolo experimental de longa duração, entre julho de 2010 e abril de 2011, constituído por dois experimentos. No experimento 1 foram realizadas amostragens das placas de esterco, em intervalos médios de 20 dias, em cada tratamento de altura de manejo do pasto (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm). Totalizaram-se seis avaliações ao longo do ciclo de pastejo, onde foram marcadas todas as placas de esterco do período. O número de placas por animal por dia, a área média e o peso das placas de esterco não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Áreas de Thiessen foram criadas para a análise geoestatística dos dados, para detectar o padrão da distribuição. Os bovinos depositaram suas placas de esterco em locais diferentes a cada período, não havendo um padrão de distribuição temporal. Considerando todas as amostragens verificou-se a existência de padrão na distribuição espacial das placas de esterco em relação aos pontos atrativos, independentemente do manejo de altura do pasto. No experimento 2 o delineamento experimental foi em arranjo fatorial 2x4, sendo dois tratamentos de presença de placas de esterco (com e sem) e quatro alturas de manejo do pasto. Para todas as variáveis analisadas, não houve interação entre as alturas de manejo do pasto e áreas com e sem presença de placas. Em áreas com presença de placas de esterco os teores de fósforo e potássio disponíveis no solo, assim como o componente do rendimento número de legumes por planta foram significativamente maiores, aumentando significativamente o rendimento de grãos da soja em relação às áreas sem placas. A presença dos animais no sistema de integração soja-bovinos de corte e, consequentemente, de suas placas de esterco aumentou a disponibilidade dos nutrientes fósforo e potássio nestes locais. Assim, afetou o teor destes nutrientes na planta, favorecendo a formação de maior número de legumes por planta e o rendimento de grãos da cultura da soja implantada em sucessão a pastagem. / This study was conducted at Planalto Médio region, RS, in the experimental protocol of long duration, between July 2010 and April 2011, consisting of two experiments. In Experiment 1 it was realized samples of dung, in intervals of 20 days in each treatment of sward height (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm). Six evaluations were amounted from that period have been marked over the grazing cycle, where all dung did not vary between the treatments. The number of dung per animal per day, the average size and weight of the dung not different among treatments. Thiessen areas were created for the geostatistical analysis of the data to detect the pattern of distribution. The cattle deposited their dung in different places every time, without a pattern of temporal distribution. Considering all samples it was verified the existence of a pattern in spatial distribution of dung in relation to the attractions points, independently of the management of the sward height. In experiment 2, the experimental design was a 2x4 factorial arrangement, with being two treatments of presence of dung (with and without) and four different sward heights. For all variables analyzed, there was no interaction between sward heights and areas with and without dung. In areas with dung the levels of available phosphorus and potassium in the soil, as well as the yield component number of pods per plant were significantly higher, significantly increasing the grain yield of soybean in relation to areas without dung. The presence of animals in the integrated soybean-beef cattle system and consequently their dung increased the availability of nutrients, phosphorus and potassium in these locations. Thus, affected the content of these nutrients in the plant, favoring the development of the number of pods per plant and grain yield of soybean.

O presente trabalho foi conduzido na região do Planalto Médio, RS, em protocolo experimental de longa duração, entre julho de 2010 e abril de 2011, constituído por dois experimentos. No experimento 1 foram realizadas amostragens das placas de esterco, em intervalos médios de 20 dias, em cada tratamento de altura de manejo do pasto (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm). Totalizaram-se seis avaliações ao longo do ciclo de pastejo, onde foram marcadas todas as placas de esterco do período. O número de placas por animal por dia, a área média e o peso das placas de esterco não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Áreas de Thiessen foram criadas para a análise geoestatística dos dados, para detectar o padrão da distribuição. Os bovinos depositaram suas placas de esterco em locais diferentes a cada período, não havendo um padrão de distribuição temporal. Considerando todas as amostragens verificou-se a existência de padrão na distribuição espacial das placas de esterco em relação aos pontos atrativos, independentemente do manejo de altura do pasto. No experimento 2 o delineamento experimental foi em arranjo fatorial 2x4, sendo dois tratamentos de presença de placas de esterco (com e sem) e quatro alturas de manejo do pasto. Para todas as variáveis analisadas, não houve interação entre as alturas de manejo do pasto e áreas com e sem presença de placas. Em áreas com presença de placas de esterco os teores de fósforo e potássio disponíveis no solo, assim como o componente do rendimento número de legumes por planta foram significativamente maiores, aumentando significativamente o rendimento de grãos da soja em relação às áreas sem placas. A presença dos animais no sistema de integração soja-bovinos de corte e, consequentemente, de suas placas de esterco aumentou a disponibilidade dos nutrientes fósforo e potássio nestes locais. Assim, afetou o teor destes nutrientes na planta, favorecendo a formação de maior número de legumes por planta e o rendimento de grãos da cultura da soja implantada em sucessão a pastagem. / This study was conducted at Planalto Médio region, RS, in the experimental protocol of long duration, between July 2010 and April 2011, consisting of two experiments. In Experiment 1 it was realized samples of dung, in intervals of 20 days in each treatment of sward height (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm). Six evaluations were amounted from that period have been marked over the grazing cycle, where all dung did not vary between the treatments. The number of dung per animal per day, the average size and weight of the dung not different among treatments. Thiessen areas were created for the geostatistical analysis of the data to detect the pattern of distribution. The cattle deposited their dung in different places every time, without a pattern of temporal distribution. Considering all samples it was verified the existence of a pattern in spatial distribution of dung in relation to the attractions points, independently of the management of the sward height. In experiment 2, the experimental design was a 2x4 factorial arrangement, with being two treatments of presence of dung (with and without) and four different sward heights. For all variables analyzed, there was no interaction between sward heights and areas with and without dung. In areas with dung the levels of available phosphorus and potassium in the soil, as well as the yield component number of pods per plant were significantly higher, significantly increasing the grain yield of soybean in relation to areas without dung. The presence of animals in the integrated soybean-beef cattle system and consequently their dung increased the availability of nutrients, phosphorus and potassium in these locations. Thus, affected the content of these nutrients in the plant, favoring the development of the number of pods per plant and grain yield of soybean.

O presente trabalho foi conduzido na região do Planalto Médio, RS, em protocolo experimental de longa duração, entre julho de 2010 e abril de 2011, constituído por dois experimentos. No experimento 1 foram realizadas amostragens das placas de esterco, em intervalos médios de 20 dias, em cada tratamento de altura de manejo do pasto (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm). Totalizaram-se seis avaliações ao longo do ciclo de pastejo, onde foram marcadas todas as placas de esterco do período. O número de placas por animal por dia, a área média e o peso das placas de esterco não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Áreas de Thiessen foram criadas para a análise geoestatística dos dados, para detectar o padrão da distribuição. Os bovinos depositaram suas placas de esterco em locais diferentes a cada período, não havendo um padrão de distribuição temporal. Considerando todas as amostragens verificou-se a existência de padrão na distribuição espacial das placas de esterco em relação aos pontos atrativos, independentemente do manejo de altura do pasto. No experimento 2 o delineamento experimental foi em arranjo fatorial 2x4, sendo dois tratamentos de presença de placas de esterco (com e sem) e quatro alturas de manejo do pasto. Para todas as variáveis analisadas, não houve interação entre as alturas de manejo do pasto e áreas com e sem presença de placas. Em áreas com presença de placas de esterco os teores de fósforo e potássio disponíveis no solo, assim como o componente do rendimento número de legumes por planta foram significativamente maiores, aumentando significativamente o rendimento de grãos da soja em relação às áreas sem placas. A presença dos animais no sistema de integração soja-bovinos de corte e, consequentemente, de suas placas de esterco aumentou a disponibilidade dos nutrientes fósforo e potássio nestes locais. Assim, afetou o teor destes nutrientes na planta, favorecendo a formação de maior número de legumes por planta e o rendimento de grãos da cultura da soja implantada em sucessão a pastagem. / This study was conducted at Planalto Médio region, RS, in the experimental protocol of long duration, between July 2010 and April 2011, consisting of two experiments. In Experiment 1 it was realized samples of dung, in intervals of 20 days in each treatment of sward height (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm). Six evaluations were amounted from that period have been marked over the grazing cycle, where all dung did not vary between the treatments. The number of dung per animal per day, the average size and weight of the dung not different among treatments. Thiessen areas were created for the geostatistical analysis of the data to detect the pattern of distribution. The cattle deposited their dung in different places every time, without a pattern of temporal distribution. Considering all samples it was verified the existence of a pattern in spatial distribution of dung in relation to the attractions points, independently of the management of the sward height. In experiment 2, the experimental design was a 2x4 factorial arrangement, with being two treatments of presence of dung (with and without) and four different sward heights. For all variables analyzed, there was no interaction between sward heights and areas with and without dung. In areas with dung the levels of available phosphorus and potassium in the soil, as well as the yield component number of pods per plant were significantly higher, significantly increasing the grain yield of soybean in relation to areas without dung. The presence of animals in the integrated soybean-beef cattle system and consequently their dung increased the availability of nutrients, phosphorus and potassium in these locations. Thus, affected the content of these nutrients in the plant, favoring the development of the number of pods per plant and grain yield of soybean.

By the year 2025, it is anticipated that over 300 million individuals world wide will have type 2 diabetes, with a projected increase from 84 to 288 million (170%) in developing countries and from 51 to 72 million (42%) in developed countries. Diabetes leads to a markedly increased risk of heart disease and renal failure and to expensive and debilitating retinopathy and neuropathy. Cognitive decline is also increased. As there is accumulating evidence of the beneficial effects of moderate carbohydrate, low fat dietary patterns compared to high carbohydrate diets, this thesis will focus on the effects of moderate carbohydrate high protein dietary patterns (total carbohydrate: protein: fat ratio of 40%:34%:26%) on glycemic control, risk factors for macrovascular disease and cognitive function. Information on two key areas in type 2 diabetes will be presented, 1. Acute effects of dietary patterns, moderately carbohydrate restricted and high in protein on glucose levels assessed using continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS) with verification of these results through a small repeat study. 2. Chronic effects of energy restricted dietary patterns, moderately carbohydrate restricted and high in protein on glucose levels, HbA1c, cognitive function, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers and renal function. In the acute study, we recruited 23 subjects with type 2 diabetes. The participants were randomized to each of 4, 3-day interventions in a cross over design with a 4 day wash out period in which the carbohydrates were distributed differently at each meal; carbohydrates evenly distributed across the day, or carbohydrates loaded at breakfast, lunch or dinner. Glucose levels were continuously measured using CGMS. Outcomes were assessed by postprandial peak glucose (Gmax), time spent above 12 mmol/L (T>12) and total area under the glucose curve (AUC20). The intervention showed that an even distribution of carbohydrates did not optimise blood glucose control, whereas carbohydrates loaded at the lunch time meal provided the most favourable postprandial profile. To verify these results we conducted a repeat study. Six of the previous participants accepted the invitation to return and complete the even distribution arm of the study after a 20 week time lag. The intervention showed that although HbA1c, fasting blood glucose (FBG), AUC, exercise and ambient temperature remained constant there was a significant effect of change in sunlight hours on Gmax, suggesting an effect of sunlight. To assess the chronic effects of energy restricted dietary patterns on the determinants of HbA1c, cognitive function, CVD risk markers and renal function under conditions of weight loss, we recruited 82 participants with type 2 diabetes. These participants were randomised to one of two high protein energy restricted dietary patterns that differed in cholesterol content, for a 12 week period, in a parallel design. A sub group of these participants completed cognitive function testing with (n=34) or without (n=17) CGMS at baseline and at 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of the intervention the determinants of HbA1c under conditions of energy restriction were evaluated. The intervention showed the change in FBG accounted for most of the variance in change in HbA1c, but % energy reduction also contributed independently of FBG. Both energy restricted high protein diets equally improved glycemic control, particularly T>12, AUC, HbA1c and FBG. Fifty one participants completed cognitive testing to evaluate the effect of weight loss and blood glucose control on cognition. Cognitive function was not altered by time, diet, baseline lipid levels. Working memory was predicted by FBG. Short term memory was predicted by FBG, Gmax and AUC24. Sixty five participants completed 12 weeks of the intervention to assess CVD risk markers and renal function. Renal function was maintained and CV markers improved on both dietary patterns, with greatest improvement in HDL-C observed in the group consuming a high protein, energy restricted dietary pattern, high in dietary cholesterol. In conclusion, in the context of a high protein, carbohydrate restricted dietary pattern, cognitive function and renal function did not change, while glycemia and CV risk profiles improved with weight loss over the short term. Under conditions of energy balance diurnal glucose profiles were optimal when the carbohydrates were loaded in the lunch meal. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1342253 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2008

By the year 2025, it is anticipated that over 300 million individuals world wide will have type 2 diabetes, with a projected increase from 84 to 288 million (170%) in developing countries and from 51 to 72 million (42%) in developed countries. Diabetes leads to a markedly increased risk of heart disease and renal failure and to expensive and debilitating retinopathy and neuropathy. Cognitive decline is also increased. As there is accumulating evidence of the beneficial effects of moderate carbohydrate, low fat dietary patterns compared to high carbohydrate diets, this thesis will focus on the effects of moderate carbohydrate high protein dietary patterns (total carbohydrate: protein: fat ratio of 40%:34%:26%) on glycemic control, risk factors for macrovascular disease and cognitive function. Information on two key areas in type 2 diabetes will be presented, 1. Acute effects of dietary patterns, moderately carbohydrate restricted and high in protein on glucose levels assessed using continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS) with verification of these results through a small repeat study. 2. Chronic effects of energy restricted dietary patterns, moderately carbohydrate restricted and high in protein on glucose levels, HbA1c, cognitive function, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers and renal function. In the acute study, we recruited 23 subjects with type 2 diabetes. The participants were randomized to each of 4, 3-day interventions in a cross over design with a 4 day wash out period in which the carbohydrates were distributed differently at each meal; carbohydrates evenly distributed across the day, or carbohydrates loaded at breakfast, lunch or dinner. Glucose levels were continuously measured using CGMS. Outcomes were assessed by postprandial peak glucose (Gmax), time spent above 12 mmol/L (T>12) and total area under the glucose curve (AUC20). The intervention showed that an even distribution of carbohydrates did not optimise blood glucose control, whereas carbohydrates loaded at the lunch time meal provided the most favourable postprandial profile. To verify these results we conducted a repeat study. Six of the previous participants accepted the invitation to return and complete the even distribution arm of the study after a 20 week time lag. The intervention showed that although HbA1c, fasting blood glucose (FBG), AUC, exercise and ambient temperature remained constant there was a significant effect of change in sunlight hours on Gmax, suggesting an effect of sunlight. To assess the chronic effects of energy restricted dietary patterns on the determinants of HbA1c, cognitive function, CVD risk markers and renal function under conditions of weight loss, we recruited 82 participants with type 2 diabetes. These participants were randomised to one of two high protein energy restricted dietary patterns that differed in cholesterol content, for a 12 week period, in a parallel design. A sub group of these participants completed cognitive function testing with (n=34) or without (n=17) CGMS at baseline and at 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of the intervention the determinants of HbA1c under conditions of energy restriction were evaluated. The intervention showed the change in FBG accounted for most of the variance in change in HbA1c, but % energy reduction also contributed independently of FBG. Both energy restricted high protein diets equally improved glycemic control, particularly T>12, AUC, HbA1c and FBG. Fifty one participants completed cognitive testing to evaluate the effect of weight loss and blood glucose control on cognition. Cognitive function was not altered by time, diet, baseline lipid levels. Working memory was predicted by FBG. Short term memory was predicted by FBG, Gmax and AUC24. Sixty five participants completed 12 weeks of the intervention to assess CVD risk markers and renal function. Renal function was maintained and CV markers improved on both dietary patterns, with greatest improvement in HDL-C observed in the group consuming a high protein, energy restricted dietary pattern, high in dietary cholesterol. In conclusion, in the context of a high protein, carbohydrate restricted dietary pattern, cognitive function and renal function did not change, while glycemia and CV risk profiles improved with weight loss over the short term. Under conditions of energy balance diurnal glucose profiles were optimal when the carbohydrates were loaded in the lunch meal. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1342253 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2008