Planning road maintenance and development activities, prioritizing road construction, reconstruction and rehabilitation works, performing project economic evaluations, forecasting road operation expenditures and road user effect always requires prediction of pavement behaviour. For this purpose models of pavement deterioration are used. Commonly they are integrated in more sophisticated computational systems, known as Pavement Management systems (PMS) and Highway Development and Management systems (HDM). The implementation of these systems started in Lithuania shortly after the Re-establishment of the Independence. This was triggered by the violent drop in financing of the road sector, forcing to change obsolete road management strategy and planning approach. The need for project economic evaluations, transport modelling and long term pavement performance forecasts grew up after Lithuania joined the European Union and this brought the opportunity for financing road infrastructure projects from the EU funds. At present only on the Lithuanian state road network the total value of implemented projects, justified by evaluations and modelling with PMS, amounts to about 500 million Litas annually. Any Pavement Management System is just as good as the models within it, used for pavement deterioration prediction. The performed test calculations show that prediction models, currently used for this purpose in PMS we have in Lithuania, are of doubtful accuracy and have to be improved.

Pervious concrete pavement has the capacity to perform as two types of infrastructure: a pavement; and a stormwater management solution. It is a low impact development as it does not alter the natural hydrological cycle when implemented, unlike a conventional impermeable pavement. This research represents some of the initial investigations into pervious concrete pavement in Canada. The two research hypotheses of this research were the following: 1. Pervious concrete pavement can be successfully planned, designed, constructed and maintained in Canada for successful performance based on surface evaluations of permeability rate and surface condition. 2. Verification that the subsurface drainage capabilities of pervious concrete pavement are as described in literature and can be quantified using instrumentation. Through monitoring of the design, construction, performance and maintenance of five field sites across Canada and various laboratory pavement slabs, the behaviour of pervious concrete pavement in freeze-thaw conditions has been evaluated. This thesis presents the findings from the various phases of the life cycle of pervious concrete pavement: planning; design; construction; and maintenance. An interpretation of the performance of pervious concrete pavement both from the perspective of the surface and subsurface is included. The various field sites led to pervious concrete being used in areas exposed to static or parked traffic and areas with slow moving traffic. At the two sites that included static and slow moving traffic, the permeability performance was better in the areas of static traffic than those with moving traffic. Each of the field sites had a unique mix design and some had multiple variations of one basic mix design. The relationship between the void content and hardened density of the pervious concrete cores was linear with none of the cores being visually identified as outliers. Substantial deterioration in pavement structure performance was identified at one site. Other field sites showed changes in structural capacity over the monitoring timeline. However, no locations of substantial decreases in structural capacity were identified. The surface condition of the sites over the analysis period indicated that compaction to the surface during construction was helpful in constructing a quality pavement. The results of the project indicated that pervious concrete will crack when joints are not included and may also crack similarly to conventional impermeable concrete pavements if joints are spaced too widely or do not match joints of adjacent pavement. Washing the pervious concrete pavement surface with a large hose or garden hose was found to be the most effective in improving permeability across a site and also in increasing the permeability of the pervious concrete. The initial permeability of the pervious concrete pavement was found to influence future performance. Freeze-thaw cycling and moisture were found to alter the internal structure of pervious concrete. However, did not generally lead to surface distress development. The application of sand as a winter maintenance method decreased the permeability, as did the use of a salt solution. However, neither winter maintenance method led to the permeability rates of laboratory slabs dropping below an acceptable level. All three slabs loaded with a salt solution deteriorated to a point where the slabs had failed. The initial permeability of the field sites proved to be important and although some sites started with what appeared to be very high permeability rates, these sites were successful in the multiple year evaluation in maintaining adequate permeability rates. The types of surface distresses that developed in the cores and slabs in the laboratory were generally not substantially worse at the field sites, suggesting that pedestrian and vehicle traffic do not necessarily escalate distresses caused by the Canadian climate and corresponding winter activities. The subsurface drainage that was quantified by the instrumentation included in three field sites confirmed observations from the surface of the pavement and exceeded other expectations. Two field sites exhibited limited drainage capabilities on the surface of the pervious concrete pavement, one shortly after construction, and the other within a year following construction. The subsurface analysis quantified and confirmed that moisture was not able to drain completely vertically through the pavement structures at these two sites due to the limited access in the pervious concrete pavement surface. In comparison, the subsurface drainage at another site surpassed the assumed behaviour of pervious concrete pavement structures. The pavement structure in general at this site was highly permeable and this was identified as moisture was not observed to be collecting in the bottom of the storage base layer at any time or for any period of time. The successful overall drainage performance of this site demonstrates the ability to effectively use pervious concrete pavement in Canada.

Master of Science / Civil Engineering / Mustaque A. Hossain / Approximately 89% of 11,000 miles of Kansas roads are surfaced with asphalt. Hundreds of thousands of tons of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) are produced annually in the United States, including in Kansas. This bulk volume of RAP must be economically managed in order to achieve environmental friendliness. Recycling of RAP conserves natural resources and reduces landfill usage. However, many agencies have reported that increased RAP content produces drier hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures than virgin mixtures that are susceptible to premature cracking. In this research, laboratory-produced Superpave HMA mixtures containing increased percentages (20, 30, and 40%) of RAP materials from three RAP sources (Shilling Construction Co., Konza Co., and the Kansas Department of Transportation’s project, US 73) were studied for cracking performance. Mix designs were produced using Superpave design criteria for 12.5-mm nominal maximum aggregate size mixture. The static and repetitive Semicircular Bending (SCB) test, the Texas Overlay Tester test, the dynamic modulus test, and Viscoelastic Continuum Damage (VECD) tests were performed on laboratory-prepared samples. In general, cracking performance decreased with increased RAP content. The RAP from the US 73 project performed most consistently compared to other two sources of RAPs. Test results were analyzed using two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), proving that mixtures containing 4.5% to 4.9% binder performed the best against cracking. The RAP source was found to have more effect on cracking propensity than RAP content. Mixtures with RAP content up to 40% performed satisfactorily. Tukey’s pairwise comparison method was used to compare results from all tests; VECD was determined to be the most appropriate test to evaluate cracking propensity of HMA mixtures.

abstract: Road networks are valuable assets that deteriorate over time and need to be preserved to an acceptable service level. Pavement management systems and pavement condition assessment have been implemented widely to routinely evaluate the condition of the road network, and to make recommendations for maintenance and rehabilitation in due time and manner. The problem with current practices is that pavement evaluation requires qualified raters to carry out manual pavement condition surveys, which can be labor intensive and time consuming. Advances in computing capabilities, image processing and sensing technologies has permitted the development of vehicles equipped with such technologies to assess pavement condition. The problem with this is that the equipment is costly, and not all agencies can afford to purchase it. Recent researchers have developed smartphone applications to address this data collection problem, but only works in a restricted set up, or calibration is recommended. This dissertation developed a simple method to continually and accurately quantify pavement condition of an entire road network by using technologies already embedded in new cars, smart phones, and by randomly collecting data from a population of road users. The method includes the development of a Ride Quality Index (RQI), and a methodology for analyzing the data from multi-factor uncertainty. It also derived a methodology to use the collected data through smartphone sensing into a pavement management system. The proposed methodology was validated with field studies, and the use of Monte Carlo method to estimate RQI from different longitudinal profiles. The study suggested RQI thresholds for different road settings, and a minimum samples required for the analysis. The implementation of this approach could help agencies to continually monitor the road network condition at a minimal cost, thus saving millions of dollars compared to traditional condition surveys. This approach also has the potential to reliably assess pavement ride quality for very large networks in matter of days. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2018

Este trabalho teve como objetivo pesquisar a tipologia e as possíveis causas da ocorrência das patologias em pavimentos de concreto armado, bem como verificar a aplicabilidade e analisar criticamente os métodos de avaliação do estado funcional destes pavimentos. São apresentados os tipos e os graus de severidade das patologias descritas no método do United States Corps of Engineers (USACE), bem como os métodos de avaliação da superfície dos pavimentos de concreto, dentre eles, o índice internacional de irregularidade (International Roughness Index - IRI), o quociente de irregularidade (QI), o valor da serventia atual (VSA) e a avaliação subjetiva e objetiva do índice de condição do pavimento (ICP). A aplicação prática se concentrou nos estudos de caso de quatro pavimentos de concreto armado, sendo um pavimento urbano e três pavimentos industriais, realizando a avaliação detalhada das patologias existentes nos pavimentos em serviço, com posterior cálculo do valor do ICP. Foi avaliada também a irregularidade longitudinal (IRI), com um perfilômetro inercial, no estudo de caso do pavimento urbano, com o intuito de verificar se este método apresenta correlação com o critério do ICP para o caso dos pavimentos de concreto armado como indicador de desempenho. Os levantamentos permitiram verificar valores intermediários de ICP para os pavimentos analisados e que tal situação é decorrente principalmente de falhas construtivas. Os defeitos catalogados no manual do ICP são suficientes para descrição das patologias encontradas durante os levantamentos. Com o auxílio de uma maior quantidade de levantamentos seria possível estabelecer relações entre ICP e IRI sendo que a relação encontrada com base no universo estudado foi fraca, embora aponte uma tendência. O trabalho enfatiza o estudo e a aplicabilidade do método de avaliação objetiva do USACE que é amplamente empregado nos E.U.A. Por fim discute possível relação entre os valores do ICP e do IRI no caso estudado. / This research aimed to verify types and possible causes for the occurrence of distresses in reinforced concrete pavements as well as to verify the applicability and critically examine the methods for assessment of the functional condition for such pavements. It is presented the distresses types and its severity levels described by the method of the United States Corps of Engineers (USACE), as well as the methods for surface evaluation of concrete pavements, including the international roughness index (IRI), the quarter of car index (QI), the present serviceability ratio (PSR) and subjective and objective evaluation of the pavement condition index (PCI). The practice study focused in four cases of reinforced concrete pavements, an urban pavement and three industrials floors, consisting on detailed field evaluation of distresses with subsequent determination of PCI for several pavement sections. It was carried out a field measurement of IRI using an inertial profiler for the case of urban pavement, in order to verify whether this method could reflect the actual the performance of reinforced pavement concrete. The performed surveys allowed understanding that most of cases with low PCI values are due to constructive fails. The list of distresses suggested by PCI manual is suffice to identify the distresses found out during the surveys. However it shall be required a large amount of field surveys in order to define better correlation between PCI and IRI in view of the current results.

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Debido al incremento tránsito, el poco o nulo mantenimiento de la vía, la falta de drenaje pluvial y los estragos ocasionados por el fenómeno de “El Niño Costero”, la infraestructura vial de la Av. Sánchez Cerro se ha deteriorado a tal punto de presentar fallas estructurales y nulos niveles de serviciabilidad que no permiten un tránsito adecuado de los vehículos y peatones que circulan por la zona, afectando el confort del ciudadano y el paisajismo de la ciudad. Ante ello, y debido a que la zona es altamente comercial, con muchas interferencias producidas por los servicios públicos, las tendencias de sostenibilidad a nivel global y los niveles existentes en el proyecto, se ha realizado optado por realizar una propuesta de rehabilitación del pavimento mediante una base reciclada de asfalto con colocación de una losa de pavimento rígido que permita cumplir con los objetivos del proyecto. El objetivo principal del estudio es realizar el diseño del reciclado mecánico, también conocido como RAP, y el diseño de la losa de concreto del pavimento rígido mediante las metodologías AASHTO 1993, PCA 1984 y la “Yield Line Theory” (basada en Technical Report N° 34 del Eurocódigo) utilizada para el diseño de losas reforzadas con fibras que permita verificar las condiciones de diseño, brindando soluciones tradicionales y alternativas que permitan mantener los niveles de la vía. / Due to the increase in traffic, the lack of maintenance and drainage of the road and the damage caused by "El Niño Costero", the infrastructure of Sánchez Cerro avenue has deteriorated to the point of presenting structural failures and zero levels of serviceability that do not allow the transit of vehicles and pedestrians, affecting the comfort of the citizen and the landscape of the city. Given this, and because the area is highly commercial, with many interferences produced by public services, the global sustainability trends and existing levels in the project, it has been decided to carry out a proposal for the rehabilitation of the pavement through a recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) with the placement of a concrete slab that allows reach the objectives of the project. The main objective is to carry out the mechanical recycling design and the design of the rigid pavement concrete slab using the AASHTO 1993, PCA 1984 and “Yield Line Theory” methodologies (based on Technical Report No. 34 of the Eurocode) used for the design of slabs reinforced with fibers that allows to verify the design conditions, providing traditional and alternative solutions that allow maintaining the levels of the road. / Tesis

In the passing decades, the monitoring of pavements and passing vehicles was developed vigorously with the growth of information and sensing technology. Pavement monitoring is an essential part of pavement research and plays an important role in transportation system. At the same time, the monitoring system about the traffic, such as Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) system and traffic classification system, also attracted lots of attention because of their importance in traffic statistics and management. The monitoring system in this dissertation combines the monitoring for pavements and traffic together with the same sensing network. For pavement health monitoring purpose, the modulus of the asphalt layer can be back-calculated based on the collected mechanical responses under corresponding environmental conditions. At the same time, the actually strain and stress in pavements induced by each passing vehicle are also used for pavement distress prediction. For traffic monitoring purpose, the horizontal strain traces are analyzed with a Gaussian model to estimate the speed, wandering position, weight and classification of each passing vehicle. The whole system, including the sensing network and corresponding analysis method, can monitor the pavement and the traffic simultaneously, and is called transportation monitoring system. This system has a high efficiency because of its low cost and easy installation; multi-functionality to provide many important information of transportation system. Many related studies were made to improve the prototyped transportation monitoring system. With the assistance of numerical simulation software ABAQUS and 3D-Move, the effect of many loading and environmental conditions, including temperature, vehicle speed, tire configuration and inflation pressure, are taken into consideration. A method was set up to integrate data points from many tests of similar environmental and loading conditions based on Gaussian model. Another method for consistent comparison of variable field sensor data was developed. It was demonstrated that variation in field measurement was due to uncontrollable environmental and loading factors, which may be accounted for by using laboratory test and numerical simulation based corrections. / Ph. D.

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