abstract: Mutual monitoring in a well-structured authority system can mitigate the agency problem. I empirically examine whether the number 2 executive in a firm, if given authority, incentive, and channels for communication and influence, is able to monitor and constrain the potentially self-interested CEO. I find strong evidence that: (1) measures of the presence and extent of mutual monitoring from the No. 2 executive are positively related to future firm value (Tobin's Q); (2) the beneficial effect is more pronounced for firms with weaker corporate governance or CEO incentive alignment, with stronger incentives for the No. 2 executives to monitor, and with higher information asymmetry between the boards and the CEOs; (3) such mutual monitoring reduces the CEO's ability to pursue the "quiet life" but has no effect on "empire building;" and (4) mutual monitoring is a substitute for other governance mechanisms. The results suggest that mutual monitoring by a No. 2 executive provides checks and balances on CEO power. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Business Administration 2012

This diploma thesis compares the difference between the inequality of men and women on labour market. This inequality is mainly specify by the difference in salaries. Theoretical part is paying attention to difference in salary, legislative measure of equal pay, gender pay gap index, theories and studies in economics. Practical part of my diploma thesis deals with employment of men and women, analyzes particular factors which affects these salaries differences. Additionally, I focus on position of women in leading and political functions. The last chapter considers differences in salaries between men and women in coun-tries of Visegrad group.

Master of Arts / Department of Economics / James F. Ragan Jr / This paper examines some common explanations for the earnings gap between males and females. Over recent decades, the average pay of women has increased faster than the average pay of men; however, a substantial earnings gap remains. As of 2006, the U.S. Census estimated that for year-round full-time workers the earnings ratio of women to men was 77%; in other words, for every one dollar a man earns, a woman earns $0.77. The wage gap likely consists of both non-discriminatory and discriminatory aspects, and concern remains over how much of the gender wage gap is caused by discrimination against women. However, the part of the wage gap due to discrimination cannot be measured directly, so it is typically interpreted as the portion of the gap that is "unexplained" by other factors. Numerous economists and sociologists have studied this issue, but their conclusions differ vastly. This paper discusses various economic explanations for the gender pay gap, both discriminatory and non-discriminatory. It also briefly summarizes some sociological responses to economic arguments, as well as some policy recommendations and their possible implications.

Analysis of salary level & salary structure in a trade company based in Prague, comparison of salary survey results to national and European salary statistics, analysis of gender pay gap

This thesis deals with gender differences in the labor market. The aim is to determine whether wage differentials exist on the labor market, reveal their causes and overall impact. The theoretical part deals with basic terminology and concepts are explained as gender, mainstreaming, ,,glass ceiling", discrimination. There is also an overview of Czech and European legislation and institutional safeguards to ensure equal access for women and men. In the practical part of the thesis deals with the analysis of the gender wage gap, which is performed using pointers Gender Pay Gap. The thesis analyzes the situation both in the nationwide economy, but also at the level of individual professional categories of CZ-ISCO. Outlined here are the factors that affect the GPG. In the final part is mentioned the situation within the EU also. The work presents an analysis of statistical data, which explains the different status of men and women in the labor market .

This thesis deals with inequality in pay between men and women in the labour market. The goal of this master thesis is to evaluate and analyze income inequality of economically active males and females in the Czech republic and then make a comparison of situation between Czech republic and other member states of the European Union. Furthemore to test the level of denpendency between income variables and other selected factors. For the purpose of analysis and testing were used descriptive statistics and Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation.

Everywhere around the world, whether in developing or developed countries, women earn less than men. This phenomenon is in no way new and it has been investigated for many years. Still, in today’s modern society, the wage gap does not appear to be closing. In times of economic instability, such as the economic crisis, the progress towards equality may be pushed back, since specific groups, sectors, and occupations may be affected differently. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the Italian gender wage gap with a closer look at the fluctuations during the period of the financial crisis. In order to analyse and understand the fluctuations of the pay gap, the three main theories used in the research are the human capital theory, occupational segregation, and theories regarding the labour market structure. By applying the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method, this study analyses to what extent the gap could be explained by differences in observable characteristics, such as level of education or age, and how much remains unexplained. The empirical model is applied to the Italian Survey of Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) microdata between the period of 2002 and 2016. The main findings show that the Italian gender wage gap, for the most part, remains unexplained. This indicates that the differentials in pay cannot be accounted for by differences in observable characteristics, such as education, age, contract type. The results of this research show that the Italian wage gap was, to some extent, negatively affected by the financial crisis. Furthermore, implemented austerity measures were found not to have significant negative impacts on the gap, which only increased in the initial phase of the crisis.

This paper explores the income effect which motherhood has on women, using (American) Census data. The hypothesis states that the income effect is negative. Previous studies have shown that indeed children lower the income of women and that it is decreased with every additional child. We test our hypothesis using data from the Census Bureau from the year 2018, consisting of over 800 000 answers, and running multiple regressions to measure the effect which the number of children have on a woman’s income. As predicted, the results indicate that our hypothesis is true with a 26% decline in income when a woman has one or more children. Marriage has a negative effect on income while completing higher levels of education raises it.

No description available.

Yes / This study empirically investigates the impact of energy related public environmental concerns on the pay gap within polluting companies. It uses the extreme environmental event of the PM2.5 surge at the end of 2011, which led to an upsurge in energy related public environmental concerns in China, as a quasi-natural experiment. According to our findings, energy related public environmental concerns lead to a significant increase in the executive–employee pay gap of polluting companies compared to that of non-polluting companies, owing to a significant increase in executive compensation and no significant change in employee income. The effect of energy related public environmental concerns on increasing the pay gap within polluting companies is more significant in samples with high agency costs, poor information transparency, less analyst follow-up, and fewer institutional investors' shareholding. Furthermore, as energy related public environmental concerns exacerbate the polluting firms' internal pay gap, their total factor productivity and investment efficiency fall significantly. In summary, energy related public environmental concerns not only widen the wage gap within polluting enterprises but also worsen their operational and investment efficiency, which has important policy implications for emerging market economies seeking to balance environmental protection and economic development. / The authors wew funded by NSFC number (71903199), Fujian Pro vincial Federation of Social Sciences (FJ2023BF045), Guangdong Phi losophy and Social Sciences Project (GD23XYJ08), the Innovation and Talent Base for Digital Technology and Finance (B21038), and "the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities", Zhongnan Univeristy of Economics and Law (2722023EJ002).