Abstract The studies of the deformed nucleus for the Pb isotopes in the A~190 re- gion has been carried out by using the P.S.M. The comparison between the theoretical calculation of the transition energy, kinetic moment of ine- rtia, dynamic moment of inertia, paring gap, rotational energy, quadrupole moment, and B(M1)/B(E2) and the experiment observations are presented. We found that the kinetic moment of inertia is increased as the spin incre- ase for the even-even nuclei. This rise has been interpreted as being due to the combined alignment of the quasiparticles in the high-N intruder or- bit. And the kinetic moment of inertia is constant function of spin in the odd-even nuclei. It is interpreted as been due to the Pauli blocking of odd -quasineutron in the high-N intruder orbit.

Rome et Éphèse sont deux villes portuaires emblématiques de la Méditerranée antique ; la première fut le centre de l’Empire romain et la seconde devint la capitale romaine d’Asie mineure à la fin du 1er s. av. J.-C. Leur rayonnement économique et commercial en Méditerranée reposa notamment sur leur système portuaire. Cette étude a pour vocation de retranscrire le développement économique de ces deux cités par le signal des paléo-pollutions. Pour mener à bien ces travaux, nous avons prélevé des carottes dans les archives sédimentaires des bassins portuaires sur lesquels les isotopes du plomb ont été mesurés. La reconstitution des paléo-environnements par la géochimie élémentaire a été un préalable indispensable. Sur le temps long, la dynamique des masses d’eau portuaires fut visiblement soumise à la progradation des systèmes deltaïques, ainsi qu’aux interventions humaines qui modifièrent les environnements aquatiques initialement ouverts et bien oxygénés au profit de milieux fermés en déficit de dioxygène. Ce confinement des bassins portuaires franchit un seuil irréversible pour la navigation dès lors qu’un régime épilimnique se mit en place en raison d’une trop faible profondeur de la colonne d’eau. Les niveaux de contamination au plomb ont relativement bien enregistré l’état de santé économique de Rome et d’Éphèse qui évolua notamment au gré des périodes de prospérité et de troubles. Cependant, l’évolution des conditions environnementales et les multiples dragages semblent avoir altéré une partie de ces enregistrements. Les données isotopiques du plomb, converties en paramètres géologiques (Tmod, μ et к), nous ont également permis d’émettre des hypothèses sur les sources d’approvisionnement en minerais de plomb à l’origine de ces pollutions. On peut en retenir que les stratégies d’alimentation en plomb à l’époque romaine furent locales. En effet, il semble assez logique que ces deux cités aient dominé les espaces économiques environnants avec lesquelles elles étaient en contact. En revanche, alors que l’entrée dans le Moyen Âge s’accompagne du déclin de Rome, Éphèse retrouve sa prospérité passée avec l’importation de plomb hercynien d’Europe de l’Ouest produit massivement à la suite de la révolution économique médiévale. / Rome and Ephesus are two iconic harbor cities of the ancient Mediterranean; the first was the center of the Roman Empire and the second became the Roman capital of Asia Minor at the end of the 1st c. BC. The economic and commercial influence of these two ports in the Mediterranean depended heavily on their harbor systems. The aim of this study is to discern the economic development of Rome and Ephesus from the geochemical signals of the pollution they were exposed to. To this end, we drilled cores through the sedimentary archives of the two ancient harbors and measured major and trace element concentrations and Pb isotope compositions. Both harbors were subject to delta progradation, Rome by the Tiber and Ephesus by the Caÿster, which changed the aquatic environments from being initially open and well oxygenated to becoming closed and anoxic. The harbor basins finally shut down for shipping when an epilimnic system came into place due to too shallow a depth of the water column. Although changing environmental conditions and multiple dredgings appear to have altered some parts of the geochemical record, the pollution levels of lead quite accurately reflect the state of the economic health of Rome and Ephesus, which evolved the most during periods of prosperity and disorder. Pb isotope data, converted into geological parameters (Tmod, μ and к), further allowed deducing the provenance of the geological sources of lead ores at the origin of the pollution. Based on these results, it appears that lead ore supplies during the Roman period were of local origins, reflecting how Rome and Ephesus dominated the surrounding economic areas with which they were in contact. However, while the beginning of the Middle Ages is accompanied by a decline of Rome, Ephesus regains its past prosperity with the importation of Hercynian lead from western Europe. It was produced massively as a result of the medieval economic revolution that Europe experienced from the 10th century onward.

La lithosphère continentale est physiquement et chimiquement segmentée. La cartographie des isotopes radiogéniques de roches plutoniques acides, représentatives de la croûte continentale, et de laves basiques, représentatives du manteau, possède des similarités avec la cartographie sismique de la lithosphère sous-jacente. Ces similitudes permettent d’interpréter les observations sismiques en étudiant leurs caractéristiques chimiques et leur âge. Les isotopes du plomb permettent de dater et d’identifier l’empilement de segments crustaux qui forment la croûte. L’écart des âges modèles du plomb avec d’autres systèmes identifie le recyclage crustal et le réchauffement de la croûte au dessus de la température du système plomb-plomb. Le système plomb-plomb donne également accès au sous-étudié rapport Th/U qui contraint la profondeur de la source des roches continentales. Certains échantillons de l’ouest U.S.A. proviennent de la croute inférieure, et se sont formés par l’extension crustale ou par un flux de matériel au sein de la croûte. Les isotopes du néodyme et de l’hafnium marquent la fusion du manteau lithosphérique enrichis sous le Colorado Plateau, une région où est observée le détachement du manteau lithosphérique sub-continental. Ce manteau fond par décompression adiabatique, par extension localisée ou remontée asthénosphérique engendrée par la convection locale. Au final, l’association des systèmes isotopiques du plomb, du néodyme, et de l’hafnium avec la sismologie est une approche puissante pour étudier la formation et la déformation de la lithosphère continentale. / Continental lithosphere is physically and chemically segmented. The mapping at a continent size scale of radiogenic isotopes from plutonic acid rocks, sampling the continental crust, and from mafic lavas, sampling the mantle, has similarities with the seismic mapping of the underlying lithosphere. These similarities allow to interpret the seismic observations by studying their chemical characteristics and age. Lead isotopes are used to date and identify the stacking of crustal segments that form the crust. The deviation of Lead model ages with other system is used to identify crustal recycling and the heating of the crust above the Lead-Lead system closing temperature. The Lead-Lead system also give access to the under-studied Th/U ratio that constrains the depth of the continental rock sources. Somes samples from the Western U.S. are coming from the lower crust, formed by crustal extension or crustal flowing within the crust. Neodymium and Hafnium isotopes identify the fusion of an enriched lithospheric mantle under the Colorado Plateau, a place where lithospheric delamination has been observed. This mantle melts by adiabatic decompression due to localized expansion or asthenospheric upwelling caused by secondary convection. At the end, the merging of Lead, Neodymium, and Hafnium isotopic systems with seismology is a powerful tool to study the formation and deformation of the continental lithosphere.

Lebanon is situated in a Mediterranean semi-arid region rich in hydraulic resources but strongly under the impact of anthropogenic pressure, mainly after the industrial boost in the last 50 years. In this thesis our research is devoted to the study of water resources and the assessment of soil pollution in two contrasting watersheds that may resemble similar regions in the world. Rivers act as a collective funnel of contaminants derived from rock weathering, industrial, agricultural and urban practices. Thus we focus our study on the two main contrasting watersheds in Lebanon: an industrially dominated watershed located northwest of the country on the Mediterranean coast (Al Jouz basin), and a rural historically agricultural watershed that lies in the continental valley between the two mountainous chains (Litani basin). Geochemical analysis coupled to multi-isotopic applications was used as tools to investigate the collective influence of land-use cover, geomorphological processes, topography, soil type, geology, geography, orography, climate, and hydrological variability on drainage basin evolution. A two-year sampling strategy was followed (2011-2013) to collect not only water samples at various depths in the reservoir and in the piezometers, but also sediments (lacustrine, riverine and coastal) and soils (surficial and cores) to cover seasonal variations (rainy, first flush and dry seasons) in both studied areas. The results highlight the entire mechanism of characterization, origin, and partitioning between the dissolved and particulate phases of pollutants. Furthermore, the environmental implication of the Qaraaoun reservoir was assessed by emphasizing water hydrodynamics and its interaction with the watershed. Characterizing industrial and agricultural pollution allows the understanding of metal behavior and the prediction of its fate, in association with the environmental receiving media in semi-arid and Mediterranean areas. This work was the first to trace pollution sources and to reconstruct the metal fluxes in two of the most environmentally significant watersheds in the country. Stable and radioactive Pb isotopes were used in addition to 137Cs to study the geomorphological influence and the chronology of the environmental stress exerted by the factory and the dam on basin ecology. Moreover, the nature of the Qaraaoun reservoir and the internal hydrological dynamics were explored using stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to delineate the reservoir water layers and its fast response to meteorological and hydrodynamic changes in the watersheds, and to demonstrate its strong hydrological connectivity with groundwater. Reservoir water balance was made, indicating groundwater influx into the reservoir which was reported for the first time. The water hydrodynamics was also assessed using a box model, which in its role can be used to evaluate the reservoir water balance and hydro-project functionality and to establish the basis for water sustainability in the long term. This work has yielded a better understanding of biogeochemical processes under different environmental conditions. The treated issues in this thesis will provide a foundation for future hydropower projects and allow one to draw a road-map for national management plans, and to raise the alert for remediation processes and management methods to preserve the environment and resource sustainability, and ultimately the wellbeing of the local population.<p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The Davle Volcanic Complex (DVC) situated in the Teplá-Barrandian unit (TBU) of the Bohemian Massif, is considered as a Neoproterozoic-Cambrian magmatic arc that developed on the northern active margin of Gondwana supercontinent during Cadomian accretionary orogeny. This study combines data obtained from fieldwork, petrography, rock-forming mineral microanalysis, major and trace element analysis, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic systematics and U-Pb zircon geochronology in order to reveal the petrogenesis and evolution of the DVC. At least three-stage metamorphism including Cadomian seafloor alteration, Variscan regional metamorphism as well as contact metamorphism related to the emplacement of the Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex affected the DVC. The studied rocks follow calc-alkaline trend whereas tholeiitic trend previously reported is rather related to younger magmatic events. The northern part of the DVC is dominated by felsic subvolcanic (plagiogranite), volcanic (dacite- rhyolite) and pyroclastic (dacitic-rhyolitic tuffs and breccias) rocks with a few outcrops of basaltic andesite-andesite pillow lavas documenting the subaqueous activity of the DVC. These rocks are Na-rich, but K-poor, the plagiogranite contains albite most likely primary in origin, and exhibit highly radiogenic εNd values (~ +6 to +11),...