Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:28:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_fo_me_sjrp.pdf: 2522059 bytes, checksum: f73781a60f5c28d2e77381ea175077fd (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Pseudotothyris Britski & Garavello, 1984 é um gênero de cascudinhos pequenos da subfamília Hypoptopomatinae que conta com duas espécies válidas, P. obtusa e P. janeirensis. O gênero tem distribuição somente por bacias litorâneas do sul e sudeste do Brasil entre os estados do Rio de Janeiro e Santa Catarina. Schaefer (1991), em uma análise filogenética da subfamília Hypoptopomatinae, afirma não haver nenhum caráter diagnóstico unicamente derivado para Pseudotothyris, questionando sua validade taxonômica e sugerindo uma análise comparativa mais detalhada com os demais hipoptopomatíneos a fim de se determinar, se existirem, caracteres diagnósticos exclusivos para o gênero. Apesar dos inúmeros trabalhos posteriormente realizados sobre as relações filogenéticas da subfamília, nenhum deles incluiu as duas espécies válidas para o gênero. Com base no exposto, o presente trabalho realizou a análise filogenética e a revisão taxonômica do gênero a fim de avaliar sua composição específica, seu monofiletismo e o relacionamento filogenético entre suas espécies e delas com os demais Hypoptopomatinae. Para a análise filogenética foi realizado um estudo a partir de 108 caracteres observados para 49 táxons terminais, incluindo membros de Loricariinae, Hypostominae, Neoplecostominae e Hypoptopomatinae. Os resultados corroboram o monofiletismo do gênero, que é suportado por duas sinapomorfias não ambíguas: espinho neural central da vértebra 8 bem desenvolvido, alcançando pelo menos metade do tamanho do espinho neural central da vértebra 7; e odontódeos da margem anterior do focinho muito desenvolvidos apenas na região dorsal. Este último estado de caráter constituindo uma sinapomorfia exclusiva para o gênero dentro de Hypoptopomatinae. Assim como esperado e já sugerido... / Pseudotothyris Britski & Garavello, 1984 is a genus of small catfishes of Hypoptopomatinae with two species, P. obtusa and P. janeirensis. The genus occurs only in coastal basins in southern and southeastern Brazil, between Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina States. Schaefer (1991), in a phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Hypoptopomatinae, did not found any uniquely derived unreversed character which diagnoses Pseudotothyris, and questioned the taxonomic validity of the genus, suggesting that a more detail comparative analysis is need to find exclusive diagnostic characters to the genus. Despite numerous studies about Hypoptopomatinae relationships performed later, no one of them included the two valid species of the genus. Based on this, the present study aims to perform the phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of the genus, evaluating its specific composition, its monophyly, and the phylogenetic relationship within the genus and among the genus and other Hypoptopomatinae genera. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with 108 characters observed to 49 terminal taxa, including members of the Loricariinae, Hypostominae, Neoplecostominae, and Hypoptopomatinae. The results corroborated the monophyly of the genus that is supported by two unambiguous synapomorphies: central neural spine of eighth vertebra well developed, reaching at least half of the size of the central spine of the seventh vertebra; and anterior snout odontodes well developed only on dorsal region. Among the Hypoptopomatinae, this last character state is an exclusive synapomorphy for the genus. As expected and already suggested by other authors, Pseudotothyris is recovered as sister group of Otothyris, another genus that occurs in coastal drainages. As result of the taxonomic revision, we present... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Título original: Relações filogenéticas, filogeográficas e discriminação molecular de espécies de peixes do gênero Ancistrus Kner, 1854 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) quwe compõem três bacias hidrográficas do estado do / Orientador: Patricia Pasquali Parise-Maltempi / Banca: Eliana Feldberg / Banca: Edson Lourenço da Silva / Banca: Josi Margarete Ponzetto do Nascimento / Banca: Maria Rita de Cascia Barreto Netto / Resumo: O gênero Ancistrus é um dos mais diversificados da tribo Ancistrini possuindo 64 espécies nominais. Estes peixes diferem dos outros loricariideos pela ausência de placas e odontódeos na ponta do focinho, onde existem apenas pequenos tentáculos carnudos e odontódeos interoperculares bem desenvolvidos. O gênero é caracterizado por mostrar grande variabilidade citogenética com o número diploide variando de 2n=34 e 2n=54 cromossomos. Ancistrus também se apresenta amplamente distribuído nas bacias dos rios Uruguai, Paraguai e Amazônica, sendo que as duas últimas apresentam a maior diversidade de espécies e de cariótipos do gênero. Apesar destas características, o grupo ainda é conhecido por apresentar espécies de taxonomia duvidosa e de difícil identificação, de modo que as relações filogenéticas e os padrões filogeográficos, sobretudo na bacia dos rios Paraguai e Amazonas, ainda não foram revelados. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo discriminar as diferentes linhagens de Ancistrus provenientes das bacias Amazônica e do Paraguai e utilizando a ferramenta de "DNA barcoding", bem como identificar as relações filogenéticas e filogeográficas dessas linhagens utilizando múltiplas sequências de DNA. Foram obtidas 146 sequências do gene Citocromo Oxidase Subunidade I (COI) que foram utilizadas na discriminação das linhagens. A análise de "DNA barcoding" mostrou a ocorrência de sete linhagens de Ancistrus na bacia Amazônica e oito na bacia do Paragua. A técnica também ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Ancistrus genus is one of the most diverse of the Ancistrini tribe possessing 64 nominal species. These fishes differ from the other loricariids by the absence of plaques and odontodes at the tip of the muzzle, where there are only small fleshy tentacles and well-developed interopercular odontodes. The genus is characterized by showing great cytogenetic variability with the diploid number ranging from 2n = 34 and 2n = 54 chromosomes. Ancistrus is also widely distributed in the Uruguay, Paraguay and Amazon basins, with the latter two showing the greatest diversity of species and karyotypes of the genus. Despite these characteristics, the group is still known to present dubious taxonomy species that are difficult to identify, so that the phylogenetic relationships and phylogeographic patterns, especially in the Amazon and Paraguay basins, have not yet been revealed. In this sense, the present work aimed to discriminate the different Ancistrus lineages from the Amazon and Paraguay basins using the DNA barcoding tool, as well as to identify the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships of these lineages using multiple DNA sequences. 146 sequences of the Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene were obtained, which were used to discriminate the lineages. The analysis of DNA barcoding showed the occurrence of seven lineages of Ancistrus in the Amazon basin and eight lineages in the Paraguay basin. The technique also revealed a high average genetic distance among these linea... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Resumo: Hemigrammus Gill, (1858) é um dos gêneros mais especiosos dentro da família Characidae, com 51 espécies distribuídas nas Américas do Sul e Central; porém, pouco se sabia sobre suas relações com outros táxons de Characidae, sendo considerado por muitos autores como um grupo não natural (Ellis in Eigenmann,1918; Böhlke, 1955; Weitzman & Palmer, 1997a; Marinho et al., 2008; Britski & Lima, 2008; Lima & Souza, 2009; Lima et al., 2009). As poucas propostas disponíveis de relacionamento para o gênero, apresentavam Hemigrammus como mais proximamente relacionado à Hyphessobrycon, Parapristella, Bryconella, Thayeria e Hasemania (Géry, 1977; Serra, 2003; Benine, 2004; Mirande, 2009), porém, a maioria desses trabalhos analisaram poucas (1-3) espécies do gênero e nenhum deles teve como objetivo principal testar o monofiletismo de Hemigrammus. Sendo assim, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: redescrever e descrever osteologicamente H. unilineatus, espécie-tipo do gênero, avaliar o monofiletismo de Hemigrammus com a utilização do maior número possível de suas espécies válidas e avaliar o relacionamento de suas espécies entre si e com outras de Characidae. Foram analisados 95 táxons e 165 caracteres osteológicos, de morfologia externa e de colorido; a matriz de caracteres foi analisada pelo programa PAUP (4.0b 10 2001), com busca heurística, algoritmo tree-bisection-reconnection para o branch-swapping, random taxon addition sequence, 1000 réplicas e otimização acctran, com repesagens sucessivas. A análise filogenética resultou em seis árvores igualmente parcimoniosas; após repesagens uma única árvore mais parcimoniosa foi gerada, com IC. 0,35 e IR. 0,61. Hemigrammus em seu sensu atual não aparece formando um grupo monofilético. De acordo com os resultados obtidos o gênero fica restrito a sua espécie-tipo e espécies de outros gêneros de Characidae... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Hemigrammus Gill, (1858) is one of the most specious genera within the family Characidae, with 51 valid species distributed in South and Central America. The phylogenetic relationships of the genus with other Characidae are poorly known, and many authors consider that Hemigrammus does not constitute a monophyletic assemblage (Ellis in Eigenmann, 1918, Böhlke, 1955; Weitzman & Palmer, 1997a; Marinho et al., 2008; Britski & Lima, 2008, Souza & Lima, 2009, Lima et al., 2009). The few hypotheses available concerning relationships of Hemigrammus, presented the genus as closely related to Hyphessobrycon, Parapristella, Bryconella, Thayeria, and Hasemania (Géry, 1977; Serra, 2003, Benine, 2004; Mirande, 2009), however, all these studies analyzed only few species (1-3) of the genus, and none aimed to test the monophyly of Hemigrammus. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: redefining and describing osteologically H. unilineatus, type species of the genus; evaluate the monophyly of Hemigrammus using the largest possible number of its valid species; and assess the relationships of its species among themselves and with other Characidae. Were analyzed 95 taxa and 165 characters concerning osteology, external morphology and color pattern. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using PAUP (4.0b 10 2001) with heuristic search algorithm, tree-bisection-reconnection for branch-swapping, random taxon addition sequence, 1000 replicates and optimization acctran, with successive reweighting. The phylogenetic analysis resulted in six most parsimonious trees; after reweighting, resulted in a single most parsimonious tree, with IC. 0.35 and IR. 0.61. Hemigrammus in its current sense does not form a monophyletic group. According to the results, the genus Hemigrammus is restricted to its type species and species of other genera of Characidae (Hyphessobrycon, Moenkhausia and Pristella)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Francisco Langeani Neto / Coorientador: Heraldo Antônio Britski / Banca: Luiz Roberto Malabarba / Banca: Ângela Maria Zanata / Banca: Katiane Mara Ferreira / Banca:Vinicius de Araújo Bertaco / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:01:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 serra_jp_dr_sjrp.pdf: 3153770 bytes, checksum: 728398b4424d8a7553192af8e41e3af7 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Hemigrammus Gill, (1858) é um dos gêneros mais especiosos dentro da família Characidae, com 51 espécies distribuídas nas Américas do Sul e Central; porém, pouco se sabia sobre suas relações com outros táxons de Characidae, sendo considerado por muitos autores como um grupo não natural (Ellis in Eigenmann,1918; Böhlke, 1955; Weitzman & Palmer, 1997a; Marinho et al., 2008; Britski & Lima, 2008; Lima & Souza, 2009; Lima et al., 2009). As poucas propostas disponíveis de relacionamento para o gênero, apresentavam Hemigrammus como mais proximamente relacionado à Hyphessobrycon, Parapristella, Bryconella, Thayeria e Hasemania (Géry, 1977; Serra, 2003; Benine, 2004; Mirande, 2009), porém, a maioria desses trabalhos analisaram poucas (1-3) espécies do gênero e nenhum deles teve como objetivo principal testar o monofiletismo de Hemigrammus. Sendo assim, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: redescrever e descrever osteologicamente H. unilineatus, espécie-tipo do gênero, avaliar o monofiletismo de Hemigrammus com a utilização do maior número possível de suas espécies válidas e avaliar o relacionamento de suas espécies entre si e com outras de Characidae. Foram analisados 95 táxons e 165 caracteres osteológicos, de morfologia externa e de colorido; a matriz de caracteres foi analisada pelo programa PAUP (4.0b 10 2001), com busca heurística, algoritmo tree-bisection-reconnection para o branch-swapping, random taxon addition sequence, 1000 réplicas e otimização acctran, com repesagens sucessivas. A análise filogenética resultou em seis árvores igualmente parcimoniosas; após repesagens uma única árvore mais parcimoniosa foi gerada, com IC. 0,35 e IR. 0,61. Hemigrammus em seu sensu atual não aparece formando um grupo monofilético. De acordo com os resultados obtidos o gênero fica restrito a sua espécie-tipo e espécies de outros gêneros de Characidae... / Hemigrammus Gill, (1858) is one of the most specious genera within the family Characidae, with 51 valid species distributed in South and Central America. The phylogenetic relationships of the genus with other Characidae are poorly known, and many authors consider that Hemigrammus does not constitute a monophyletic assemblage (Ellis in Eigenmann, 1918, Böhlke, 1955; Weitzman & Palmer, 1997a; Marinho et al., 2008; Britski & Lima, 2008, Souza & Lima, 2009, Lima et al., 2009). The few hypotheses available concerning relationships of Hemigrammus, presented the genus as closely related to Hyphessobrycon, Parapristella, Bryconella, Thayeria, and Hasemania (Géry, 1977; Serra, 2003, Benine, 2004; Mirande, 2009), however, all these studies analyzed only few species (1-3) of the genus, and none aimed to test the monophyly of Hemigrammus. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: redefining and describing osteologically H. unilineatus, type species of the genus; evaluate the monophyly of Hemigrammus using the largest possible number of its valid species; and assess the relationships of its species among themselves and with other Characidae. Were analyzed 95 taxa and 165 characters concerning osteology, external morphology and color pattern. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using PAUP (4.0b 10 2001) with heuristic search algorithm, tree-bisection-reconnection for branch-swapping, random taxon addition sequence, 1000 replicates and optimization acctran, with successive reweighting. The phylogenetic analysis resulted in six most parsimonious trees; after reweighting, resulted in a single most parsimonious tree, with IC. 0.35 and IR. 0.61. Hemigrammus in its current sense does not form a monophyletic group. According to the results, the genus Hemigrammus is restricted to its type species and species of other genera of Characidae (Hyphessobrycon, Moenkhausia and Pristella)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-17T15:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-26. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-09-17T15:48:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000844105.pdf: 8076468 bytes, checksum: fdb178009f28725463bb71883f52141e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Desde as primeiras hipóteses filogenéticas para Hypoptopomatinae e Neoplecostominae, muitas mudanças ocorreram em decorrência do aumento da diversidade conhecida, o que teve grande impacto nas filogenias propostas posteriormente. Surgiram também problemáticas envolvendo a composição de ambas as subfamílias em virtude de divergências entre análises morfológicas e moleculares. Sendo assim, novas fontes de dados são fundamentais para um maior entendimento da diversidade dos grupos, além de colaborar para a elucidação de sua história evolutiva. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a contribuição de caracteres neuroanatômicos em uma análise filogenética para Hypoptopomatinae e Neoplecostominae, de modo a avaliar sua composição, as relações filogenéticas entre as subfamílias e delas com as outras subfamílias de Loricariidae. Para tanto, foram analisados 55 táxons terminais pertencentes às subfamílias Delturinae, Hypoptopomatinae, Hypostominae, Loricariinae e Neoplecostominae, além de representantes de Callichthyidae, pertencentes também à superfamília Loricarioidea, e Pimelodidae. Os espécimes foram dissecados e tiveram seu encéfalo retirado para a análise morfológica. A análise filogenética foi realizada por meio de busca heurística, usando-se o software TNT, versão 1.1. Foram utilizados 60 caracteres tratados como não-aditivos e com pesos iguais. Os resultados corroboram o monofiletismo de Loricariidae, e de três de suas subfamílias (Hypoptopomatinae, Loricariinae e Neoplecostominae). A análise demonstrou boa resolução principalmente no nível de subfamília, embora o relacionamento entre elas tenha apresentado flutuações, o que parece estar relacionado principalmente aos táxons de Loricariinae, que tem resultado como o grupo mais diverso no que se refere ao sistema nervoso central. Loricariinae foi recuperada como subfamília mais basal... / Since the first phylogenetic hypotheses for Hypoptopomatinae and Neoplecostominae, many changes have occurred due to the increase of its known diversity, which had great impact on the latest phylogenetic proposals. Came to light also problems involving the composition of both subfamilies due to differences between morphological and molecular analysis. Thus, new sources of data are fundamental to a better understanding of the diversity of groups, and contribute to the elucidation of their evolutionary history. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the contribution of neuroanatomical characters in a phylogenetic analysis to Hypoptopomatinae and Neoplecostominae, in order to assess its composition, the phylogenetic relationships within the subfamilies, and of these groups with other subfamilies of Loricariidae. Were analyzed 55 terminal taxa including the Loricariidae subfamilies Delturinae, Hypoptopomatinae, Hypostominae, Loricariinae, Neoplecostominae, representatives of Callichthyidae, which also belongs to the superfamily Loricarioidea, and Pimelodidae. The specimens were dissected and had their brain removed for morphological analysis. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using heuristic search, using the TNT software, version 1.1. 60 characters treated as non-additive and with equal weights were used. The results support the monophyly of Loricariidae, and three of its subfamilies (Hypoptopomatinae, Loricariinae and Neoplecostominae). The analysis showed particularly good resolution at the level of subfamily, although the relationship between them presented fluctuations, which appears to be primarily related to Loricariinae taxa, which as a result is the most diverse group regarding to the central nervous system. Loricariinae was recovered as the most basal subfamily. The subfamily Neoplecostominae was found composed by Pareiorhaphis hystrix, Isbrueckerichthys and Neoplecostomus, this one recovere ... / CAPES: 00889834/0001-08 / FAPESP: 2012/23231-5

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-12-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:29:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 serra_jp_me_sjrp.pdf: 1629158 bytes, checksum: 3caf30068b852683e910c49a69ecfcd4 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / São apresentadas a análise filogenética e a revisão taxonômica de Hasemania Ellis, 1911. Hasemania, Ellis, 1911, compreende doze espécies; sete anteriormente descritas: H. nana (Lütken, 1875) descrita para a bacia do rio São Francisco; H. melanura Ellis, 1911 (espécie-tipo por designação original), bacia do rio Iguaçu; H. maxillaris Ellis, 1911, mesma localidade de H. melanura; H. hanseni (Fowler, 1949), Estado de Goiás; H. crenuchoides Zarske & Géry, 1999, bacia do alto rio Paraná; H. bilineata Ellis, 1911, bacia do rio Tietê, descrita originalmente em Hasemania mas transferida por Géry (1966) para Coptobrycon; H. negodagua Lima & Gerhard, 2001, bacia do alto rio Paraguaçu, descrita originalmente em Hyphessobrycon; e cinco espécies novas: H. sp.n.1, bacia do rio Tocantins-Araguaia, H. sp.n.2, bacia do rio Jequitinhonha, H. sp.n.3, bacia do alto rio Paraná, H. sp.n.4, bacia do rio Doce e H. sp.n.5, bacia do rio Tocantins-Araguaia. A análise filogenética envolvendo as espécies de Hasemania e outros Tetragonopterinae e Characidade resultou em uma única árvore filogenética (Passos: 602; IR: 0,5368; ICR: 0,1213). O gênero é hipotetizado como monofilético com base em uma apomorfia exclusiva (com reversão em H. hanseni): mesetmóide bastante delgado, com um estreitamento mediano muito acentuado, deixando boa parte do vômer visível em vista dorsal. Além das relações de Hasemania, são também discutidas algumas relações filogenéticas em Tetragonopterinae. INTRODUÇÃO GERAL Hasemania Ellis, 1911, originalmente abrigava três espécies: H. melanura (espécie tipo por designação original) descrita para Porto União, rio Iguaçu, bacia do rio Paraná, Estado do Paraná; H. maxillaris, Ellis, 1911, descrita para a mesma localidade, e H. bilineata, Ellis, 1911, descrita para Paranapiacaba (Alto da Serra), São Paulo, bacia do rio Tietê, Estado de São Paulo...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T17:12:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-26. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-06-07T17:16:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000864243_20170305.pdf: 7143919 bytes, checksum: caed29775e1aef81d31c7ee53b951b52 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2017-03-10T13:07:29Z: 000864243_20170305.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2017-03-10T13:08:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000864243.pdf: 17228237 bytes, checksum: e60fc4adb3f71274c66a6fc0677f3dea (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Introduction: Prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and serious neonatal morbidity worldwide and the risk is inversely proportional to gestational age at birth. Several studies demonstrate the role of innate immune response and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in normal and complicated pregnancies, however most studies have focused on the tissues of the maternal-fetal interface. Research of the expression of TLRs in gestational tissues is of great importance for understanding the involvement of innate immunity in normal pregnancies and adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the analysis of these tissues allows for results only after the complete resolution of gestation. In this scenario, a potential biological sample of interest for analysis of TLRs in the ongoing gestation are maternal peripheral blood cells, since they play a crucial role in the immune system and express high levels of many of the TLRs. Main: Evaluate the profile of gene expression of TLR-1, -2, -4 and -6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and compare these expressions between preterm and term pregnancies. Materials and methods: 119 normal pregnant women were included in the study, subdivided into three groups according to the gestational trimester. In addition, 20 pregnant women in preterm labor and 18 pregnant women at term were evaluated. Gene expression analysis was performed by real-time PCR and protein expression evaluation by flow cytometry. Statistical analyses were performed using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests by SigmaStat 3.1 software. Results: Regarding PBMCs, there were no significant differences in gene and protein expressions of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-6 among the trimesters. The same was observed when comparing PBMCs of preterm and term pregnancies. In relation to neutrophils, gene and protein expressions of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-6 remained unchanged throughout normal... / Introduction: Prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and serious neonatal morbidity worldwide and the risk is inversely proportional to gestational age at birth. Several studies demonstrate the role of innate immune response and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in normal and complicated pregnancies, however most studies have focused on the tissues of the maternal-fetal interface. Research of the expression of TLRs in gestational tissues is of great importance for understanding the involvement of innate immunity in normal pregnancies and adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the analysis of these tissues allows for results only after the complete resolution of gestation. In this scenario, a potential biological sample of interest for analysis of TLRs in the ongoing gestation are maternal peripheral blood cells, since they play a crucial role in the immune system and express high levels of many of the TLRs. Main: Evaluate the profile of gene expression of TLR-1, -2, -4 and -6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and compare these expressions between preterm and term pregnancies. Materials and methods: 119 normal pregnant women were included in the study, subdivided into three groups according to the gestational trimester. In addition, 20 pregnant women in preterm labor and 18 pregnant women at term were evaluated. Gene expression analysis was performed by real-time PCR and protein expression evaluation by flow cytometry. Statistical analyses were performed using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests by SigmaStat 3.1 software. Results: Regarding PBMCs, there were no significant differences in gene and protein expressions of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-6 among the trimesters. The same was observed when comparing PBMCs of preterm and term pregnancies. In relation to neutrophils, gene and protein expressions of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-6 remained unchanged throughout normal ... / FAPESP: 11/00269-4

Orientador: Claudio de Oliveira / Coorientador: Jonathan Stuart Ready / Banca: Anderson Luis Alves / Banca: Luiz Henrique Garcia Pereira / Banca: Guilherme José da Costa / Banca: Ricardo Cardoso Benine / Resumo: Introduction: Prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and serious neonatal morbidity worldwide and the risk is inversely proportional to gestational age at birth. Several studies demonstrate the role of innate immune response and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in normal and complicated pregnancies, however most studies have focused on the tissues of the maternal-fetal interface. Research of the expression of TLRs in gestational tissues is of great importance for understanding the involvement of innate immunity in normal pregnancies and adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the analysis of these tissues allows for results only after the complete resolution of gestation. In this scenario, a potential biological sample of interest for analysis of TLRs in the ongoing gestation are maternal peripheral blood cells, since they play a crucial role in the immune system and express high levels of many of the TLRs. Main: Evaluate the profile of gene expression of TLR-1, -2, -4 and -6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and compare these expressions between preterm and term pregnancies. Materials and methods: 119 normal pregnant women were included in the study, subdivided into three groups according to the gestational trimester. In addition, 20 pregnant women in preterm labor and 18 pregnant women at term were evaluated. Gene expression analysis was performed by real-time PCR and protein expression evaluation by flow cytometry. Statistical analyses were performed using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests by SigmaStat 3.1 software. Results: Regarding PBMCs, there were no significant differences in gene and protein expressions of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-6 among the trimesters. The same was observed when comparing PBMCs of preterm and term pregnancies. In relation to neutrophils, gene and protein expressions of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-6 remained unchanged throughout normal... / Abstract: Introduction: Prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and serious neonatal morbidity worldwide and the risk is inversely proportional to gestational age at birth. Several studies demonstrate the role of innate immune response and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in normal and complicated pregnancies, however most studies have focused on the tissues of the maternal-fetal interface. Research of the expression of TLRs in gestational tissues is of great importance for understanding the involvement of innate immunity in normal pregnancies and adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the analysis of these tissues allows for results only after the complete resolution of gestation. In this scenario, a potential biological sample of interest for analysis of TLRs in the ongoing gestation are maternal peripheral blood cells, since they play a crucial role in the immune system and express high levels of many of the TLRs. Main: Evaluate the profile of gene expression of TLR-1, -2, -4 and -6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and compare these expressions between preterm and term pregnancies. Materials and methods: 119 normal pregnant women were included in the study, subdivided into three groups according to the gestational trimester. In addition, 20 pregnant women in preterm labor and 18 pregnant women at term were evaluated. Gene expression analysis was performed by real-time PCR and protein expression evaluation by flow cytometry. Statistical analyses were performed using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests by SigmaStat 3.1 software. Results: Regarding PBMCs, there were no significant differences in gene and protein expressions of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-6 among the trimesters. The same was observed when comparing PBMCs of preterm and term pregnancies. In relation to neutrophils, gene and protein expressions of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-6 remained unchanged throughout normal ... / Doutor

Orientador: Claudio de Oliveira / Coorientador: Fábio Fernandes Roxo / Resumo: O principal objetivo desse estudo é estimar uma filogênia molecular de Hypostominae, um grande grupo de bagres que está amplamente distribuído sobre a América do sul, para estimar a origem de seus maiores clados no tempo e espaço, e demonstrar o papel das capturas de cabeceira sobre os padrões de diversificação desses táxons. Nós usamos o método Bayesiano para estimar uma filogenia calibrada com o tempo com 220 espécies de Hypostominae, usando dois genes mitocondriais e quatro genes nucleares, nós usamos uma analise de biogeografia paramétrica (modelos DEC e DECj) para estimar a área geográfica ancestral, para inferir a rota de colonização e distribuição desses táxons. Hypostominae está composto por dez clados, e nossa filogenia calibrada com o tempo e nossa estimativa usando área ancestral indica uma origem de Hypostominae durante o médio Eoceno na área ancestral correspondente a área atual em que estão as drenagens costeiras do Pacifico, bacia do rio Madalena, Bacia Amazônica, Bacia do rio Orinoco, e drenagens costeiras das Guianas. As especiações em Hypostominae coincidem com importantes eventos geológicos na América do Sul. / Abstract: understanding both the origins of life on Earth and the ecosystem properties that are most critical to maintaining life into the future. Searching for these characteristics on a large scale has only recently become possible via advances in phylogenetic reconstruction, time-calibration, and comparative analyses. In this study, we combine these tools with habitat and phenotype data for 105 species in a clade of Neotropical suckermouth catfishes commonly known as cascudinhos. Our goal was to determine whether riverine mesohabitats defined by different flow rates (i.e., pools vs. rapids) may have affected rates of cascudinho cladogenesis and morphological diversification. In contrast to predictions based on general theory related to life in fast-flowing riverine habitats, cascudinho lineages associated with these habitats exhibited increased body size, head shape diversity, and lineage and phenotype diversification rates. These findings are consistent with a growing understanding of river rapids as incubators of biological diversification and specialization. They also support ongoing efforts to conserve rapids habitats in the face of ongoing hydroelectric powerplant construction throughout the major tropical rivers of the world. / Doutor

Orientador: Francisco Langeani Neto / Banca: Roberto Esser dos Reis / Banca: Marcelo Ribeiro de Britto / Resumo: Desde as primeiras hipóteses filogenéticas para Hypoptopomatinae e Neoplecostominae, muitas mudanças ocorreram em decorrência do aumento da diversidade conhecida, o que teve grande impacto nas filogenias propostas posteriormente. Surgiram também problemáticas envolvendo a composição de ambas as subfamílias em virtude de divergências entre análises morfológicas e moleculares. Sendo assim, novas fontes de dados são fundamentais para um maior entendimento da diversidade dos grupos, além de colaborar para a elucidação de sua história evolutiva. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a contribuição de caracteres neuroanatômicos em uma análise filogenética para Hypoptopomatinae e Neoplecostominae, de modo a avaliar sua composição, as relações filogenéticas entre as subfamílias e delas com as outras subfamílias de Loricariidae. Para tanto, foram analisados 55 táxons terminais pertencentes às subfamílias Delturinae, Hypoptopomatinae, Hypostominae, Loricariinae e Neoplecostominae, além de representantes de Callichthyidae, pertencentes também à superfamília Loricarioidea, e Pimelodidae. Os espécimes foram dissecados e tiveram seu encéfalo retirado para a análise morfológica. A análise filogenética foi realizada por meio de busca heurística, usando-se o software TNT, versão 1.1. Foram utilizados 60 caracteres tratados como não-aditivos e com pesos iguais. Os resultados corroboram o monofiletismo de Loricariidae, e de três de suas subfamílias (Hypoptopomatinae, Loricariinae e Neoplecostominae). A análise demonstrou boa resolução principalmente no nível de subfamília, embora o relacionamento entre elas tenha apresentado flutuações, o que parece estar relacionado principalmente aos táxons de Loricariinae, que tem resultado como o grupo mais diverso no que se refere ao sistema nervoso central. Loricariinae foi recuperada como subfamília mais basal... / Abstract: Since the first phylogenetic hypotheses for Hypoptopomatinae and Neoplecostominae, many changes have occurred due to the increase of its known diversity, which had great impact on the latest phylogenetic proposals. Came to light also problems involving the composition of both subfamilies due to differences between morphological and molecular analysis. Thus, new sources of data are fundamental to a better understanding of the diversity of groups, and contribute to the elucidation of their evolutionary history. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the contribution of neuroanatomical characters in a phylogenetic analysis to Hypoptopomatinae and Neoplecostominae, in order to assess its composition, the phylogenetic relationships within the subfamilies, and of these groups with other subfamilies of Loricariidae. Were analyzed 55 terminal taxa including the Loricariidae subfamilies Delturinae, Hypoptopomatinae, Hypostominae, Loricariinae, Neoplecostominae, representatives of Callichthyidae, which also belongs to the superfamily Loricarioidea, and Pimelodidae. The specimens were dissected and had their brain removed for morphological analysis. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using heuristic search, using the TNT software, version 1.1. 60 characters treated as non-additive and with equal weights were used. The results support the monophyly of Loricariidae, and three of its subfamilies (Hypoptopomatinae, Loricariinae and Neoplecostominae). The analysis showed particularly good resolution at the level of subfamily, although the relationship between them presented fluctuations, which appears to be primarily related to Loricariinae taxa, which as a result is the most diverse group regarding to the central nervous system. Loricariinae was recovered as the most basal subfamily. The subfamily Neoplecostominae was found composed by Pareiorhaphis hystrix, Isbrueckerichthys and Neoplecostomus, this one recovere ... / Mestre