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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Rodrigo Gomes de Alencar - 2014.pdf: 13066901 bytes, checksum: 15e26e7a3dde863c6267ef54f83385be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Ketoprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of mild to moderate pain in chronic inflammatory conditions. Due to its superior potency ketoprofen can be used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The treatment of IBD becomes safer and more effective when the drug is incorporated into colon-specific drug delivery systems. Pellets are multiparticulate solid dosage forms extensively investigated as colon-specific drug delivery systems. Pellets can be introduced into capsules or compressed into tablets. The industrial production of tablets containing pellets has several advantages when compared to the production of capsules. However, the compression of the pellets should not affect the release of the drug and the tablets should quickly disintegrate following administration. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop tablets containing ketoprofen coated pellets for colon-specific drug release. For this, pellets were produced by extrusion and spheronization technique containing 40% (w / w) ketoprofen. Ketoprofen pellets obtained were coated with two different pH - dependent polymers derived from methacrylic acid (Opadry ® k 94 or Eudragit ® FS 30D) with weight gains of 10 or 20% (w / w). The coated pellets were then compressed under different pellets’ amounts and different compression forces. An extra- granular mixture of lactose and microcrystalline cellulose was used as compression aid. The in vitro release of ketoprofen from the systems obtained was evaluated in Bio Dis ® apparatus. The morphological and physical properties of pellets and tablets were assessed. The Eudragit ® FS 30 D coated pellets with weight gains of 10 or 20% showed higher efficiency of colon-specific delivery (94 %), however, the drug was released slowly and incompletely in conditions mimicking the pH of the colonic region. After compression of the pellets, the efficiency of colon – specific drug delivery was lowered after compression (between 20% and 61%, depending on the formulation). The lowest decrease of colon specific efficiency was observed in formulations containing lower amount of pellets, which also produced disintegrating matrices with potential for use in the topical treatment of IBD. / O cetoprofeno é um antiinflamatório não esteroidal usado para o tratamento de dores leves a moderadas, em condições inflamatórias crônicas. Devido a sua elevada potência antiinflamatória, o cetoprofeno pode ser aproveitado no tratamento das doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DII). O tratamento das DII se torna mais seguro e eficaz quando o fármaco é incorporado em sistemas de liberação cólon-específica. Pellets são formas farmacêuticas multiparticuladas bastante investigadas como sistemas de liberação cólon-específica. Após sua produção, os pellets podem ser inseridos em cápsulas ou comprimidos. A produção industrial de comprimidos contendo pellets apresenta inúmeras vantagens quando comparada ao processo de enchimento de cápsulas. No entanto, a compressão dos pellets não deve afetar as características de liberação do fármaco e os comprimidos formados devem se desintegrar rapidamente. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver comprimidos contendo pellets revestidos para liberação cólon-específica de cetoprofeno. Para tanto, foram produzidos pellets contendo 40% (p/p) de cetoprofeno e celulose microcristalina pela técnica de extrusão e esferonização. Os pellets de cetoprofeno obtidos foram revestidos com dois diferentes polímeros pH-dependentes, ambos derivados do ácido metacrílico (Opadry ® 94 k ou Eudragit ® FS 30) com ganhos de massa 10 ou 20% (p/p). Os pellets revestidos foram então comprimidos com diferentes cargas de pellets e submetidos a diferentes forças de compressão, utilizando como adjuvante extra-pellets uma mistura granulada de lactose e celulose microcristalina. A liberação in vitro do cetoprofeno a partir das formas farmacêuticas obtidas foi avaliada em dissolutor Bio Dis aparato III. As caracterizações morfológicas e físicas dos pellets e comprimidos foram conduzidas. Os pellets obtidos por revestimento com Eudragit ® FS 30 D, com ganhos de massa de 10 ou 20%, mostraram elevada eficiência de liberação cólon-específica in vitro (até 94%), no entanto, o fármaco foi liberado de forma lenta e incompleta em meio com pH similar ao encontrado na região colônica. Após a compressão dos pellets, os valores de eficiência de liberação cólon-específica sofreram reduções entre 20% e 61%. A menor diminuição da eficiência de liberação cólon-específica foi observada nas formulações contendo a menor carga de pellets, as quais deram origem à matrizes desintegráveis com potencial para utilização no tratamento tópico das DII.

Genom att använda förnyelsebara energikällor som exempelvis träbränslepellets, kan det skapas förutsättningar för en hållbar utveckling. Träpelletsproduktionen ökar globalt och ökningen förväntas fortsätta i framtiden. Det leder i sin tur till att pelletsindustrin måste börja utöka sin råmaterialbas, exempelvis genom att använda biprodukter som bark. För att förbättra pelletsegenskaperna och pelleteringsprocessen kan exempelvis ett additiv användas. Syftet med denna studie var att öka kunskapen om hur lignin och cellulosa som additiv påverkar pelleteringsegenskaperna på pellets producerade av granspån, björkspån och aspbark. Målet var att ta reda på vilka effekter lignin och cellulosa har på pelletsens densitet, hårdhet, fuktupptagning samt energi vad gäller kompression och friktion. Lignin och cellulosa tillsättes som additiv vid halterna 0, 1, 2,5 och 4 % för pelletering av gran- och björkspån samt aspbark i en enpetarpelletspress. Pelletsen producerades med matristemperaturen 120, 100 och 100oC samt fukthalten 12, 10 respektive 14%. För pellets producerade av granspån och aspbark resulterade tillsättningen av lignin i förbättrade pelletsegenskaper, utan att kompressionsenergin och friktionsenergin förändrades. Vad gäller pellets producerade av björkspån, förändrade inte tillsättningen av lignin och cellulosa pelletsegenskaperna, däremot ökade den energin vad gäller kompression och friktion. Både lignin och cellulosa minskade fuktupptagningsförmågan hos pellets. / Using renewable energy sources, such as wood fuel pellets, can create conditions for sustainable development. Wood pellet production is increasing globally and the increase is expected to continue in the future. This means that the pellets industry must start to increase their raw material base, for an example by using by-products as bark. In order to improve the pellet properties and the pelleting process, additive can be used. The purpose of this study was to increase the knowledge of how lignin and cellulose as additives affect pelleting properties on pellets produced from spruce-and birch sawdust and aspen bark. The aim was to find out what effects lignin and cellulose have on the density of the pellets, hardness, moisture absorption, and energy for compression and friction. Lignin and cellulose were tested as additives in the amount of 0, 1, 2.5 and 4% for pelletizing spruce-and birch sawdust as well as aspen bark in a single pellet press. The pellets were produced at a die temperature of 120, 100oC and 100, and a moisture content of 12, 10 and 14%. For pellets produced by spurce sawdust and aspen bark, the addition of lignin resulted in improved pellets, without the compression and friction energy changing. In the case of pellets produced by birch sawdust, the addition of lignin and cellulose did not change the pellet properties, on the other hand, it increased the energy for compression and friction. Both lignin and cellulose reduced the moisture absorption capacity of pellets.

Ingeniero Civil Industrial / El presente informe presenta un plan de negocios para una fábrica de pellets de madera en Chile, en donde se presentan los principales agentes involucrados y sus respectivos roles en el mercado nacional, se propone estrategias para decidir la ubicación de la planta de producción y, por último, se realiza una evaluación técnica y económica de la planta. El principal uso del pellet de madera es como combustible para calefacción, en donde sus principales competidores en chile corresponden a la leña, parafina, electricidad, gas licuado y gas natural, siendo la leña el único producto que supera en el ámbito económico al pellet, pero no así, sus ventajas medioambientales, facilidad de transporte, uso y almacenamiento. Lo cual ha provocado un fuerte interés por parte del Gobierno en potenciar el uso de este combustible como alternativa a los problemas medioambientales presentes en el país, limitando el uso de calefactores que utilicen leña como combustible, y a su vez, llevando a cabo programas de recambio de calefactores antiguos por calefactores que utilicen pellets de madera. Dentro de los factores claves del éxito de las empresas en el sector, se destacan los siguientes: Proveedores de materia prima, tipo de materia prima, localización de la planta, maquinaria a utilizar y proceso de producción. Por lo que se recomienda ubicar la planta a no más de 100 km del proveedor de materia prima y un límite cercano a los 300 km desde la planta hacia el consumidor final. En donde se destaca el consumo para calefacción de las regiones del Bío-Bío, Los Ríos y de la Araucanía. La factibilidad técnica y económica consideró el análisis en detalle de un caso base, el cual, considera la utilización de una línea marca Kahl con capacidad de producción igual a 1,5 toneladas por hora y un proveedor ubicado en Loncoche con 3100 m^3-estéreo de aserrín húmedo disponible para comercializar. Los costos de inversión del caso base, con capacidad igual a 1,5 toneladas de pellet por hora, llegan a los $2.383.024.422, lo cual da como resultado una tasa interna de retorno igual a 14,4%, con un valor presente neto igual a $-41.270.996. Lo cual varía sustancialmente al utilizar otro precio de venta, lo cual aumenta la TIR a 20,96%. En el caso de otras líneas analizadas, una planta con igual capacidad alcanza una TIR igual a 29%. La conclusión del presente informe, considera que el interés mostrado por parte del gobierno por el pellet de madera, hacen del negocio del pellet de madera una alternativa altamente atractiva a largo plazo. Lo cual se hará rentable sólo si el proceso de secado es eficiente o se logre identificar un proveedor de aserrín con bajos niveles de humedad.

Biobränslen utgör 25% av Sveriges energitillförsel och majoriteten av dessa är träbaserade. Träpellets är ett biobränsle och i Sverige producerades 1,6 miljoner ton pellets 2018. Egenskaper hos pellets så som hållbarhet och energiåtgång för produktion testas ofta i en singelpelletspress. Då den totala energianvändningen för att pressa en pellet i en industriskalig matris innefattar tre energikrävande delmoment; komprimering, friktion och strömning. Strömning är då material som ligger över ytorna mellan presskanalerna, klacken, komprimeras och flytts ner mot konorna, samt då materialet som befinner sig i en kona deformeras när det trycks ner i presskanalen. Pelletering i en konventionell singelpelletspress innefattar enbart komprimering och friktion. Denna studie har fokuserat på att undersöka strömningsmomentets inverkan på den totala energianvändningen. För att undersöka detta har komprimeringsenergi, friktionsenergi, strömningsenergi samt den kraft som krävs för att strömningsmomentet ska påbörjas, Fflow, undersökts för 3 olika partikelstorlekar. Färsk gran med en fukthalt på 10% har pressats i olika matriser. Detta för att bestämma strömningens inverkan på den totala energianvändningen samt hur stor inverkan pressning av material som befinner sig runt inströmningskonan, på klacken, till presskanalen har på den totala energianvändningen. Partikelstorleken påverkar inte energianvändningen. Fflow var högre för tester i matris med klack jämfört med tester i matris utan klack. Detta ledde till att även komprimeringsenergin ökade. Materialet kring konöppningen påverkade pressningen så att den producerade pelleten blev 1 mm kortare, vilket gav en lägre friktionsenergi för dessa tester. Strömningsenergin stod för 43–57% av den totala energianvändningen. Energin som krävdes för den delen av strömningen där material runt inströmningskonan pressas stod för 35–52% av den totala energianvändningen. / Biofuels make up 25% of Sweden’s energy supply and the majority of biofuels used are made from wood. Wood pellets is one type of biofuel and in Sweden, 1.6 million tonnes of wood pellets were produced in 2018. Different pellet properties such as durability and energy use for production is often tested in a single pellet press. The total energy use for making a pellet in an industrial scale machine is the sum of the energy required for three different component sequences, compression, friction and flow. Flow is when the material that lies on the surfaces between the press channel openings is compressed and pushed downwards towards the coned openings and the materiel in the coned opening is deformed and pushed down to the press channel. Only compression and friction can be studied using a conventional single pellet press. Thus, this study focuses on the impact of the flow component on the total energy use for pelletizing. In order to do this, energy used for compression, friction and flow, as well as the power required for the material to enter the flow component, Fflow, has been studied for three different particle sizes. Fresh spruce with a moisture content of 10% has been pressed in different dies. With these pressings, the impact of the flow component, as well as the impact of pressing material located around the coned press channel opening on the total energy use was determined. Particle size did not affect energy use. Fflow was higher for pressings with material located on the surface around the coned opening, compared to pressings without. This resulted in an increased compression energy for pressings with material around the coned opening. The material located around the press channel opening affected the pelletizing so that the produced pellet was 1 mm shorter, which resulted in a lower energy use for the friction component. Energy used by the flow component made up over 43-57% of the total energy use. The part of the flow energy that is needed to compress the material around the press channel opening and move that material towards the opening stood for 35-52% of the total energy use for palletization.

When constructing a new house many questions appear, from architecture to decisions regarding installations. Sweden is situated in a cold part of the planet and questions regarding which heating system to install face everyone who decides to build a new house. This thesis describes a construction solution of a villa in Kiruna. The extended essay analyzes which heating system is most suitable for the construction. The options are geothermal, district and pellet heating systems. The aspects of interest in this study are economics, service and maintenance, as well as environmental impacts. Another important factor is how well the system can be integrated in the indoor space design. Conclusions are made from facts presented about the systems. The conclusion drawn from the comparison is that the choice of heating system is a complex question with many possible answers. A combination of individual values and the geographical area of the house are essential factors. In order to give the systems equal conditions they were all presumed to have great geographical localization to the villa and also buyers that, according to the writers, has normal values. The study showed that a geothermal heating system is the best solution for the constructed house. However, the comparison indicated that the other systems are almost as good solutions. That is probably why district, geothermal and pellet heating systems are all so common on the Swedish market.

Användningen av träkol som bränsle har resulterat i betydande utsläpp av växthusgaser, vilket har haft negativa konsekvenser för både hälsan och miljön. För att främja en hållbar utveckling och skydda både miljön och människors hälsa är det nödvändigt att vidta åtgärder för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser. En främjande strategi är att ersätta träkol med pellets som utgörs av biomassa. Biomassa, inklusive skogsrester och växtmaterial, spelar en väsentlig roll inom förnybar energiproduktion och användningen av biomassa som energikälla har ökat markant globalt under de senaste åren. Detta fenomen kan även observeras i utvecklingsländer i Sydamerika, Asien och Afrika. Inom hushållen i Afrika utgör traditionell biomassa, såsom vedbränslen och träkol, den främsta energikällan. Dessvärre genererar produktionen av träkol i Afrika betydande och onödiga koldioxidutsläpp på grund av ineffektiv energiproduktion och icke-hållbara skogs- och jordbruksmetoder. Detta bidrar till att Afrika har en av de högsta avskogningstakterna i världen och utgör en betydande källa till växtgasutsläpp och luftföroreningar. För att bekämpa dessa utmaningar och främja en mer hållbar användning av energi är det avgörande att övergå från träkol till ett mer miljövänligt alternativ som exempelvis pellets. Genom att minska beroendet av träkol som bränsle och ersätta träkol med pellets kan utsläppen av växthusgaser minska och även förbättra luftkvaliteten samt skydda skogarna.   Ekasi Energy Ltd är ett privatägt företag beläget i Sydafrika som är inriktat på förnybar energi och syftar till att tillhandhålla hållbara energilösningar till lokalbefolkningen i Afrika. Företagets mål är att främja förnybar energi, minska beroendet av träkol samt sprida medvetenhet om fördelarna med bränslepellets och solenergi i olika samhällen.   Studien undersökte hur egenskaperna hos sex olika pelletssorter påverkar utsläppen av kolmonoxid, kväveoxid och partiklar vid förbränning i matlagningsspisen Fabstove från Ekasi Energy Ltd. Analysen omfattade inköpta värmepellets, halmpellets och lucernpellets, pellets av elefantgräs från Sydafrika samt pellets tillverkade av kokosnötskal och zambisk tall som pelleterades vid Karlstads universitet. Förbränningstesterna inkluderade även utvärdering av bränsleförbrukning, användbar energi, effekt och effektivitet för matlagningsspisen. Resultaten visade att förbränning av pellets med högre askhalt och fukthalt, såsom halmpellets och lucernpellets, resulterade i ökade utsläpp av kolmonoxid, kväveoxid och partiklar och försämrade förbränningsförhållanden med lägre bränsleförbrukning och effektivitet.   Enligt utförda studier rekommenderas Ekasi Energi att fokusera på pellets med en låg halt av aska och fukthalt samt hög hårdhet. Detta för att säkerställa en effektiv förbränning med låga utsläpp av kolmonoxid, kväveoxid och partiklar. Vidare bör användning av halmpellets och lucernpellets i matlagningsspisar undvikas eftersom dessa kan medför ökade hälsorisker som är förknippat med hög askhalt och fukthalt. / The use of charcoal as fuel has resulted in significant greenhouse gas emissions, which have had negative consequences for both health and the environment. To promote sustainable development and protect both the environment and human health, it is necessary to take measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One promising strategy is to replace charcoal with biomass-based pellets. Biomass, including forest residues and plant material, plays a significant role in renewable energy production, and the use of biomass as an energy source has increased significantly worldwide in recent years. This phenomenon can also be observed in developing countries in South America, Asia, and Africa. In African households, traditional biomass, such as firewood and charcoal, constitutes the primary source of energy. Unfortunately, the production of charcoal in Africa generates significant and unnecessary carbon dioxide emissions due to inefficient energy production and unsustainable forest and agricultural practices. This contributes to Africa having one of the highest deforestation rates in the world and being a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. To address these challenges and promote a more sustainable use of energy, it is crucial to transition from charcoal to a more environmentally friendly alternative such as pellets. By reducing dependence on charcoal as a fuel and replacing it with pellets, greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced, forests can be protected, and air quality can be improved.  Ekasi Energy Ltd is a privately-owned company based in South Africa that focuses on renewable energy and aims to provide sustainable energy solutions to the local population in Africa. The company's goal is to promote renewable energy, reduce dependence on charcoal, and raise awareness about the benefits of fuel pellets and solar energy in various communities.  The study examined how the properties of six different types of pellets affect the emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particles during combustion in the cooking stove Fabstove from Ekasi Energy. The analysis included purchased heating pellets, straw pellets, alfalfa pellets, pellets made from elephant grass from South Africa, as well as pellets made from coconut shells and Zambian pine pelletized at Karlstad University. The combustion tests also involved evaluating fuel consumption, useful energy, power, and efficiency for the cooking stove. The results showed that the combustion of pellets with higher ash content and moisture content, such as straw pellets, resulted in increased emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particles, as well as deteriorated combustion conditions with lower fuel consumption and efficiency.  Based on the conducted studies, Ekasi Energy is recommended to focus on pellets with low ash content and moisture content, as well as high hardness. This is to ensure efficient combustion with low emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and particles. Furthermore, the use of straw pellets and alfalfa pellets in cooking stoves should be avoided as it may pose increased health risks associated with high ash content and moisture content.

Renewable energy sources have dominated energy use throughout human history and biomass is one of the world's oldest energy sources. The use of biomass as a fuel has increased in recent decades and has led to great technological development as a result of the growing demands for sustainable solutions. The main source of energy in households in sub-Saharan Africa is traditional biomass, such as firewood and charcoal. Charcoal production in Zambia is estimated to require 6,089,000 tonnes per year, which with its inefficient energy production and unsustainable forestry means that the country has one of the highest deforestation rates in the world in percentage terms. Since 2012, Emerging Cooking Solutions Ldt (ECS) has been supplying modern pellet stoves and producing fuel pellets in Zambia to phase out the use of charcoal in cooking. Pellet stoves minimize emissions of volatile particles and carbon monoxide emissions and reduces health risks. ECS is actively working to improve its cooking stoves and the purpose of the studies is to increase knowledge about how pellets' properties affect combustion. The study designed and built a test facility to be able to analyze the combustion of pellets in cooking stoves at the Faculty of Health, Science and Technology at Karlstad University. The plant includes measurement of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, temperature and velocity in outgoing flue gases. The fuel consumption of the stove and the temperature of the water are measured during the entire combustion process. The test unit and its design meet the majority of the requirements of ISO 19867-1 and can be used for tests on the combustion of different types of pellets in different types of cooking stoves. The study analyzed the effect of the pellets' properties on emissions of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides during combustion. The analysis was conducted on purchased straw pellets, pellets from Zambia and pellets from bark, heartwood, sapwood and from Laxåpellets that were pelletized at Karlstad University. The combustion tests also included analyzes of efficiency, power, usable energy and fuel consumption for the pellet stove. Incineration of produced pellets, purchased straw pellets and pellets from Zambia in the test facility reported that higher moisture content, ash content and extractives lead to higher carbon monoxide emissions and poorer combustion with lower fuel consumption and efficiency. According to the study, ECS should focus the production of pellets on biomass with a low ash content and extractives to ensure efficient combustion with low carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. Using bark pellets in the cooking stove in of lack of other fuel should be avoided. This entails greater health risks such as pellets with increased moisture content. It should thus be avoided to store pellets openly in a humid environment, which can occur during the rainy season in Zambia.

No / A computer simulation based on a Monte-Carlo technique has been developed and used to investigate the influence of pellet size, dispersity, shape and aggregation on the filling of hard shell capsules. The simulations are in general agreement with experimental observations previously reported. The results also confirm recent findings that filling is a function of pellet shape and that above an aspect ratio value of 1.2 filling reproducibility is reduced. The methodology is simple and rapid in execution allowing many computer-based experiments to be performed with minimum effort.

<p> An experimental investigation has been conducted into the reduction of iron oxides under blast furnace conditions. The necessary equipment has been designed, constructed and tested, and a program of study on two types of prereduced ore materials has been completed.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

En fortsatt ökning av koldioxidutsläppen leder ekosystemen på jorden mot snabba, farliga och irreversibla klimatförändringar. Den svenska skogsindustrin är en viktig aktör för att tillfredsställa framtidens efterfrågan på förnyelsebara bioprodukter. Produktionsökningen innebär ökad påtryckning på de svenska skogsmarkerna. Samhället, regeringen, företag och individer har ett ansvar att avverkningen av skog förblir hållbar. Reningsverken inom massa- och pappersindustrin producerar en stor andel biomassa i form av bio- och fiberslam. Bio- och fiberslamm innehåller näringsämnen som kan returneras till skogen. Uppgraderingen av biomassa till biokol har påvisade egenskaper som förbättrar skogsmarkens bördighet, främst genom att höja markens pH-värde. Biokol förbättrar hållningen av näringsämnen i marken genom katjonsadsorption, vilket påverkar träd och växters tillväxt. Markens sammansättning förändras när biokol tillförs, vilket påverkar den biologiska mångfalden i ekosystemen. Biobränsleaskan som utvinns från eldningspannorna inom pappersindustrin innehåller baskatjoner med alkaliskt pH-värde, vilket motverkar försurning i skogsmarker. Nackdelen med biomassa är den höga bulkdensiteten, vilket påverkar logistiken kring transport och lagring. Det finns metoder för att lösa problemen med logistiken, exempelvis genom sammanpressning. Sammanpressning är en väl beprövad metod för att uppgradera biomassan till pellets och förbättra biomassans egenskaper. Omvandlingen av biomassa till pellets ökar densiteten, mekaniska hållfastheten och gör att fuktupptagningsförmågan minskar. Pelletering medför att en homogen produkt kan produceras och levereras. Syftet med denna studie var att öka kunskaper om hur lignin som additiv, samt hur mekanisk kraft påverkar näringspelletsens egenskaper samt energianvändning.  För att producera pellets genomgicks två moment, en förundersökning och en försöksmatris. Målet med förundersökningens var att införskaffa riktvärden och ge ett underlag till försöksmatrisen. Försöksmatrisen är en fortsatt studie på hur ligninhalt och mekanisk kraft påverkar näringspellets egenskaper. Ligninhalten som analyserades var 5, 10, 15 och 20 % med mekanisk kraft på 5, 10 och 15 kN. Näringspelletsen har utvärderats utifrån egenskaperna densitet, hårdhet, pH, fuktupptagningsförmåga samt energianvändning. För att pelletera de olika blandningarna användes singel-pelletspressen som finns på Karlstad Universitet. Pelletsegenskaperna testades i labblokalerna på Karlstad Universitet.  Resultatet visar att testserien med mekanisk kraft på 15 kN och ligninhalten 20 % resulterade i högst densiteten, hårdhet, fuktupptagningsförmåga samt näst högst energianvändning. Studiens testserier varierade enligt följande: Densiteten i studien varierar mellan 843,5- 1 054 kg/m3 Hårdheten i studien varierade mellan &lt;1–3,7 kg Fukthalten i pelleten varierade mellan 8,7 % och 9,2 % efter 96 timmar pH-värdet varierade mellan 8,7–9,58 efter 24 timmar och minskade mellan 2- 4,9 % efter 48 timmar Energianvändningen varierade mellan 105,5- 129,5 J / Continued increase in carbon dioxide emissions lead the ecosystems towards rapid, dangerous and irreversible climate change. The Swedish forest industry is an important operator to satisfy the future demand of renewable bio products to reduce the use of fossil fuels. The increase in production means increased pressure on the Swedish forests. Society, government, companies and individuals have a responsibility to secure that the harvesting of forests remains sustainable. The wastewater treatment plants in the pulp and paper industry produce a large proportion of biomass, in form of bio and fiber sludge. Bio and fiber sludge contains nutrients that can be returned to the forest. The upgrade of biomass to pyro-char has proven properties that improve the fertility of the forest, primarily by increasing the soil's pH value. Pyro-char improves the retention of nutrients in the soil by cation adsorption, which affects the trees and plant growth. The composition of the soil changes as pyro-char is added, and the change in composition affects the biodiversity in ecosystems. The biofuel ash extracted from the heating boilers in the paper industry contains basic cations and alkaline pH, which counteracts acidification in forest land. The disadvantage of biomass is the high bulk density, which affects the logistics of transport and storage. There are methods for solving the problems in logistics, for example compression. Compression is a well-proven method for upgrading the biomass to pellets and improving the physical properties of the biomass. The conversion of biomass into pellets increases the density, mechanical strength and the moisture absorption capacity decreases. Pelletizing biomass results in a homogeneous product can be created and delivered as pellets. The purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge on how lignin as an additive, and how mechanical force affects the physical properties of the nutritional pellets. The production of nutrition pellets consists of two stages, a preliminary investigation and a test matrix. The purpose of the preliminary study is to acquire guideline values ​​and provide a basis for the experimental matrix. The experimental matrix is ​​a continued study of how lignin content and pressure affect the physical properties of the nutrition pellet. The lignin content that was analyzed was 5-20 % with mechanical force that varied between 5, 10 and 15 kN. The nutritional pellets are evaluated based on the properties density, hardness, pH, moisture absorption capacity and energy use. The single-pelletizer press, located at Karlstad University, was used to pelletize the different mixtures. The pellet properties were evaluated at the laboratory at Karlstad University. The result shows that the test series with a pressure of 15 kN and the lignin content of 20% resulted in the highest density, hardness, moisture absorption capacity and the second highest energy consumption. Depending on the mechanical force and lignin content used, the parameters varied as follows. The density varies between 843.5 – 1,054 kg/m3 The hardness ranged between &lt;1 and 3.7 kg The moisture content of the pellets varied between 8.7% and 9.2% after 96 hours The pH-value varied between 8.7-9.58 after 24 hours and decreased between 2- 4.9 % after 48 hours The energy consumption varies between 105.5-129.5 J