The purpose of this study is to examine if the existing theories within the field of Euroscepticism is sufficient to help us reach a deeper understanding of the changes in party positions and the publics opinion towards the EU and European integration in France between 2016 and 2018. To reach a deeper understanding of the case and the existing theories two research questions have been designed. One that seeks to examine on how we can understand the changes in voter opinion towards the EU. The other one seeks to examine how we can understand how the parties En Marche! and Front National has acted from 2016 to 2018. The method used in this study is a theory-consuming case study. Five theories where generated from the existing body of literature where crucial elements from seven different articles where derived to build a theoretical framework that examines different aspects of the voter vs. party dynamic. Most of the theories where applicable to the case at some point within the examined timeframe and helped us reach a deeper understanding of the case. Although one of the theories stood out and helped us reach a deeper understanding of the case during the entire period. That was the theory regarding that the French publics opinion about the EU seems to have been affected by a wider information-environment more than anything else. Although further research focused on that theory would be necessary to substantiate the findings in this thesis.

Orientador: Cláudia Valéria Seullner Brandão / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar e avaliar a aplicação de célula tronco mesenquimal de tecido adiposo (CTM-TA) e plasma rico em plaquetas aquecido alogênico (PRP-AA) perilacrimal em cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS), bem como, se há diferença na resposta segundo o grau de gravidade da afecção. Foram analisados 20 cães com produção lacrimal <15mm/min e distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (n=10). O grupo 1 tratado com CTM-TA (5x106 e 3x106 células) (GCTM-TA) e com grupo 2 PRP-AA (0,7mL e 0,3mL) (GPRP-AA), ambos injetados perilacrimal nas glândulas lacrimal principal e da terceira pálpebra, respectivamente. Todos os olhos foram avaliados em quatro momentos (M0 M15, M30, M60 dias). As variáveis avaliadas foram: osmolaridade da lágrima; teste lacrimal de Schirmer (TLS); sensibilidade corneal; tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal (TRFL); pressão intraocular; espessura corneal; e biopsia da conjuntiva bulbar, além das variáveis clínico-oftalmológicas. Houve melhora nos dois grupos a partir de M15 (p<0,05) na qualidade do filme lacrimal, avaliada por meio da osmolaridade e TRFL, sem diferença entre os grupos. A produção de lágrima aumentou, entretanto notou-se diferença significativa nos animais com CCS discreta no GPRP-AA a partir do M30, e nos cães com CCS grave no GCTM-TA a partir do M30 e no GPRP-AA a partir do M60. Verificou-se melhora dos sinais clínicos da inflamação em ambos os grupos. Aplicação única perilacrimal de CTM-TA e PRP aquecido alogênicos normaliza a ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of the study was to compare and evaluate the application of allogenic mesenchymal stem cell adipose tissue derived (MSCs-AD) and inativate platelet-rich plasma allogenic (PRP-IA), perilacrimal in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), and if there is difference in the response according to the degree of severity of the condition. Twenty dogs with lacrimal production <15mm/min randomly assigned to two groups were used. Group treated with MSCs-AD (5x106 and 3x106) (GMSCs-AD) and with PRP-IA (0.7ml and 0.3ml) (GPRP-IA), both intralacrimal in the main lacrimal glands and third eyelid, respectively. The eyes were evaluated in four moments after application (M0 M15, M30, M60). The variables evaluated were: tear osmolarity e; Schirmer's tear test (STT); sensitivity corneal; tear film break time (TBUT); intraocular pressure; corneal thickness; and biopsy of the bulbar conjunctiva, in addition to clinical-ophthalmologic variables. There was improvement in two groups at M15 (p <0.05) on tear film quality, assessed by osmolarity and TBUT, with there was no difference between groups. STT increased, however, statistical difference was only observed in animals with mild KCS in the GPRP-IA from the M30 and in the intense KCS at M30 in the G MSCs-AD and at M60 in the GPRP-IA. There was an improvement in the clinical signs of inflammation in both groups. The unique Intralacrimal application of MSCs-AD and PRP-IA normalizes tear film quality and improves clinical signs of inflamma... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

<p>Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy occurs when our immune system causes a reaction to otherwise harmless substances (allergens). Allergens are predominantly proteins present in biological materials such as pollens, mites, animal epithelia, moulds and foods. </p><p><i>In vitro</i> tests for specific IgE antibodies usually employ an allergen source extract as an antibody capturing reagent. The proportion of allergenic molecules in these biochemically complex extracts may vary.</p><p>Recombinant allergens may be obtained in large quantities with biotechnological techniques. These proteins can be characterized biochemically and immunologically, resulting in tests with minimal batch-to-batch variation. This thesis describes different uses of recombinant allergens in component-resolved diagnostics (CRD).</p><p>In CRD, single allergenic proteins are used to establish a sensitization profile of the patient. Two timothy grass (<i>Phleum pratense</i>) pollen allergens, Phl p 11 and Phl p 4, were cloned and expressed as recombinant proteins. They were subsequently characterized and can, for example, be used in a panel for grass pollen CRD.</p><p>Single allergens may be useful as diagnostic markers for allergic sensitization. This phenomenon was studied using tropomyosin, a major allergen from the shrimp <i>Penaeus aztecus</i> (Pen a 1). The characteristics of the recombinant and natural proteins were compared. The recombinant tropomyosin was then extensively tested using specific competition for IgE binding against extracts of other crustacean species, house dust mite and cockroach.</p><p>In cases when an important allergen is missing or underrepresented in a natural extract, the corresponding recombinant allergen may be added to the extract as a spiking reagent. Previous studies have shown that latex extracts for diagnostic testing may lack the allergen Hev b 5. Recombinant Hev b 5 was expressed from a synthetic gene construct, incorporating several adaptations to enable efficient large scale production of the recombinant protein, to be used as a spiking reagent.</p>

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy occurs when our immune system causes a reaction to otherwise harmless substances (allergens). Allergens are predominantly proteins present in biological materials such as pollens, mites, animal epithelia, moulds and foods. In vitro tests for specific IgE antibodies usually employ an allergen source extract as an antibody capturing reagent. The proportion of allergenic molecules in these biochemically complex extracts may vary. Recombinant allergens may be obtained in large quantities with biotechnological techniques. These proteins can be characterized biochemically and immunologically, resulting in tests with minimal batch-to-batch variation. This thesis describes different uses of recombinant allergens in component-resolved diagnostics (CRD). In CRD, single allergenic proteins are used to establish a sensitization profile of the patient. Two timothy grass (Phleum pratense) pollen allergens, Phl p 11 and Phl p 4, were cloned and expressed as recombinant proteins. They were subsequently characterized and can, for example, be used in a panel for grass pollen CRD. Single allergens may be useful as diagnostic markers for allergic sensitization. This phenomenon was studied using tropomyosin, a major allergen from the shrimp Penaeus aztecus (Pen a 1). The characteristics of the recombinant and natural proteins were compared. The recombinant tropomyosin was then extensively tested using specific competition for IgE binding against extracts of other crustacean species, house dust mite and cockroach. In cases when an important allergen is missing or underrepresented in a natural extract, the corresponding recombinant allergen may be added to the extract as a spiking reagent. Previous studies have shown that latex extracts for diagnostic testing may lack the allergen Hev b 5. Recombinant Hev b 5 was expressed from a synthetic gene construct, incorporating several adaptations to enable efficient large scale production of the recombinant protein, to be used as a spiking reagent.

Among all existing fuel cell technologies, the planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is the most promising one for high power density applications. A planar SOFC consists of two porous ceramic layers (the anode and cathode) through which flows the fuel and oxidant. These ceramic layers are bonded to a solid electrolyte layer to form a tri-layer structure called PEN (positive-electrolyte-negative) across which the electrochemical reactions take place to generate electricity. Because SOFCs operate at high temperatures, the cell components (e.g., PEN and seals) are subjected to harsh environments and severe thermomechanical residual stresses. It has been reported repeatedly that, under combined thermomechanical, electrical and chemical driving forces, catastrophic failure often occurs suddenly due to material fracture or loss of adhesion at the material interfaces. Unfortunately, there have been very few thermomechanical modeling techniques that can be used for assessing the reliability and durability of SOFCs. Therefore, modeling techniques and simulation tools applicable to SOFC will need to be developed. Such techniques and tools enable us to analyze new cell designs, evaluate the performance of new materials, virtually simulate new stack configurations, as well as to assess the reliability and durability of stacks in operation. This research focuses on developing computational techniques for modeling fracture failure in SOFCs. The objectives are to investigate the failure modes and failure mechanisms due to fracture, and to develop a finite element based computational method to analyze and simulate fracture and crack growth in SOFCs. By using the commercial finite element software, ANSYS, as the basic computational tool, a MatLab based program has been developed. This MatLab program takes the displacement solutions from ANSYS as input to compute fracture parameters. The individual stress intensity factors are obtained by using the volume integrals in conjunction with the interaction integral technique. The software code developed here is the first of its kind capable of calculating stress intensity factors for three-dimensional cracks of curved front experiencing both mechanical and non-uniform temperature loading conditions. These results provide new scientific and engineering knowledge on SOFC failure, and enable us to analyze the performance, operations, and life characteristics of SOFCs.

Vor dem Hintergrund empirischer Befunde zur Nutzung von CAD-Systemen beim konstruktiven Entwerfen in der Ausbildung sowie der Berufspraxis wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit über eine Befragungsstudie sowie eine laborexperimentelle Studie zur Bewertung des Unterstützungspotentials verschiedenartiger Arbeitsmittel in den frühen Phasen des Entwerfens von technischen Gebilden berichtet. Zu den beim Entwerfen eingesetzten Arbeitsmitteln zählen neben einfachen, aufwandsarmen Werkzeugen wie Papier und Bleistift auch computerisierte Automaten wie z. B. CAD-Systeme. CAD-Systeme sind durch die bereitgestellten Funktionalitäten heutzutage ein wesentliches Arbeitsmittel für den Konstrukteur; die für die außerordentlich komplexen, kostenbestimmenden frühen Entwurfsphasen wichtigen Funktionen werden aber offenbar nur in unzureichendem Maße oder überhaupt nicht zur Verfügung gestellt. Dadurch notwendige Wechsel zwischen analogen und digitalen Arbeitsmitteln müssen bislang manuell durchgeführt werden und haben neben zeitlichen Einbußen in der Regel Fehler und Informationsverluste bei der Übertragung zur Folge. Mit dem LCD-Monitor mit integriertem Graphiktablett WACOM Cintiq 15X, dessen Bedienung sich an den Eigenschaften herkömmlicher Handskizzen orientiert, wird eine durchgängige Nutzung von CAD-Systemen angestrebt. Zunächst wurden diese drei Arbeitsmittel hinsichtlich Ihrer Anforderungen an den Nutzer bei einem Einsatz in den frühen Entwurfsphasen aus tätigkeitspsychologischer Sicht analysiert. In der experimentellen Hauptuntersuchung bearbeiteten drei Versuchsgruppen einer Stichprobe von 66 Studierenden einer ingenieurtechnischen Fakultät dasselbe wissensreiche, praxisnahe Entwurfsproblem unter den experimentellen Bedingungen der Entwurfsentwicklung durch Freihandskizzieren mit Papier und Bleistift, mit digitalem Graphiktablett oder mit Hilfe des Rechnerprogramms AutoCAD. Es erfolgte eine differenzierte Betrachtung des Einflusses dieser verschiedenartigen Arbeitsmittel auf unterschiedliche Variablen der Bereiche ?Ergebnisse?, ?Erleben? und ?Prozess?. Im Ergebnis der Analysen konnte weitestgehend hypothesenkonform gezeigt werden, dass Freihandskizzieren - unabhängig vom Arbeitsmittel - dem Entwerfen mittels CAD in allen betrachteten effektivitäts- und effizienzbestimmenden Kriterien überlegen war. Prozessorientierte Analysen des äußeren Handlungsablaufes sowie handlungsbegleitender mentaler Prozesse gaben erste Hinweise auf mögliche Ursachen dieser Befunde aus handlungspsychologischer Sicht. Dazu war eine Untersuchungsmethodik entwickelt worden, die es erlaubt, begründet auf den ?inneren Verlauf? des Entwerfens zu schließen. Die Ergebnisse konnten in einem weiteren Schritt an einer Problemstellung mit vergleichbarem Schwierigkeitsgrad weitgehend repliziert werden. Aus den Analysen und Resultaten wurden Schlussfolgerungen für die Konstruktionsausbildung und die Gestaltung digitaler Unterstützungssysteme abgeleitet. / Due to its economic importance, engineering design as a demanding and complex problem-solving activity has been the subject of interdisciplinary research of both psychologists and design scientists for several years. In particular, the early stages of problem clarification and conceptual design are of significant interest. The design process can be supported in several different ways, e. g. with simple low-expenditure sketches. Today, high-performance digital tools (e. g. CAD) have become indispensable in product development. But their characteristics hypothetically result in an additional workload of mental capacity and hinder the full and correct establishment of necessary mental problem representations. So design engineers often combine sketches and CAD. In order to avoid a loss of time and information when switching between the different media, the functions of sketches should be implemented into CAD. An approach to realise this is the interactive pen display WACOM Cintiq 15X, which claims to have the same characteristics as paper &amp;amp; pencil together with differing kinds of computer functionalities. Its effectiveness and efficiency has not yet been investigated. This study focuses on the comparison of the three media ?paper &amp;amp; pencil?, ?pen display? and ?AutoCAD? in the early stages of the design process. On the basis of the psychological demands on the user, support potential was analysed by recording variables concerning the results, the subjective experience and the process. The sample was composed of 66 students of the mechanical engineering graduate program at the Dresden University of Technology. Random sampling resulted in three subsamples of 22 subjects each. The research was carried out in a laboratory experimental study, where people work alone on a given design scenario. No significant differences could be found between the two groups designing by freehandsketching with paper &amp;amp; pencil and with pen display. This speaks well for comparable demands of these two media on the user. Subjects who designed with AutoCAD produced solutions with a significant lower quality and communication of the technical information content. They needed significantly more time to develop the solution. These results can be regarded as evidence of the hypothetically discussed demands on the user: current CAD-systems do not take cognitive abilities and limitations into consideration sufficiently as well as ways of intuitive and effort-saving externalisation. Results could be replicated extensively in a study with a design problem of equally difficult requirement structure. Finally, hints for education of engineering design students and essential requirements for digital support tools in the early stages of the design process were derived.

No description available.

In this thesis, new all-printed capacitors are developed for the applications of energy storage, filter, and resonant circuits by using new dielectric material and an advanced technology. The innovative devices provide satisficing electrical performances with high breakdown voltages and capacitance densities. The main body of this thesis is divided in three parts. The first part is to introduce the fundamental background of printing technologies, electrical capacitors and printable materials. Among all the printing technologies, direct writing family is the most advantageous in the small-scale and fast production of printed electronics due to the properties of masterless processing, digital control, and print-on-demand. Both inkjet printing and ultrasonic fluid dispensing applied in this work are grouped into the direct writing family. A cross-linkable dielectric material poly(methyl methacrylate)84/(4-benzoylphenyl methacrylate)16 [P(MMA84/BPMA16)] exhibits the optimized chemical and mechanical stabilities in comparison with uncross-linked poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoro ethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] exhibits a high dielectric constant of 16. The great advantages of both polymeric dielectrics make them ideal for printed electronics. The second part is devoted to the preparation of printed thin-film capacitors by providing four different layouts and architectures for multiple electronic applications. The printing setup, process setting and steps are summarized in detail. The following part which is the major content of this thesis is divided into two aspects: in the first aspect, the intriguing new form of continuous solution dispensing technology, ultrasonic fluid dispensing, is demonstrated as an alternative printing technology for the commonly applied ones. In comparison with the widely-used inkjet printing, continuous solution dispensing is the most advantageous in thin-film capacitor processing with metal nanoparticle and polymer dielectric inks. It enables precise pattern transfers with low surface roughness, small feature size (as small as 5 μm), and accurate positioning (5 μm resolution). Most importantly, problems due to discrete droplets and nozzle clogging in inkjet printing are avoided in continuous solution dispensing. All the inks applied for printed capacitors in this work are printed successfully with this innovating technology. Direct printing on demand and rapid switching among different inks are some other attributes of this printing technology that enable high throughput. The second aspect of this part is to characterize and evaluate the fabricated capacitors. The measured values include capacitor dimension, dielectric strength, capacitance density, energy density, charge/discharge behavior and so on. In summary, this work provides not only the use of the advantageous materials P(MMA84/BPMA16) and P(VDF-TrFE) in high-performance capacitors, but also paves the way of developing thin-film capacitors with a new continuous solution dispensing technology which makes the low-cost and high-quality manufacture of printed devices possible.

L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’observer et d’analyser l’interaction entre un élève autiste, un logiciel éducatif et un enseignant dans des situations d’apprentissage de la lecture et de l’écriture. Étudier la manière dont les élèves autistes peuvent interagir avec des logiciels éducatifs en présence d’enseignants est très important, notamment pour comprendre comment mieux focaliser l’attention de ces enfants. Il faut alors étudier l’évolution des comportements des élèves et connaître les modes d’intervention des enseignants, favorisant ou non l’évolution de ces comportements. Pour analyser les modes d’interaction qui se mettent en place entre trois agents (un enseignant, un élève autiste et un logiciel éducatif), nous avons défini des observables, pouvant être recueillis durant les phases d’étude chez chacun des agents, et choisi des outils permettant de collecter les informations en temps réel (stylo numérique et logiciel Camtasia). Nous avons également synchronisé plusieurs sources de données. Les informations recueillies et synchronisées, les traces d’activités, ont ensuite été traitées afin de fournir des formes visuelles résumées de l’activité et de calculer différents indicateurs. Ces analyses ont été confrontées aux experts de l’autisme, pour interprétation et aux enseignants pour une meilleure prise en compte de leur propre comportement. Pour mener ce travail, nous avons, d’un premier temps, participé au projet ANR RobAutisTIC, autour d’une interaction ludique entre des enfants autistes, des thérapeutes suivant un protocole expérimental et un robot. Au cours de ce projet, nous avons élaboré les premières listes de gestes à observer, enregistrer et coder et effectué les premières analyses à l’aide du logiciel Elan. Ce travail a été repris avec des élèves autistes, des enseignants et des logiciels éducatifs, dans des situations d’apprentissage. Nous avons adapté pour cela les grilles utilisées dans le projet RobAutisTIC, à la situation d’apprentissage avec un logiciel éducatif. Nous avons conduit des observations préalables dans les classes ainsi qu’une analyse détaillée des logiciels éducatifs pour identifier les interactions possibles et classer les exercices selon un indicateur de complexité. Nous avons pu suivre quinze séances avec au total onze élèves.L’analyse des données nous a permis de repérer les gestes les plus fréquents, les séquences, etc. L’association entre le codage des gestes, l’enregistrement de la succession des écrans des logiciels et des dialogues entre l’enseignante et l’élève a permis de faire une analyse didactique des interactions dans le cadre de la théorie d’action didactique. Nous avons pu constater des modes fins d’interaction entre l’élève autiste et son enseignante, également des caractéristiques particulières de l’interaction élève-logiciel compte tenu du niveau de complexité de chaque exercice et du niveau de développement socio-communicatif de l’élève autiste. Enfin, les enseignants interviennent souvent dans le but de donner la bonne réponse à l’élève à travers le pointage de l’écran et l’interaction verbale. Ce travail ouvre des pistes d’une part dans l’observation et l’analyse de l’interaction avec des élèves autistes et d’autre part dans l’analyse de l’utilisation de logiciels éducatifs. / The objective of this thesis is to observe and analyze the interaction between students with autism, educational software and teachers in learning situations of reading and writing. Explore how students with autism can interact with educational software in the presence of teachers is very important, especially to understand how to better focus their attention. Then, we must study the evolution of student behaviour and know the teachers intervention methods, promoting or not the changes in these behaviours.To analyze the modes of interaction that are set up between three agents (a teacher, a student with autism and educational software), we defined “observable” that may be collected during the study phases in each of the agents and selected tools to collect real-time information (Digital Pen and Camtasia software). We also synchronized multiple data sources. The information collected and synchronized and traces of activities were then treated to provide visual forms summarized activities and calculate various indicators. These analyses were confronted with experts in autism, for interpretation and teachers to better take into account their own behaviour.To conduct this work, first, we participated in the project ANR RobAutiSTIC around a playful interaction between children with autism, therapist following an experimental protocol and a robot. In this project, we developed the first gestures lists to observe, record, encode and performed the first analysis with the Elan software.This work was implemented in the classroom where were present autistic students, teachers and educational software, in learning situations. We have adapted it for the grids used in RobAutiSTIC project, the situation of learning with educational software. We conducted preliminary observations in classrooms as well as a detailed analysis of educational software to identify potential interactions and classify the exercises in a complex indicator. We followed five sessions with a total of eleven students. Data analysis allowed us to identify the most frequent gestures, sequences, etc. The association between the coding of gestures, recording the sequence of screens software and dialogues between the teacher and the student has to do a didactic analysis of interactions in the context of the educational theory of action. We have seen the purpose modes of interaction between student and teacher autistic, also the special characteristics of the interaction student-software given the level of complexity of each year and the level of socio-communicative development of students with autism. Finally, teachers often intervene in order to give the right answer to the student through the pointing screen and verbal interaction.On the one hand, this work paves the way for the observation and analysis of the interaction with autism students (between themselves) and on the other hand, for the analysis of the uses of educational softwares.

Assessment of odor thresholds is a widely recognized method of measuring olfactory abilities in humans. To date no attempts have been made to assess whether chemical complexity of odors used can produce more reliable results. To this end, we performed two studies of repeated measures design with 121 healthy volunteers (age 19–62 years). In Study 1, we compared thresholds obtained from tests based on one odor presented in a pen-like odor dispensing device with three odors and six odors mixtures presented in glass containers. In study 2 we compared stimuli of one and three odors, both presented in glass containers. In both studies measurements were performed twice, separated by at least three days. Results indicate that the multiple odor mixtures produced more reliable threshold scores, as compared to thresholds based on a single substance.