ROCHA, Ítalo Régis Castelo Branco. Aspectos técnicos, econômicos e ambientais de fazendas de cultivo de camarão marinho nos estuários dos rios Jaguaribe, Coreaú e Acaraú, Ceará, Brasil. 2017. 117 f. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia de Pesca) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, 2017. / Submitted by Weslayne Nunes de Sales (weslaynesales@ufc.br) on 2017-03-17T11:37:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_ircbrocha.pdf: 17284471 bytes, checksum: 3dc983844e31f5585d1ca3c171ebb716 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2017-03-23T18:17:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_ircbrocha.pdf: 17284471 bytes, checksum: 3dc983844e31f5585d1ca3c171ebb716 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T18:17:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_ircbrocha.pdf: 17284471 bytes, checksum: 3dc983844e31f5585d1ca3c171ebb716 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Brazil is the third largest producer of white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, grown in Latin America. In the country, white shrimp production started during the 1980s, stimulated in response to the international market demand for shrimp of high commercial value. The State of Ceará is in first place in the ranking of production and productive efficiency. Despite the economic importance of farmed shrimp, a number of technical, environmental, economic and social problems have been widely reported in the international literature. Thus, to analyze the technical, environmental and socio-economic impacts related to shrimp farming in the semi-intensive and intensive systems in the State of Ceará, and to identify alternatives for sustainable production, a study was carried out in the estuarine areas of the Jaguaribe, Acaraú and Coreaú that represent the three main production areas of the State of Ceará. The methodology was divided into four main actions: 1) Characterization of the productive processes of the shrimp farms, being the methodology based on field observations, interviews, secondary data analysis, external sources, including official documents and academic literature; 2) Characterization of the benefits and problems of marine shrimpfarm with the methodology based on gathering information about the benefits and problems of this industry. Negative aspects include technical, environmental, economic and social problems; 3) Satellite image processing with the methodology based on the identification and location of the marine shrimp farms using satellite images with a resolution of 15 m per pixel (Landsat Geocover 1999-2000, Landsat 8) Detailed thematic maps were then prepared using digital image interpretation techniques using SPRING 4.2 and ArcGIS 9.0 software. 4) Analysis of water samples, being the methodology based on the interpretation of reports of water collection in marine shrimp farms, carried out in the period 2010-2012. Thus, this study may contribute to the dissemination of good management practices, the development of public policies and the demystification of the main criticisms attributed to Brazilian shrimp farming, facilitating their development in a sustainable way. / O Brasil é o terceiro maior produtor de camarão branco, Penaeus vannamei, cultivado na América Latina. No País, a produção de camarão branco teve início durante a década de 1980, estimulada em resposta à demanda do mercado internacional por camarão de alto valor comercial. O Estado do Ceará está em primeiro lugar no ranking de produção e de eficiência produtiva. Apesar da importância econômica do camarão cultivado, uma série de problemas técnicos, ambientais, econômicos e sociais tem sido amplamente relatados na literatura internacional. Assim, visando analisar os impactos técnicos, ambientais e socioeconômicos relacionados ao cultivo de camarão nos sistemas semi-intensivo e intensivo no Estado do Ceará e, identificar alternativas para a produção sustentável, foi realizado um estudo nas áreas estuarinas dos rios Jaguaribe, Acaraú e Coreaú que representam as três principais áreas de produção do nosso Estado. A metodologia foi dividida em quatro ações principais: 1) Caracterização dos processos produtivos das fazendas de camarão, sendo a metodologia baseada em observações de campo, entrevistas, análise secundária dos dados, fontes externas, incluindo documentos oficiais e literatura acadêmica; 2) Caracterização dos benefícios e problemas da carcinicultura com a metodologia baseada em coleta de informações sobre os benefícios e problemas dessa indústria. Os aspectos negativos incluem os problemas técnicos, ambientais, econômicos e sociais; 3) Processamento de imagens satélites com a metodologia baseada na identificação e localização das fazendas de camarão usando imagens satélites com uma resolução de 15 m por pixel (Landsat Geocover de 1999-2000, Landsat 8). Em seguida, mapas temáticos detalhados foram confeccionados por meio das técnicas de interpretação digital de imagens, usando os softwares SPRING 4.2 e ArcGIS 9.0. 4) Análises de amostras de água, sendo a metodologia baseada na interpretação de laudos de coletas de água em fazendas de camarão, realizados no período de 2010-2012. Assim este estudo poderá colaborar com a divulgação das boas práticas de manejo, com o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas e a desmistificação das principais críticas atribuídas à carcinicultura brasileira, facilitando o seu desenvolvimento de forma sustentável.

MOREIRA, Renato Teixeira. Cultivo de Arthrospira platensis em meio orgânico: extração de polissacarídeos sulfatados e sua administração a camarões Penaeus vannamei. 2015. 67 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2015 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-27T14:53:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_rtmoreira.pdf: 1566320 bytes, checksum: 67faa730cbea3b35ee8201d967647744 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-27T14:53:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_rtmoreira.pdf: 1566320 bytes, checksum: 67faa730cbea3b35ee8201d967647744 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:53:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_rtmoreira.pdf: 1566320 bytes, checksum: 67faa730cbea3b35ee8201d967647744 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / A aquicultura ocupa cada vez mais espaço no cenário mundial, em virtude do avanço tecnológico e do aumento da demanda por proteína animal, consolidando-se como a atividade que mais cresce no agronegócio. Por outro lado, existe a possibilidade do desenvolvimento de enfermidades ao longo do cultivo, bem como, causar impactos no meio ambiente, com o lançamento de compostos orgânicos na água, eutrofizando o ecossistema aquático. Diante deste cenário, as cianobactérias como a Arthrospira platensis, surgem como um forte aliado dos produtores, seja para absorção de compostos orgânicos e tratamento de efluentes, seja pela produção de compostos que apresentam atividade biológica, promovendo o bem-estar dos animais cultivados. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi produzir A. platensis em efluente de cultivo da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), extrair e avaliar o efeito imunomodulador dos polissacarídeos sulfatados (PS) em juvenis de Penaeus vannamei. Os PS foram obtidos a partir de um extrato aquoso quente e administrados por meio de banhos de imersão em juvenis de P. vannamei, nas concentrações de 0, 60, 120 e 240 mg L-1. Após a imersão, foi realizada a contagem total de hemócitos (THC) e verificada a concentração de proteínas totais da hemolinfa (CP) e atividade das enzimas fenoloxidase (PO) e α2-macroglobulina no soro. Após a avaliação dos imunoparâmetros, verificou-se que na concentração de 120 mg L-1 ocorreu a melhor atividade imunoestimulante. Esta concentração foi utilizada para se observar a reação dos parâmetros imunológicos quando expostos ao tempo 0 (sem exposição), 45, 90, 135 e 180 minutos, bem como a atividade antimicrobiana contra Vibrio alginolyticus. A microalga mostrou um bom desenvolvimento dentro do sistema de produção orgânico. Foram extraídos 19,85 g de PS, com um rendimento de 8,5% da biomassa utilizada. Durante o fracionamento dos PS foram observados duas frações majoritárias com 0,5 e 1,2 M de NaCl. Após três horas de imersão em diferentes concentrações de PS, os imunoparâmetros apresentaram um aumento gradativo à medida que se elevava a concentração dos PS. Ainda, a estimulação do sistema imunológico dos camarões ocorreu com 90 e 135 minutos de exposição aos PS. A enzima fenoloxidase atingiu sua atividade máxima (72,33 Umin-1mg-1) com 135 minutos de exposição, seguida de um aumento da atividade da enzima α2-macroglobulina com 180 minutos. O soro dos animais coletados com 90 e 135 minutos foi mais efetivo em inibir o desenvolvimento de V. alginolyticus, sendo necessários apenas 1,51 ± 0,08 e 1,59 ± 0,02 mg mL-1 de proteínas para combatê-lo. Os resultados obtidos nos demais tempos não diferiram do tempo zero. Assim, conclui-se que os PS de A. platensis foram capazes de ativar o sistema imunológico dos camarões logo após 90 minutos de exposição, como também contribuíram para aumentar a atividade antibacteriana do soro dos animais. / Aquaculture takes up more and more space on the world stage, as a result of technological advances and increased demand for animal protein, consolidating itself as the fastest growing activity in agribusiness. On the other hand, there is the possibility of the development of illnesses over the cultivation, as well as impact on the environment, with the release of organic compounds in water, eutrophicating aquatic ecosystem. Given this scenario, microalgae Arthrospira platensis, as to appear as a strong ally of the producers, whether for absorption of organic compounds and treatment of effluents, is for the production of compounds that exhibit biological activity, promoting the welfare of farmed animals. Thus, the objective of this study was to produce. platensis cultivation sewage Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), extract and evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of sulfated polysaccharide (PS) in juvenile Penaeus vannamei. The PS were obtained from a hot aqueous extract and administered through immersion baths in juveniles of P. vannamei, at concentrations of 0, 60, 120 and 240 mg L-1. After soaking, the total count of hemocytes (THC) and checked the concentration of total proteins (CP) and activity of enzymes fenoloxidase (PO) and α2-macroglobulina. After the evaluation of the imunoparâmetros, it was found that the concentration of 120 mg L-1 the best immunostimulating activity. This concentration was used to observe the reaction of immunological parameters when exposed to the weather (no exposure) 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 minutes, as well as the antimicrobial activity against Vibrio alginolyticus. The microalgae showed a good development within the organic production system. Were extracted 19,85 g PS, with a yield of 8,5% of the biomass used. During the fractionation of PS were observed two fractions with 0,5 and 1,2 M majority of NaCl. After three hours of immersion in different concentrations of PS, the imunoparâmetros showed an increase gradually as amounting to concentration of PS. Still, stimulation of the immune system of shrimp took place with 90 and 135 minutes of exposure to the PS. The fenoloxidase enzyme reached its maximum activity (72,33 Umin-1 mg-1) with 135 minutes of exposure, followed by an increase of the α2-macroglobulina enzyme activity with 180 minutes. The serum of animals collected with 90 and 135 minutes was more effective in inhibiting the development of V. alginolyticus, and needed only 1,51 ± 0,08 and 1,59 ± 0,02 mg mL-1 of proteins to fight it. The results obtained in other times did not differ from time zero. Thus, it is concluded that the PS of A. platensis were able to activate the immune system in shrimp shortly after 90 minutes of exposure, but also contributed to increase the antibacterial activity of the serum of animals.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Aquaculture takes up more and more space on the world stage, as a result of technological advances and increased demand for animal protein, consolidating itself as the fastest growing activity in agribusiness. On the other hand, there is the possibility of the development of illnesses over the cultivation, as well as impact on the environment, with the release of organic compounds in water, eutrophicating aquatic ecosystem. Given this scenario, microalgae Arthrospira platensis, as to appear as a strong ally of the producers, whether for absorption of organic compounds and treatment of effluents, is for the production of compounds that exhibit biological activity, promoting the welfare of farmed animals. Thus, the objective of this study was to produce. platensis cultivation sewage Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), extract and evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of sulfated polysaccharide (PS) in juvenile Penaeus vannamei. The PS were obtained from a hot aqueous extract and administered through immersion baths in juveniles of P. vannamei, at concentrations of 0, 60, 120 and 240 mg L-1. After soaking, the total count of hemocytes (THC) and checked the concentration of total proteins (CP) and activity of enzymes fenoloxidase (PO) and α2-macroglobulina. After the evaluation of the imunoparÃmetros, it was found that the concentration of 120 mg L-1 the best immunostimulating activity. This concentration was used to observe the reaction of immunological parameters when exposed to the weather (no exposure) 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 minutes, as well as the antimicrobial activity against Vibrio alginolyticus. The microalgae showed a good development within the organic production system. Were extracted 19,85 g PS, with a yield of 8,5% of the biomass used. During the fractionation of PS were observed two fractions with 0,5 and 1,2 M majority of NaCl. After three hours of immersion in different concentrations of PS, the imunoparÃmetros showed an increase gradually as amounting to concentration of PS. Still, stimulation of the immune system of shrimp took place with 90 and 135 minutes of exposure to the PS. The fenoloxidase enzyme reached its maximum activity (72,33 Umin-1 mg-1) with 135 minutes of exposure, followed by an increase of the α2-macroglobulina enzyme activity with 180 minutes. The serum of animals collected with 90 and 135 minutes was more effective in inhibiting the development of V. alginolyticus, and needed only 1,51  0,08 and 1,59  0,02 mg mL-1 of proteins to fight it. The results obtained in other times did not differ from time zero. Thus, it is concluded that the PS of A. platensis were able to activate the immune system in shrimp shortly after 90 minutes of exposure, but also contributed to increase the antibacterial activity of the serum of animals. / A aquicultura ocupa cada vez mais espaÃo no cenÃrio mundial, em virtude do avanÃo tecnolÃgico e do aumento da demanda por proteÃna animal, consolidando-se como a atividade que mais cresce no agronegÃcio. Por outro lado, existe a possibilidade do desenvolvimento de enfermidades ao longo do cultivo, bem como, causar impactos no meio ambiente, com o lanÃamento de compostos orgÃnicos na Ãgua, eutrofizando o ecossistema aquÃtico. Diante deste cenÃrio, as cianobactÃrias como a Arthrospira platensis, surgem como um forte aliado dos produtores, seja para absorÃÃo de compostos orgÃnicos e tratamento de efluentes, seja pela produÃÃo de compostos que apresentam atividade biolÃgica, promovendo o bem-estar dos animais cultivados. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi produzir A. platensis em efluente de cultivo da tilÃpia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), extrair e avaliar o efeito imunomodulador dos polissacarÃdeos sulfatados (PS) em juvenis de Penaeus vannamei. Os PS foram obtidos a partir de um extrato aquoso quente e administrados por meio de banhos de imersÃo em juvenis de P. vannamei, nas concentraÃÃes de 0, 60, 120 e 240 mg L-1. ApÃs a imersÃo, foi realizada a contagem total de hemÃcitos (THC) e verificada a concentraÃÃo de proteÃnas totais da hemolinfa (CP) e atividade das enzimas fenoloxidase (PO) e α2-macroglobulina no soro. ApÃs a avaliaÃÃo dos imunoparÃmetros, verificou-se que na concentraÃÃo de 120 mg L-1 ocorreu a melhor atividade imunoestimulante. Esta concentraÃÃo foi utilizada para se observar a reaÃÃo dos parÃmetros imunolÃgicos quando expostos ao tempo 0 (sem exposiÃÃo), 45, 90, 135 e 180 minutos, bem como a atividade antimicrobiana contra Vibrio alginolyticus. A microalga mostrou um bom desenvolvimento dentro do sistema de produÃÃo orgÃnico. Foram extraÃdos 19,85 g de PS, com um rendimento de 8,5% da biomassa utilizada. Durante o fracionamento dos PS foram observados duas fraÃÃes majoritÃrias com 0,5 e 1,2 M de NaCl. ApÃs trÃs horas de imersÃo em diferentes concentraÃÃes de PS, os imunoparÃmetros apresentaram um aumento gradativo à medida que se elevava a concentraÃÃo dos PS. Ainda, a estimulaÃÃo do sistema imunolÃgico dos camarÃes ocorreu com 90 e 135 minutos de exposiÃÃo aos PS. A enzima fenoloxidase atingiu sua atividade mÃxima (72,33 Umin-1mg-1) com 135 minutos de exposiÃÃo, seguida de um aumento da atividade da enzima α2-macroglobulina com 180 minutos. O soro dos animais coletados com 90 e 135 minutos foi mais efetivo em inibir o desenvolvimento de V. alginolyticus, sendo necessÃrios apenas 1,51  0,08 e 1,59  0,02 mg mL-1 de proteÃnas para combatÃ-lo. Os resultados obtidos nos demais tempos nÃo diferiram do tempo zero. Assim, conclui-se que os PS de A. platensis foram capazes de ativar o sistema imunolÃgico dos camarÃes logo apÃs 90 minutos de exposiÃÃo, como tambÃm contribuÃram para aumentar a atividade antibacteriana do soro dos animais.

Biological and molecular characteristics of the pathogenic mollicute, Spiroplasma penaei, isolated from the hemolymph of infected Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, were investigated. The doubling times of a S. penaei were 6.13 h (2% NaCl) and 3.43 h (no salt) under aerobic conditions, and 6.63 h (2% NaCl) and 3.22 h (no salt) under anaerobic conditions. Small diffuse white colonies with granular centers, surrounded by small satellite colonies that appeared embedded in the agar matrix, were detected on solid M1D medium (2% Noble agar) under aerobic conditions at 28°C. The genome size of the S. penaei was 1778 Kb, as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using undigested DNA. Reduction of virulence of S. penaei was not detected in serial passage 24 and 76 isolates but passage 131 isolate was attenuated as indicated by the number of surviving shrimp and histological findings of challenged P. vannamei. Toxicity was not detected in supernatant fractions of M1D medium cultures of S. penaei isolates. The most predominant host responses to the S. penaei reference isolate and to serial passage isolates were hemocytic nodules and hemocytic infiltration observed in hematoxylin and eosin-stained histological sections. Transmission electron microscopy of the lymphoid organ of experimentally infected P. vannamei depicted S. penaei without cell wall and free in the cytoplasm of lymphoid organ cells. The lesions observed in histological sections were verified by in situ hybridization using a digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled probe specific to the spiralin gene of Spiroplasma spp. Evolutionary relationship trees, based on five partial DNA sequences of 16S rDNA, 23S rDNA, 5S rDNA, gyrB, rpoB genes and two complete DNA sequences of 16S-23S and 23S-5S ISR, were constructed using the distance-based Neighboring-Joining method with Kimura-2-parameter substitution model. The NJ trees based on all DNA sequences investigated in this study positioned S. penaei in the Citri-Poulsonii clade and corroborates the observations by other investigators using the 16S gene. Pairwise genetic distance calculation between sequences of spiroplasmas showed S. penaei to be closely related to S. insolitum and distantly related to Spiroplasma sp. SHRIMP from China.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Ciencias Agropecuarias mención Producción Agroindustrial / En Chile, el consumo de camarones aumentó las importaciones del año 2001 al 2011. Dada esta intensificación, es relevante generar información sobre la preferencia de consumidores chilenos, hacia atributos de camarón blanco importado. El objetivo fue analizar el comportamiento del consumidor de camarón en el mercado chileno: segmentos y preferencias. El diseño fue observacional y de tipo transversal exploratorio. Se utilizó una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de 400 consumidores pertenecientes a la comuna de Santiago Centro, Región Metropolitana. La principal fuente de información: fue una encuesta, con preguntas 100% cerradas. Se analizaron las respuestas utilizando métodos multivariables y estadística descriptiva. Estableciendo la mayor tendencia del consumo; siendo la ocasional con 66,2%, seguida de mensual 25,2% y semanal 8,5%. La cantidad frecuentemente consumida es ½ a 1 kg, seguida de menos ½ kg; de tamaño mediano (36/50), seguido de grande (21/35) y pequeño (51/70). Para la segmentación se usó el análisis de conglomerados jerárquico, utilizando pruebas Tukey, Dunnett, y Chi-cuadrado (P< 0,05). Se determinó la existencia de cuatro segmentos basado en actitudes hacia el consumo: segmento 1(36,5%), segmento 2 (23,8%), segmento 3 (14,5%) y segmento 4 (25,3%). Se utilizaron los factores obtenidos en el análisis factorial (KMO 0.71) y estableciéndose que en dos segmentos se tienen actitudes positivas para el país de origen y otros dos segmentos consideran muy importante el precio. En tres segmentos existe una valoración positiva hacia el camarón pelado y desvenado y otros los sellos de garantía de calidad. Estableciendo que existe una relación de dependencia entre ingresos familiares y frecuencia de compra. Finalmente la determinación de preferencias, se estableció a través del análisis conjunto, utilizando representaciones visuales en 11 tarjetas, evaluando los atributos: país de origen (Ecuador, Guatemala, China), valor agregado (camarón entero y colas) proceso (cocido y crudo), con tres precios hipotéticos del camarón. El producto ideal fue la combinación de: colas de camarón, cocidas, de origen ecuatoriano y una leve valoración positiva en precios. En virtud de lo expuesto se establecieron orientaciones de desarrollo comercial, basados en las actitudes en función a la segmentación. / In Chile, the consumption of shrimp increased the imports from 2001 to 2011. Given this intensification, it is relevant to generate information regarding the preference of Chilean consumers. The objective was to analyze the behavior of shrimp consumers in the Chilean market. A non-probabilistic sample by coexistence of 400 consumers that belong to the community of the center of Santiago, Metropolitan region was used. The main information source was a survey with 100% closed-ended questions. The answers were analyzed using multi-variable methods. Establishing the highest consumption trend, where 66.2% occasional, followed by 25.2% monthly, and 8.5% weekly. The amount frequently consumed is from ½ to 1 kg, followed by less than ½ kg of middle size (36/50), followed by big (21/35) and small (51/70). For the segmentation, the analysis of hierarchical conglomerates, using Tukey’s, Dunnett and Chi-square tests (P< 0,05) was carried out. The existence of four segments based on attitudes towards the consumption was determined: segment 1 (36.5%), segment 2 (23.8%), segment 3 (14.5%) and segment 4 (25.3%). The factors obtained in the factorial analysis (KMO 0.71) were used and it was established that there are positive attitudes in two segments towards the country of origin, and two other segments consider the price as very important. There is a positive valuation towards peeled and deveined shrimp in three segments, and other quality guarantee seals, establishing that there is a positive correlation between the family incomes and purchase frequency. Finally, the preference determination was established through the conjoint analysis using visual representations in 11 cards, evaluating the attributes: country of origin (Ecuador, Guatemala, and China), added value (whole shrimp and tails) process (cooked and uncooked), with three hypothetical prices of shrimp. The ideal product was the combination of: tails and cooked, Ecuadorian shrimp and positive price valuation. Consequently, commercial development orientations were established.

A series of studies were conducted on an emerging disease in farmed penaeid shrimp. This disease was first named as Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) or more descriptively as Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome (AHPNS). As part of the outcome of this research, the etiology of EMS/AHPNS was demonstrated. EMS was first classified as an idiopathic disease because no causative agent had been identified. Preliminary studies conducted in Vietnam in 2012 by the University of Arizona Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (UAZ-APL) indicated that EMS is infectious (Tran et al., 2013). The agent was identified as a unique strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Hence, EMS has a bacterial etiology confirmed by satisfying Koch's Postulates. Further studies focusing on the bacterial isolate causing EMS revealed that the agent could produce toxin(s), which is responsible for the primary pathology in affected shrimp. Since the causative agent has been identified, we propose a new name for EMS as Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND). Characterizations of the AHPND-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Biochemical methods and molecular methods were used. Based on these results, various diagnostic methods were developed including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and biochemical tests. Other aspects of the AHPND causing V. parahaemolyticus were also run to determine such as antibiogram and the development of resistance mechanism of the bacteria exposed to farm conditions with antibiotic medications, pathogenicity, and infection dose of the bacteria, mode of infection, mechanisms governing the toxin production, and effects of environmental parameters on the invasion of the agent. Some proposed control measures for AHPND: Several antibiotic-free approaches were tested to determine viable control methods for AHPND. The principle proposed control method is to increase biosecurity. With the PCR method that has been developed, potential sources of the pathogen such as post-larvae and broodstock can be tested. As more and more insights of the pathogen were explored, the behavior of the pathogen was further elucidated. Based on this, control methods such as using polyculture with tilapia, probiotics, and bioflocs system were also tested. Several improvements in shrimp farming practices that may reduce the outbreak of the disease were also proposed.

Since the emergence of the environmental consciousness as a result of increased pressure from environmentalists who fight against the overuse of natural resources, sustainable development has become a major challenge since the twentieth century. As a means to ensure sustainable development, Brazil has been developing environmental policies which have instruments such the environmental licensing. The shrimp farming is an activity which has polluting potential, therefore to be developed within the law it has to go through the licensing process. At São Cristóvão municipality, Sergipe State, shrimp farm has been developed mostly by smallholders in Permanent Preservation Areas. Due to the location of aquaculture estuarine ponds that have existed for about 200 years, those shrimp ponds do not have licensing and, if on the one hand, closing those ponds would be ideal under the environmental point of view, it would also be responsible for an enormous negative socioeconomic impact to the actors involved in this activity. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate sustainability in social, economic and ecological dimensions of marine shrimp farm in São Cristóvão, through the use of indicators based on the methodology Framework for Assessment Systems Natural Resources Management Incorporating Sustainability Indicators (MESMIS). At the study literature searches were performed in addition to query a database of the Study Group on Aquaculture and Sustainability (GEAS), which provided data about shrimp farmers and actors involved in the activity. 30 indicators were selected and it was observed that the economic dimension obtained the highest level of sustainability (86.04%), followed by social dimension (80.37%) and ecological dimension (67.78%), respectively. The general index found for the shrimp farms studied in São Cristóvão was 78.06%, confirming the hypothesis that the local marine shrimp farms are sustainable considering the economic, social and ecological dimensions. However, more studies are needed in order to deepen the knowledge about sustainability in the study area. / A partir do surgimento de uma consciência ambiental, fruto de maior pressão dos ambientalistas que combatem o uso exagerado dos recursos naturais, o desenvolvimento sustentável tornou-se um grande desafio desde o século XX. Como forma de garantir o desenvolvimento sustentável, o Brasil vem criando políticas ambientais que dispõem de instrumentos como o licenciamento ambiental. A carcinicultura, criação de camarão que possui potencial poluidor, para ser desenvolvida dentro da legalidade, precisa passar pelo processo de licenciamento. Em São Cristóvão, Sergipe, essa atividade é desenvolvida, em sua maioria, por produtores familiares em Áreas de Preservação Permanente. Devido à localização, esses viveiros, que existem há cerca de 200 anos, não possuem licenciamento e, se por um lado, o fechamento desses viveiros seria ideal do ponto de vista ambiental, também seria responsável por um enorme impacto socioeconômico aos atores sociais envolvidos na atividade. Diante disto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a sustentabilidade nas dimensões social, econômica e ecológica de carciniculturas em São Cristóvão, através de indicadores, utilizando uma adaptação da metodologia Marco para Avaliação de Sistemas de Manejo de Recursos Naturais Incorporando Indicadores de Sustentabilidade (MESMIS). Para isso foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográficas, além de consulta a um banco de dados do Grupo de Estudos sobre Aquicultura e Sustentabilidade (GEAS), que forneceu dados dos produtores e atores sociais envolvidos na atividade. Foram selecionados 30 indicadores e observou-se que a dimensão econômica obteve maior nível de sustentabilidade (86,04%), seguida pela dimensão social (80,37%) e ecológica (67,78%), respectivamente. O índice geral das carciniculturas estudadas em São Cristóvão foi de 78.06%, confirmando a hipótese de que a produção de camarão marinho no município, avaliada nas dimensões social econômica e ecológica é potencialmente sustentável. Porém, mais estudos são necessários a fim de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a sustentabilidade nessas áreas.