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Violence against women is prevalent around the world, and takes place most often in intimate relationships. Given the link between physical and sexual violence and the risk of HIV infection, the issue of intimate partner violence (IPV) is of concern particularly in Africa where the prevalence of HIV/AIDS is high. Yet, few studies have examined the prevalence of IPV in Africa using population-based survey data. Drawing on the 2003 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey data, this study attempted to identify factors associated with (1) women's experience of IPV in the last 12 months by type of violence and (2) their zero-tolerance of wife beating, among 4091 ever-married women aged 15-49. Logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with each of the outcome. The risk of IPV was consistently high, across all three types of violence, among women of Luhya or Luo ethnic background, among women with four or more sons and daughters living at home, and among women, whose partners misused substance frequently. Residing in areas with a high concentration of men who agreed that a husband had the right to express anger if she refused to have sex with him had a significant and positive association with women's risk of physical violence in the last 12 months. On the other hand, having attained secondary or higher education protected women from the experience of both emotional and physical IPV. Women's zero-tolerance of wife beating saw positive associations with their achievement of secondary or higher education and with engaging in paid work in the last 12 months. Violence prevention programs may be more effective by empowering women through promoting higher education, collaborating with substance abuse prevention programs, and discouraging norms that justify husbands' right to express anger to control women / acase@tulane.edu

This dissertation addresses how retaliation norms develop within adolescent subcultures in schools. Social accounts of violence that are shared amongst peers are examined as natural-setting processes, and are hypothesized to increase group consensus about the appropriateness of face-saving violence. A survey utilizing video vignettes included 139 rural Alaska Eskimo and Black New Orleans high school students. Participation in violence-related social accounts predicted perceived peer violence norms, dependent upon peer relationship variables; and anticipated account-sharing predicted self-reported willingness to use violence, especially for students with pro-violence friends. Post-survey interviews allowed students themselves to assess the study validity and conceptual models, which they generally identified with as common school experiences. Interviews also produced student-generated hypotheses not initially tested by the researcher. These emphasized how perceived violence norms are affected by past violence exposure, peer ridicule, and household violence and alcoholism; the role the student tends to take as either account-giver or account-receiver, and general sociability as a predictor of violence-related account sharing. Second-round quantitative tests analyzed these student propositions, some confirming relevant associations. A broader theoretical perspective discusses why violent subcultures tend to arise in the context of structural-level variables associated with crime, such as poverty, community disorder, and lack of police presence; and lack of escape resources. These factors influence violent subcultures by shaping the objective consequences of violent offending, which only become meaningful as normative violence prescriptions through social account sharing about incident outcomes / acase@tulane.edu

L’objectif de la recherche est de comparer une traduction d’un questionnaire américain, le Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ) avec un questionnaire de victimisation préexistant au Canada, l’Enquête Sociale Générale (ESG). À l’aide d’une base de données formée par le JVQ en 2009, une comparaison a été conduite entre les victimisations de 783 jeunes âgés entre 15 et 17 ans afin de les comparer avec les victimisations de 631 jeunes âgés entre 15 et 17 ans de la base de données de l’ESG de 2009. Sur la majorité des points de comparaison établis entre les deux questionnaires, il existe des différences significatives entre les résultats obtenus par le JVQ et l’ESG. Pour les comparaisons des taux de victimisation des 12 derniers mois, 3 des 8 taux de victimisation comparés étaient similaires. Pour les comparaisons des taux de victimisation à vie, les 7 taux comparés étaient significativement différents. Cependant, il existe des explications méthodologiques et échantillonnales afin de rendre compte de ces différences. Les résultats indiquent qu’avec les différences inhérentes aux deux questionnaires, les échantillons des 15 à 17 ans présentent des taux relativement différents. Il est possible de valider l’utilisation du JVQ sur la population afin de recueillir des informations fiables sur la victimisation. Toutefois, en comparant les différentes questions individuellement, il est possible d’apporter des améliorations aux deux questionnaires utilisés. / The objective of the research is to compare a translation of an American questionnaire, the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ) with a pre-existing victimization questionnaire in Canada, the General Social Survey (GSS). With the help of a database formed by using the JVQ in 2009, a comparison was conducted with victimization of 783 adolescents aged between 15 and 17 years old in order to compare these results with the victimization of 631 adolescents aged between 15 and 17 years old from the GSS database of 2009. For the majority of the comparisons established between the two questionnaires, there are significant differences between the victimization found by the JVQ and the GSS. For the comparison concerning the victimization rate for the last 12 month, 3 out of 8 rates compared were similar. For the comparison of lifetime victimization rates the 7 rates compared were significantly different. However, methodological and sample differences can explain some of the difference found. Results indicate that despite inherent differences to both questionnaires, 15-17 samples present relatively similar victimisation rate. It is possible to validate the use of the JVQ on the population in order to gather reliable information on juvenile victimisation. Nevertheless when comparing the two surveys, it is possible to bring improvement on both questionnaires.

<p> This thesis seeks to reorient the ideological foundations of restorative justice through feminist epistemologies to explore possibilities of how the movement might more fully actualize its values. The <i>Three Pillars of Restorative Justice,</i> conceptualized by Howard Zehr, offer an alternative process to the punitive recourse of the criminal justice system and serve as the foundation of mainstream restorative practices. However, the praxis and analytical discourse have stalled due to the limited binary of criminal and restorative justice frameworks. My thesis uses methodologies prominent in Black and Native feminisms-- such as critical thinking, contextual intelligence, and imagining futurity-- to complicate assumptions embedded in the criminal/restorative justice relationship. I establish the framework of restorative justice and briefly summarize the essential paradoxes to make clear the parallels and limits of the relationship. I then use feminist methodologies to reinterpret the pillars' values and introduce how some activists have begun to reimagine justice.</p>

<p>This quantitative survey study explored relationships between a law enforcement supervisor's personal characteristics and the attitude a supervisor had towards the Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) program. The study solicited law enforcement supervisors (<i>n</i> = 6635) who were graduates of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's National Academy (FBINA). A modified survey instrument assisted in the collection of demographic data and the assessment of attitudes towards the CISM program. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics in the form of an analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical test and a multiple regression analysis that used a backwards-stepwise format assisted in the examination of the collected data. The results indicated time away from the duties of a line-level patrol officer, investigator, or detective, and time in law enforcement shared a weak relationship with a supervisor's attitude towards the CISM program. More specifically, the longer the time span for each, the more positive the supervisor's attitude should be towards the program. Unfortunately, while these variables may have been deemed significant, the results are virtually meaningless since the model resulted in only two percent of the variance in attitude. Although the study's findings only indicated a weak link between a law enforcement supervisor's characteristics and the attitude a supervisor has towards the CISM program, it also showed supervisors within the study overwhelmingly supported the program. Knowing this support exists could still provide stress management program managers with invaluable insight, as processes are developed to mitigate critical incident stress in law enforcement. </p>

<p> Commercial sexual exploitation affects young people all over the United States. Yet minimal services are available to restore, and reintegrate this population. One of the challenges involves assessing and training parents as mentors to provide round-the-clock care for their unique needs. This curriculum serves as a guide for agencies using the Child Welfare League of America PRIDE Model of Practice curriculum and is an adaptation of the original curriculum, which primarily focuses on neglected children.</p><p> The purpose of this curriculum is to provide child welfare agencies and prospective mentor parents with the tools to make an informed decision regarding their ability, willingness, and resources to support commercially sexually exploited youth. The curriculum also seeks to equip mentor parents with the skills to provide a safe and nurturing environment for these youth to develop healthy relationships, expand their social skills, increase cognition, and function as positive members of their communities.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-11, Section: A, page: 4529. Adviser: Paula Treichler. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 276-304) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

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The dissertation concentrates on the education of imprisoned persons in remand prison České Budějovice. The theoretical part contains the meaning of education for such persons and for the whole society, furthermore it takes into consideration the current system of education of those persons in Czech Republic and the contribution of specific penitentiary personnel on the whole process and on the effort of increasing the quality of inmate's life. The practical part contains direct research of the offered education in the remand prison České Budějovice. Fifteen narrative dialogues with inmates were used. These persons were talking about their respective lives with a special ephasis on their level of education, their relation to the field they were educated in, whether they would appreciate a broader offer of education while imprisoned and how they see their future regarding the education. These dialogues were compared with the outcome of the theoretical part and in the closing hypothetical recommendations regarding education of the inmates for the Prison service of Czech Republic were stated.