The financial link in the process of illegal immigration is a little researched domain in the literature. This research is the first exploratory study to examine the role of Chinese-operated informal fund transfer systems in the U.S. in the lives of Chinese illegal migrant workers and their families who remained in China. The primary source of data was in-depth interviews with thirty illegal immigrants in New York City and Philadelphia. The findings show that the emergence of underground banks in the U.S. coincided with the largest waves of Chinese illegal immigrants smuggled into the U.S. since the later 1980s. They served as a preferred means of fund transfer among Chinese illegals due to their unique service, not necessarily because of the clients' illegal status, or any coercive actions by human smuggling groups. Through inductive analysis based on the narrative data, this research is able to trace the trajectory of the evolution of Chinese underground banks over the past decades. The evidence seems to suggest an indirect role played by these illegal fund transfer systems in sustaining transnational illegal labor migration achieved through human smuggling. The research also suggests a declining importance of underground banks and a shift away from their use toward legitimate fund transfer channels among Chinese illegal immigrants since the mid-1990s and a seemingly new role of formal institutions in filling in the vacancy left by underground banks. Finally, the findings suggest that underground banks may have been forced to and have adapted to a narrower and more illicit use. / Criminal Justice

Chaque année, au Québec, les commissaires de la Commissaire québécoise des libérations conditionnelles doivent rendre des milliers de décisions concernant la mise en liberté sous condition des personnes contrevenantes purgeant une peine d’emprisonnement de six mois à deux ans moins un jour. Les finalités de la libération conditionnelle sont aujourd’hui la réhabilitation, c’est-à-dire que le délinquant soit réformé et réintégré à la société, ainsi que la gestion des risques que représentent les justiciables. Ce mémoire avait pour objectif d’analyser les pratiques des commissaires de la Commission québécoise des libérations conditionnelles dans un contexte où l’idéal de protection de la société par l’intermédiaire de la gestion des risques que représente un individu occupe une place centrale dans le système pénal. Pour ce faire, des entrevues semi-dirigées menées auprès de 11 commissaires de la Commission québécoise des libérations conditionnelles, hommes et femmes, ainsi que l’analyse de trente décisions écrites ont été réalisées. L’analyse a fait ressortir que les commissaires entretiennent plusieurs attentes à l’égard du plan de sortie et des caractéristiques que doivent posséder les candidats « idéaux ». Le projet doit être adapté aux besoins et au risque de la personne incarcérée estimés par les commissaires, offrir un encadrement, une intervention et du soutien, favoriser la réinsertion sociale et le justiciable doit s’approprier le plan de sortie. De plus, les commissaires portent une attention particulière au profil du demandeur. En ce sens, la personne qui sollicite une sortie anticipée doit être considérée comme ayant un bon potentiel de réinsertion sociale. Les décideurs vont également examiner l’historique judiciaire et correctionnel pour évaluer si le contrevenant est un « bon » candidat. / Every year, commissioners of the Québec Parole Board must render thousands of decisions on the conditional release of offenders serving a prison sentence of six months to two years less a day. The purpose of conditional release today is rehabilitation, which means for the offenders to be reformed and reintegrated into society, as well as the management of the risks posed by them. This thesis aims to analyze the practices of the commissioners of the Québec Parole Board in a context where the ideal of public safety through risk management occupies a central place in the penal system. In order to do so, semi-structured interviews with 11 Board members, man and woman, as well the analysis of thirty written decisions were conducted. It appears from our analysis that the Board members have several expectations in terms of the release plan and the characteristics that « ideal» candidates should have. The project must be adapted to the needs and risk of the prisoner estimated by the commissioners, offers supervision, intervention and support, promote social reintegration and the litigant must take ownership of the release plan. In addition, the commissioners pay attention to the profile of the delinquent. In this sense, the person requesting a conditional release must be considered to have a good potential for social reintegration. Board members will also look at the judicial and correctional history to assess whether the offender is a "good" candidate for conditional release.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / W. Richard Goe / Criminologists have traditionally studied criminal offending and violent victimization separately. Extant studies, however, demonstrates that criminals and victims overlap to some degree, hinting that a common underlying trait explains both criminal offending and violent victimization. This study tests whether Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory explains the overlap in criminal offending and violent victimization exposure among gang members. Using cross-sectional survey data from the Evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) Program in the United States, 1995-1999, results from the regression models show that low self-control is to some degree correlated with criminal offending and violent victimization. Gang members were more likely than non-gang members to participate in some forms of criminal activities, but they were not more likely to be victimized. When variables stemming from social learning and social bonding are included in the regression models, results show that associating with delinquent peers had the strongest effect in predicting criminal offending, contradicting Gottfredson and Hirschi’s claim that self-control is the only cause of criminal behavior. In concert with previous studies that have found a link between low self-control and violent victimization, results show that youths with low self-control were somewhat more likely than youths with higher self-control to report being victimized. The results of the study, as well as venues for future research, are discussed.

En Grande-Bretagne et en Amérique du Nord, la police est une institution publique qui suscite de nombreux travaux académiques. En France, elle est perçue comme un objet sale jusqu’aux travaux de Montjardet. En Suisse, la police est le reflet de la structure fédérale du pays. A travers un cadre réglementaire et légal, chaque canton a organisé sa police. Ainsi, le canton de Vaud s’est doté d’une police cantonale et de polices municipales dont le fonctionnement se fonde sur la proximité. Seules la police cantonale et celle de Lausanne disposent d’une compétence maximale. Bien que la police de proximité soit bien documentée au niveau légal, il n’existe pas de recherche compréhensive sur le fonctionnement de cet ensemble de principes policiers. Ce manque de connaissance pratique est problématique car le canton a entrepris une réforme policière qui est entrée en vigueur au 1er Janvier 2012. Dans ses pratiques liées à l’information, la police de proximité semble s’inspirer de deux modèles incompatibles que sont la police de communauté et l’intelligence led policing. C’est pourquoi, dans cette recherche, nous souhaitons comprendre comment les modèles théoriques trouvent à s’appliquer dans la pratique de la police de proximité. Nous avons opté pour une démarche qualitative semi-dirigée en réalisant 23 entretiens avec des policiers vaudois. L’analyse thématique a été réalisée à l’aide du logiciel Atlas Ti. Trois résultats ont retenu notre attention. Tout d’abord, notre analyse a permis de clarifier la notion de proximité par rapport à celle de communauté tout en tenant compte des particularismes locaux de redevabilité. Ensuite, nous avons identifié les divers circuits de l’information et mis en évidence les divergences dans le vocabulaire lié à l’analyse criminelle. Enfin, il apparaît que la police vaudoise se positionne comme une interface qui coordonne les partenaires susceptibles de résoudre les problèmes de la population. / In Great Britain as well as in North America, police is a public institution which leads to a huge amount of academic papers. In France, police was known as a non-interesting topic until Monjardet’s work. In Switzerland, the federal structure of the country has taken its toll on the police organization. Through a quite rigid legal frame, each canton has organized its police. So, in Vaud we could find a cantonal police and several local police based on the proximity. Even if the proximity is legally well documented, there is no comprehensive research focusing on this philosophy. This lack of practical knowledge could become a problem especially because of a major reform has come into effect in January 1st 2012. In examining the practice, this police seems to be inspired by two incompatible policing theories: community oriented policing and intelligence led policing. This research will try to understand how these theoretical frames could be used in the daily practice. Our qualitative methodology implies 23 interviews with police officers in Vaud. A thematic analysis is made thanks to Atlas Ti. Three major results could be noticed. First, we have made a difference between the notion of proximity and community as well as considering the local particularities. Second, we have isolated how the information could circulate and how the police officers used the typical vocabulary of criminal analysis. Finally in Vaud, it appears that police has a central role which improves the partnership to solve people problems.

L’objectif de la recherche est de comparer une traduction d’un questionnaire américain, le Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ) avec un questionnaire de victimisation préexistant au Canada, l’Enquête Sociale Générale (ESG). À l’aide d’une base de données formée par le JVQ en 2009, une comparaison a été conduite entre les victimisations de 783 jeunes âgés entre 15 et 17 ans afin de les comparer avec les victimisations de 631 jeunes âgés entre 15 et 17 ans de la base de données de l’ESG de 2009. Sur la majorité des points de comparaison établis entre les deux questionnaires, il existe des différences significatives entre les résultats obtenus par le JVQ et l’ESG. Pour les comparaisons des taux de victimisation des 12 derniers mois, 3 des 8 taux de victimisation comparés étaient similaires. Pour les comparaisons des taux de victimisation à vie, les 7 taux comparés étaient significativement différents. Cependant, il existe des explications méthodologiques et échantillonnales afin de rendre compte de ces différences. Les résultats indiquent qu’avec les différences inhérentes aux deux questionnaires, les échantillons des 15 à 17 ans présentent des taux relativement différents. Il est possible de valider l’utilisation du JVQ sur la population afin de recueillir des informations fiables sur la victimisation. Toutefois, en comparant les différentes questions individuellement, il est possible d’apporter des améliorations aux deux questionnaires utilisés. / The objective of the research is to compare a translation of an American questionnaire, the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ) with a pre-existing victimization questionnaire in Canada, the General Social Survey (GSS). With the help of a database formed by using the JVQ in 2009, a comparison was conducted with victimization of 783 adolescents aged between 15 and 17 years old in order to compare these results with the victimization of 631 adolescents aged between 15 and 17 years old from the GSS database of 2009. For the majority of the comparisons established between the two questionnaires, there are significant differences between the victimization found by the JVQ and the GSS. For the comparison concerning the victimization rate for the last 12 month, 3 out of 8 rates compared were similar. For the comparison of lifetime victimization rates the 7 rates compared were significantly different. However, methodological and sample differences can explain some of the difference found. Results indicate that despite inherent differences to both questionnaires, 15-17 samples present relatively similar victimisation rate. It is possible to validate the use of the JVQ on the population in order to gather reliable information on juvenile victimisation. Nevertheless when comparing the two surveys, it is possible to bring improvement on both questionnaires.

La réalité des marchés de la drogue, opérés par des adolescents sur les lieux mêmes de leur école secondaire, demeure méconnue. L’actuelle recherche fut entreprise avec l’objectif d’explorer cet univers particulier. Pour y parvenir, cette étude a donné la parole à douze jeunes vendeurs adolescents, ayant transigé sur leur lieu d’enseignement. Les quatre objectifs spécifiques, définis au préalable, ont été atteints. Premièrement, selon les propos recueillis de la part des jeunes vendeurs, un phénomène de normalisation de la consommation de cannabis et certaines autres drogues serait bien présent au sein de cette population. Toutefois, les jeunes expliquent que leur définition de « normal » fluctuerait selon leur étape de vie du moment. Deuxièmement, toujours selon la compréhension des adolescents rencontrés, leur implication au sein du trafic de drogue s’expliquerait par trois facteurs: financier, réseautage, prestige et pouvoir. Troisièmement, les jeunes trafiquants rencontrés ont émis leur opinion sur l’efficacité des moyens de répression et de prévention situationnelle instaurés dans les écoles, ainsi que sur leurs astuces pour les déjouer. Ils ont aussi relaté une réalité de violence qui serait présente au sein de ces réseaux. Finalement, les jeunes interviewés ont explicité leur compréhension de l’impact des interventions tentées par l’école secondaire, pour les détourner de leur trajectoire criminelle. La conclusion essentielle de ce mémoire demeure le besoin, exprimé par ces adolescents, d’être encadrés et limités par leur environnement scolaire, parental et autres adultes de leur entourage. Comme il leur serait difficile de se discipliner; ils demandent qu’on les protège d’eux-mêmes. / The reality of the drug market, run by adolescents on the very grounds of their high school remains unknown. The present study was undertaken with the aim of exploring this particular universe. To accomplish this, twelve young adolescents having sold drugs at their place of education were asked to share their thoughts. The four specific objectives, which had been previously defined, were achieved. First, according to the young dealers’ accounts, a phenomenon of normalization of the use of cannabis and certain other drugs is clearly present within this population. However, the youths explained that their definition of “normal” fluctuates depending on which stage of their lives they are in. Second, still according to the understanding of the interviewed adolescents, their involvement in drug trafficking would be explained by three factors: financial, networking, and prestige and power. Third, these young dealers gave their opinions on the suppression and situational prevention measures introduced in the schools, as well as on their tactics for defeating them. They also spoke of a reality of violence that appears to exist within these networks. Finally, the youths explained their understanding of the impact of the interventions, attempted by the high school, to divert them from their criminal trajectory. The essential conclusion of this thesis remains the need, expressed by these adolescents, to be supervised and limited by their school environment, their parents and other adults in their circle. Since self-discipline would be difficult for them, they ask to be protected from themselves.

La probation est aujourd’hui profondément ancrée dans notre système de justice pénale. Parmi les programmes de surveillance communautaire (probation, condamnation avec sursis ou libération conditionnelle), elle constitue de loin le programme le plus commun, avec près de 98 000 contrevenants adultes soit 61 % de la population adulte placée sous surveillance correctionnelle au Canada. Pour autant, les chercheurs ne manifestent depuis plusieurs décennies que peu d’intérêt pour la question. La mesure se banalisant, la recherche s’étiole. L’orientation de la recherche a amené le sujet à la marge des études sur la punition. En réponse à une demande existante (Phelps, 2015), ce mémoire est guidé par une approche sociologique centrée sur l’échelle individuelle, au niveau macroscopique. Il vise à la compréhension de l’expérience des contrevenants placés en probation. / Nowadays in criminal justice probation is a well-established sentence. Among community supervision (probation, suspended sentence or parole), probation is by far the most common program in Canada. There are nearly 98,000 adult offenders on probation, corresponding to 61 % of adults under correctional supervision in Canada. That being said, researchers show little interest in this specific program of community supervision. In fact, the focus of research has brought the subject to the margin studies on punishment. Inflation of prison populations has hijacked the scientific scope to prisons ; marked by a certain criminal ideology, the few remaining research on probation take the same path. In response to an existent request (Phelps, 2015), this study fits to a sociological approach on a macro perspective. The purpose of this study is not to draw up a comprehensive picture or generate statistical trends but focuses on the exploration of their only common point: the experience of probation and how they lived it.

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Submitted by PPG Ci?ncias Sociais (csociais-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-08-24T18:00:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael_ Alves_ Devos_Dis.pdf: 1737824 bytes, checksum: e8b94a0cdefd5c4cad47ca5450d7efa4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-08-27T13:31:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael_ Alves_ Devos_Dis.pdf: 1737824 bytes, checksum: e8b94a0cdefd5c4cad47ca5450d7efa4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T13:35:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael_ Alves_ Devos_Dis.pdf: 1737824 bytes, checksum: e8b94a0cdefd5c4cad47ca5450d7efa4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-27 / The study carried out proposes to analyze which are the speeches present in the amendments proposed in Bill 236 of the Federal Senate. This project is an update and joinment of the criminal laws in a new penal code. To conduct the research, the union of interdisciplinar knowledge areas such as Political Science, Criminology and Sociology has been necessary. We have seeked to delimit the subject of our research to the consumption and sale of narcotics, since it is one of the main problems faced by the penal system nowadays. For such, we have selected the legislative amendments related to the topic and tabulated them, which allowed us to reach some conclusions. We have divided the research in two distinct axes: one dealing the drug prohibition, its theoretical support and consequences, and the other discussing the alternative possibilities to the model, such as harm reduction policies and the drug decriminalization process.The chosen methodology has provided the analysis of the amendments related to the subject, which allowed the researcher to study the parliamentarians' individual ideas, and with the later confrontation, he might realize whether they are similar to the proposals or speeches of the legend. Besides that, the behavior of the left has been according to one of the hypothesis formulated. This behavior can be justified based on the concepts of symbolic penal law and punitive populism / O estudo realizado se prop?e a analisar quais os discursos presentes nas emendas propostas no projeto de lei 236 do Senado Federal. Tal projeto ? uma atualiza??o e reuni?o das leis penais em um novo c?digo penal. Para efetuar a pesquisa foi necess?rio a uni?o de conhecimento de diferentes ?reas do conhecimento, como a Ci?ncia Pol?tica, a Criminologia e a Sociologia. Buscamos delimitar o tema de nossa pesquisa relativo ao consumo e venda de entorpecentes, visto que se trata de um dos principais problemas que o sistema penal enfrenta na atualidade. Para tal selecionamos as emendas legislativas referentes ao tema e as tabulamos o que nos permitiu chegarmos a algumas conclus?es. Dividimos assim a pesquisa em dois eixos distintos, um tratando do proibicionismo a respeito das drogas, seu suporte te?rico e consequ?ncias, e o outro discutindo as possibilidades alternativas ao modelo posto, como as pol?ticas de redu??o de danos e o processo de descriminaliza??o das drogas. A metodologia utilizada propiciou a an?lise das emendas relativas ao tema o que possibilitou ao pesquisador o estudo das ideias individuais do parlamentar e com o posterior confronto este pode perceber se elas s?o semelhantes ?s propostas ou discursos da legenda. Al?m disso o comportamento da esquerda foi de acordo com uma das hip?teses formuladas. Podemos justificar este comportamento com base nos conceitos de direito penal simb?lico e populismo punitivo.

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