The diploma thesis generally focuses on pension systems, specifically on the institution of retirement age. This institution is very important for the old-age pension system and its stability. Retirement age is an important determinant of every pension system. Demographic and economic state of society depends, among other things, on age at which citizens can retire, it's associated with standard of living of state residents. It also affects job opportunities. Since its inception the retirement age in the Czech Republic has gone through many modifications. Based on the theory of actor-centered institutionalism, the diploma thesis addresses the determinants that influenced the development of retirement age institute, including its institutional framework and actors involved in its changes. It also deals with its developmental stages. Comparison with the development in Slovakia (in some parts of diploma thesis only) will be enriched the conceptual, empirical as well as methodological realm of the thesis. Czech and Slovak Republics have shared history but the pension systems of both countries have considerably diverged. In conclusion the diploma thesis specifies the wider context of the retirement age as a part of the overall pension system. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

В работе рассматривается человеческий капитал как результат родительского труда, направленного на формирование и развитие этого вида капитала. Целью магистерской диссертации является разработка инструментов интеграции результатов родительского труда в пенсионную систему России. Изучение результатов родительского труда в аспекте их интеграции в пенсионную систему Российской Федерации открывает перед исследователями значительные перспективы с точки зрения понимания механизмов формирования результатов родительского труда и возможностей их учета в пенсионной системе. / The paper considers human capital as a result of the parental labor, aimed at the formation and development of this type of capital. The purpose of the master's thesis is to develop tools of the parental labor results’ integration into the pension system of Russia. The study of the parental labor results in the aspect of their integration into the pension system of the Russian Federation opens up significant prospects for researchers in terms of understanding the mechanisms of the parental labor results’ formation and theirs accountability in the pension system.

The thesis deals with pension reform in the Czech republic. The main objective of the thesis is to analyze czech pension system and reforms. The thesis is divided into an introduction, a conclusion and four chapters. The first chapter is concerned with social security system and its subsystems, the second one with the pension system, its history and reforms. The third chaper deals with the upcoming changes and the fourth one presents author's suggestions on possible changes to the system. Realization of a pension reform is a long and extremely dificult process. It has be implemented very carefully with an emphasis on preserving the principle of social justice and the principle of human dignity.

The thesis is concerned with optimal retirement pension planning in the framework of the Czech pension system. The work proposes an unavoidable reform in order to compensate for adverse demographic trends. Subsequently, it introduces mathematical methods for future old-age pension determination in private pensions. Equally, the thesis deals with optimal pension strategies: when the benefits of individual old-age insurance outgrow those of institutionalised pension insurance and vice versa. A particular aspect of the reform where participants can partially opt out from the compulsory pillar and become part of the new system is discussed with emphasis on the opt-out accompanying factors.

The aim of this study was to highlight the final evaluation of the money invested in pension insurance due to the client's age and to develop model examples for various types of participants in pension plans. This aim of the study was achieved through the data collection, analysis, calculation and deduction of results.The performed analysis allowed to assess the profitability of pension. It enabled insight into the situation III. pillar pension system. It referred to the total amount saved after the end of the savings and to the number of percentage return the savings bring.It was concluded that pension schemes are only worth it for a short term. After some time, profitability is greatly reduced.

The issue of an aging population, pension systems and pension themselves, are currently very actual, interesting and socially topics discussed. In my diploma thesis on simulation models of pension insurance due to demographic development in the CR I used simulation experiments, including those based primarily on the Monte Carlo method, tackling issues and negatives surrounding pension insurance with state contribution, which, as one of the financial products market, is the second pillar of pension system in the Czech Republic. Pension scheme of pension insurekce with state contibution gives participants the advantages and benefits in the form of state subsidy, the possibility of reducing the income tax base on the part of the contributions paid, proceeds from fund management and the possibility of contributions from the employer. On the other hand, play an important role, weaknesses and shortcomings of this system. Again, the most important may be considered inseparateness fund's assets from an estate participants, inappropriately designed state contribution, the high average age of participants and relatively low rate of return on fund management. Negatives mentioned above were reflected in the simulation experiments, when the linear state contribution was designed and was considered for the new system of pension saving in combination with a linear state contribution, which appears to be a more appropriate and beneficial for both participants on the one hand, and the state (impact on public spendings) on the other.

The aim of this thesis is to describe particular financial products and compare them from the evaluation point of view. We also will review these products from the perspective of clients who differ in investment and saving attitude. We will focus on czech households and describe their habits in area of financial products and examine their behaviour during a time period in relation to phases of economic cycles and other exogenous variables. We also will describe functioning of financial system and focus on information asymmetry between houselholds and financial institutions. Further we will look at examples of moral hazard done by financial institutions. The conclusion of this thesis provides recommendations of suitable products for each client.

This thesis covers the development of pension schemes in the People's Republic of China from 1949 until now. The goal is to explain what is the structure of chinese pension schemes, why are the pension schemes divided between rural and urban areas and how are the migrant workers' pension schemes incorporated into the social security system. Furthermore the reforms and challenges of the current pension system are analysed as well as the linkage to the hukou reform and family planning reform.

The Chilean pension reform has been an experiment of great success. Futhermore, thanks to it the current pensions are much higher than they would have been under the old Pay-As-You-Go system. Considering this, I decided to analyze the possible applicability of the Chilean pension system in the Czech environment. In the present diploma thesis I do analyze the potential results (replacement ratio) of the introduction of a fully funded system in the Czech Republic, in comperison with the replacement ratio of the current Czech PAYG system and the modificated Czech PAYG system that would not genarate deficits (through the reduction of pensions) and keep the retirement age same for all variants for the reason of objective comparison. Later, I do analyze the impact to the state budget of the transition to a fully funded system and discuss the advantages of a such transition. The main conclusion of this diploma thesis justifies that the transition to a fully funded system in the Czech Republic is not recommendatory, due to the fact that it requires high state budget funding and there is a great unlikelihood of benefits for all income groups in general.

Los sistemas de pensiones tienen como finalidad otorgar una pensión de jubilación adecuada, por lo que resulta de importancia estudiar y analizar este mercado, para poder conocer su evolución a lo largo de los años, tanto en países desarrollados como en desarrollo. El presente trabajo de investigación continúa el estudio de los sistemas de pensiones a través de la revisión de diferentes publicaciones que se han ido realizando acerca de las variaciones, la importancia y los efectos de los fondos de pensiones, tanto en la economía como en los mercados financieros. La literatura revisada contempla datos y resultados de economías de diferentes países, entre los que se destaca Estados Unidos, las principales economías europeas y los países de América Latina, que en los últimos treinta años han presentado reformas en sus planes de pensiones. Varios de los documentos analizados presentan información histórica y conceptos relacionados a pensiones, así como también estudios basados en modelos estadísticos y econométricos, que refuerzan los resultados de los efectos favorables de la existencia de los fondos de pensiones en diferentes aspectos de la economía de los países, como son el crecimiento, mercado de capitales, entre otros. El objetivo principal del trabajo busca conocer la evolución de los sistemas de pensiones y sus reformas. La principal conclusión a la que llega esta investigación es que los sistemas de pensiones presentan diversas modificaciones y se ven afectados por los ciclos de crisis económicas, debido a que no logran cubrir el objetivo de contar con un adecuado fondo de retiro. / The purpose of pension systems is to provide an adequate retirement pension, so it is important to study and analyze this market in order to know how it has evolved over the years, both in developed and developing countries. This research work continues the study of pension systems by reviewing different publications that have been published on the variations, importance and effects of pension funds, both in the economy and in the financial markets. The literature reviewed includes data and results from the economies of different countries, including the United States, the main European economies and the countries of Latin America, which in the last thirty years have presented reforms in their pension plans. Several of the documents analyzed present historical information and concepts related to pensions, as well as studies based on statistical and econometric models, which reinforce the results of the favorable effects of the existence of pension funds on different aspects of the countries' economies, such as growth, capital markets, among others. The main objective of the work is to learn about the evolution of pension systems and their reforms. The main conclusion reached by this research is that pension systems present several modifications and are affected by economic crisis cycles, because they fail to cover the objective of having an adequate retirement fund. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional