Die Arbeit zeigt im Rahmen einer theoretischen Analyse, einer Institutionenanalyse und einer empirischen Einstellungsanalyse, welche normativen Konzepte von Gerechtigkeit in der Alterssicherung relevant sind, wie vor diesem Hintergrund bestimmte institutionelle Regelungen zu bewerten sind und welche Einstellungen in der deutschen Bevölkerung dazu vorliegen. Zunächst wird dargelegt, dass es kein a priori vollständig überzeugendes Konzept von Generationengerechtigkeit gibt. Insbesondere auf Generational-Equity basierende Ansätze, die suggerieren das Problem intergenerationaler Gerechtigkeit in der Rentenversicherung finanzmathematisch lösen zu können, muss mit Skepsis begegnet werden. Aufgrund theoretischer Überlegungen vorzuziehen sind hybride Konzepte, die sowohl universalistische als auch kultur- und demo-sensitive Aspekte in sich vereinen. Die Institutionenanalyse erbringt weiter, dass das zentrale mit Generationengerechtigkeit verknüpfte Problem weniger die Ungleichheit zwischen Generationen hinsichtlich ihrer durchschnittlichen Güterausstattung ist, sondern die in der Generationenfolge zunehmende intragenerationale Ungleichheit. Schließlich zeigt die empirische Analyse der Gerechtigkeitseinstellungen, dass Statussicherung bei den Renten wichtiger einzuschätzen ist als Beitragsäquivalenz. Die primären Vorstellungen von Gerechtigkeit in der Alterssicherung orientieren sich stark am institutionellen Status quo und kaum an abstrakten Generational-Equity-Konzepten, die die in der Bevölkerung verbreitete Verlustaversion vernachlässigen. Urteilsheuristiken und regimespezifische Sozialisation erklären dabei insgesamt mehr Variation als partikulare ökonomische oder altersspezifische Interessen. Die Probleme des Rentensystems im Zuge des demografischen Wandels werden gleichwohl gesehen, wobei Lösungsansätze eher in der Familien- und Bildungspolitik gesucht werden, während Reformen im bestehenden Rentensystem Ungerechtigkeitsgefühle kurzfristig sogar verstärken. / This thesis demonstrates by theoretical, institutional and empirical analysis, which justice concepts are relevant in old-age provision, how specific institutional arrangements have to be evaluated in this context and which justice attitudes on that matter exist in the German population. Firstly, there is no a priori convincing theoretical concept of generational justice. Especially concepts based on generational equity that propose to solve the problem of intergenerational justice in old-age provision by generational accounting methods have to be considered with skepticism. For theoretical reasons, hybrid concepts that encompass universalistic as well as culture- and demo-sensitive aspects should be preferred. Institutional analysis shows furthermore that the central problem connected to generational justice has less to do with inequality between generations and more with growing inequality within cohorts in the generational succession. Finally, the empirical analysis of justice attitudes provides evidence for the relative priority of status conservation over input-equity in the determination of just old-age benefits. Primary notions of justice in old-age provision are strongly anchored in the institutional status quo and only marginally influenced by abstract generational equity concepts that also neglect widespread loss aversion among individuals. Heuristics and regime-specific socialization explain more variation in justice attitudes than particularistic economic or age-specific interests do. The general public does not neglect the problems of pension-systems in the wake of demographic changes however, but solutions are rather seen in family and education policies, while reforms in existing pension arrangements even amplify feelings of injustice in the short run.

Après une introduction générale et un survol de littérature, l’apport de cette thèse est que chaque gouvernement choisit pour son pays le flux de migrants qui maximise le bien-être social. Il s’ensuit naturellement l’introduction du concept de double frontière optimale. Dans un modèle OLG simple à la Galor (1986) avec 2 périodes, 2 pays et offre de travail exogène, le chapitre 2 étudie le rôle des différences d’épargne entre les pays sur l’équilibre stationnaire. Le planificateur social choisit le taux de migration qui conduit l’économie à la Règle d’Or (que les frontières soient coûteuses ou non). Si un pays laisse entrer alors l’autre laisse sortir, mais les taux de migration diffèrent à l’optimum social. Un planificateur mondial choisirait comme les individus. Le chapitre 3 développe un modèle OLG à 3 périodes et 2 pays. En 1ere période les jeunes s’éduquent avec des taux de rendement différent selon le pays, en seconde et troisième période ils offrent du travail endogène. Le taux de migration conduit chaque pays à l’optimum social et est tel qu’un des deux pays souhaite fermer ses frontières avant l’autre. Ces asymétries génèrent des incitations à la migration illégale, et par conséquent les salaires et taux d’intérêt ne s’égalisent pas à l’équilibre post-migratoire.Le chapitre 4 étend le précédent au cas où seuls les adultes sont autorisés à migrer et ajoute un système de retraite. Les pays receveurs souhaiteraient accueillir plus de migrants que les pays d’envois ne souhaiteraient en laisser partir. Le choix individuel de migration repose davantage sur un choix d’éducation des enfants que sur le choix de bénéficier d’une retraite. Ce résultat contredit la littérature sur ce point. / After a general introduction and a literature review, in a 2-country OLG model, this thesis considers a non yet studied case where each government chooses for his country theflow of migrants that maximizes the post-migration social welfare. Since decision flows are unilateral, it naturally follows the introduction of the concept of optimal two-sided-borders. In a simple OLG model à la Galor (1986) with 2 periods, 2 countries and an exogenous labor supply, Chapter 2 examines the differences in optimal migration flows when countrydiffers in time preferences. With or without costly borders, optimal flows that lead the economy to the Golden Rule differ, so that one country closes its borders before the otherone. A world social planner would make an opposite migration policy compared with the country-specific social planner. Chapter 3 develops an OLG model where young train and get the return to education next period, adult and old endogenously work. The optimal migration rates leading to the social optimum of each country differ. These asymmetries generate incentives for illegal migration, hence wages and interest rates do not equalize in the post-migration equilibrium. Chapter 4 extends the previous by introducing a pension system. If by the law, only adults are allowed to migrate, then the receiving country want to attract more migrants than the departure country would let go. The individual choice of migration depends more on the children education than on the retirement benefit choice. This result is not in line with the existing literature. The Welfare State is not the first reason for which migrants leave their country.

Social security is an important part of the state social policy. The social security development depends upon many factors and their interaction and interpretation changes in historic context. Historic sources of social security development show a strong and urgent need of the state to deal with these questions. Chapter 1 contains a continual historical overview of social security in Czech Republic. The development of this important part of the state economy is closely connected to political and economical situation and the need of valid legal enactment implementation. The social security concept is inspired by proven models of other countries, especially Sweden. The basic system principles have to be respected simultaneously. Chapter 3 follows the fundamental problems which have been monitored since 2000. Their particular form is summed up in seven principal paragraphs. As the Czech Republic is now a part of the European economic space I find very important to treat the basic principles and objectives of social policy in European countries, however in general terms. Chapter 5 describes individual phases of the social security reform which have been put into effect in 2008 and also a concept which has been prepared for 2009

The target of this graduation thesis is to analyze options you have in order to ensure additional financial resources in retirement age. Public pension system is unsustainable. Pension replacement rates by earnings are unsatisfactory. It is necessary to create a financial reserve individualy. From a financial sphere life insurance and additional pension insurance are offered. It is a state contribution which makes them profitable. Also Life cycle fund is an interesting way especialy in long run. From real investment sphere alocation into real estates or small solar power station with state garanties seem to be very convenient. Investment into descendants are disappreciated nowadays, but it is historical tested way of creation added resources in retirement age.

The aim of the thesis is to describe the economy of Austria from the perspective of basic macroeconomic indicators and their development from the early 1990s to the present. These indicators are compared with the selected countries, especially with Germany, the United States of America and the Czech Republic. As Austria is a small open economy, international trade and external economic balance are important topics to be mentioned. Austria is compared to the Czech Republic. Both countries are not only geographically close to each other, they also have a common history and cultural traditions. Therefore, a comparison of their pension systems, healthcare and ethnic compositions is included in this thesis.

The Nordic welfare state is usually referred to as the most successful model of its kind; this social system based on the principle of universalism is a common ideal for other European states. The goal of the diploma thesis The Nordic Welfare State Model is to introduce this social model, both from a theoretical and practical point of view. The description of theoretic models as well as the history of European welfare states are vital in order to understand the functioning of social systems; however the main purpose of this paper is to characterize the Nordic welfare state model through the examples of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden and to capture the main commonalities and disparities in comparison with the rest of Europe. Based on up-to-date analyses of mainly Scandinavian researchers as well as reports of international organizations this paper offers an extensive analysis of the Nordic Welfare State Model.

Advisory Bodies and Expertise in the Czech Politics - Epistemic Communities and the Influence on the Reforms of Higher Education and Pension System Master thesis Bc. Kateřina Merklová The Master thesis Advisory Bodies and Expertise in the Czech Politics - Epistemic Communities and the Influence on the Reforms of Higher Education and Pension System concerns with the relation between politics and expertise. So-called epistemic community represents the knowledge interpreter that we consider an independent actor in the political process. In the theoretical part of the text, we have explained the original definition of the concept as well as its critics and case studies that cover various contexts. Following most of the authors, we have applied a looser definition of the concept and deconstructed its rigid criteria. The empirical part of the thesis presents a case study (N=4) based on comparative methods that analyzes variable influence of four particular epistemic communities (the authors of the White Paper on Tertiary Education, Bezdek's Committee, Bezdek's Committee II, and the National Economic Council) on policy-making process and its sources. Regarding our intention and research questions, we have chosen two qualitative methods - in-depth interviews and content analysis of relevant texts. We have...