Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica)-induced bovine respiratory disease causes millions of dollars in economic losses to Canadian cattle industry. Contemporary management strategies built around the use of antimicrobials are proving to be increasingly unavailing and lead to drug residues in meat which may contribute to the development of multi drug resistant bacteria. Many M. haemolytica vaccines are effective in stimulating antibody responses but studies of vaccina-tion in young calves and the cattle exposed to M. haemolytica (high-risk cattle) have shown poor vaccine efficacy. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) may help in the management of respiratory disease caused by M. haemolytica while minimizing the risk of drug residues in animal-derived food products. AMPs are positively charged molecules that can kill bacteria primarily through the electrostatic interactions with the anionic bacterial lipid bilayer. Since the primary target of AMPs is the bac-terial surface charge, which is evolutionarily conserved, the development of resistance towards AMPs seems less likely. These peptides hold potential to replace or reduce the use of antibiotics. Human β-Defensin 3 (HBD3) and Microcin J25 (MccJ25) are cationic peptides that have shown good activity against many Gram-negative bacteria. Five peptides, namely native HBD3, three synthetic HBD3 analogues (28 amino acid, 20AA, and 10AA), and MccJ25 were selected for microbicidal activity against M. haemolytica. Three C-terminal analogues of HBD3 with all cysteines replaced with valines were manually synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). In all the three analogue, replacement of cysteine with valine rendered them linear and increased their antibacterial activity. Minimum Bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays were performed with the final inoculum size of 1-5x105 cells/ml, with the exception of the 10AA analogue which was incubated with 104 cells/ml final inoculum size. The antimicrobial assay showed that M. haemolytica was intermediately sensitive to HBD3, 28AA and 20AA analogue with an MBC of 50 µg/ml. MccJ25 had limited effect with an MBC greater than 100 µg/ml. The MBC value of 6.3 µg/ml achieved with the 10AA analogue is likely a result of lower final inoculum size. AMPs have several immunomodulatory functions, and these peptides can act as chemoattractant, induce cytokine release that in turn leads to chemotaxis of monocytes and neutrophils. Since neutrophils play an important role in the pathogenesis of BRD, the chemotactic effect of HBD3, 20AA and 28AA peptides on bovine neutrophils was studied using Boyden chamber. Peripheral blood neutrophils isolated from normal healthy cattle showed chemotaxis towards HBD3 and 20AA peptides (P<0.05) but not towards 28AA analogue. Co-incubation of neutrophils with any of the peptides did not affect their chemotaxis towards N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). Based on these data, it can be concluded that HBD3 and its analogues showed antimicrobial ef-fects against M. haemolytica but MccJ25 had limited microbicidal activity against M. haemolytica. While HBD3 and 20AA analogue were chemotactic for bovine peripheral blood neutrophils, none of the peptides inhibited fMLP-induced migration of neutrophils. These peptides hold potential for further in vivo testing to develop them for use to manage M. haemolytica-induced respiratory disease in cattle.

High-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR spectroscopy is used to study solid samples that are normally difficult to analyze due to broadening of peaks. Solid-phase peptide synthesis can bind peptides to an insoluble resin that can be analyzed with HRMAS NMR spectroscopy. A combination of HRMAS NMR and IRMPD spectroscopy, along with computational chemistry, was applied to analyze and evaluate the structure of resin-bound glutathione. Two-dimensional 1H-1H NMR experiments such as COSY, TOCSY, and ROESY were employed to assign and predict the structure of the resin-bound peptide. IRMPD results were used along with calculated protonated structures and spectra to evaluate the conformation of the peptide. The experimental spectrum was compared to the spectra and structures of the protonated species to hypothesize the most favoured structure. Molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics and DFT calculations were implemented to collect structures that best resembled the free and resin-bound glutathione peptide. The results from these methods were compared to determine the structure that is most probable for the glutathione peptide. A semi-folded conformation is the structure the resin-bound GSH most preferred as concluded from the NMR and DFT results. The IRMPD results were analyzed as separate from the resin-bound experiments and suggested protonated GSH had a folded conformation. FK-13 was another peptide synthesized using the solid-phase peptide synthesis technique. The peptide was synthesized using a modified technique different from conventional methodology used in the past. The peptide was also analyzed using COSY, TOCSY, and ROESY to confirm that the synthesis was done correctly and hypothesize a structure. The low substitution of the peptide on the resin gave rise to minimal NOE interactions, but there was some evidence suggesting that the synthesis was successful and the peptide adopted a cyclic conformation. These initial results are useful for future analyses and conformational studies of this resin-bound peptide. Further work needs to be done for both peptides to explore the structures in more detail. The explicit model of solvation should be used to explore the effect of solvent molecules on the conformation of the glutathione peptide as opposed to the implicit model that PCM provides. FK-13 could be synthesized better so that a higher substitution is achieved and better NMR results are obtained. The IRMPD results obtained by the McMahon group can then be compared to the NMR results and computational calculations can be performed to obtain realistic structures of the peptide.

Els pèptids són biopolímers naturals amb una importància cabdal en el cos humà, actuant com a neurotransmissors, endorfines o hormones. Recentment, s’han descobert propietats molt interessants de pèptids amb aplicacions científiques en camps tan diversos, com ara cosmètica, biotecnologia o química terapéutica. En el darrer cas, destaquen especialment certs pèptids d’origen marí amb una considerable activitat antitumoral, alguns dels qual es troben actualmente en avançades fases clíniques. Amb la intenció de millorar les propietats farmacològiques i farmacocinètiques dels pèptids bioactius, es dissenyen anàlegs que sovint impliquen una dificultat sintètica afegida. En aquest escenari, resulta bàsic comptar amb eines químiques adequades i potents. La present tesi doctoral s’enmarca en el desenvolupament de nous reactius d’aplicació en metodologia de síntesi peptídica. Les mol•lècules que presenten grups N-hidroxilamina àcids tenen un gran rellevància en metodologia de síntesi de pèptids, degut al seu excel•lent caràcter com a grup de sortida en substitucions nucleofíliques. D’entre les diverses famílies que formen aquest grup cal esmentar els benzotriazols, tals com HOBt i HOAt, i les sals d’oni derivades. No obstant, en els darrers anys s’ha conegut la seva tendència a descomposar de manera explosiva en escalfar o sota impacte mecànic, raó per la qual el transport d’aquests reactius per aire s’ha vist restringit o prohibit. Amb la necessitat de disposar d’una nova família de N-hidroxilamines eficient i segura, s’ha posat l’atenció en una classe d’oximes amb substituents electroatraients, que mostren una acidesa en el rang necessari per ser aplicades en la formació de l’enllaç peptídic. Particularment interessant resulta el 2-ciano-2-hidroxiiminoacetat d’etil, reanomenat en aquesta tesi com a Oxyma, que combina de forma òptima estabilitat, reactivitat i disponibilitat comercial. En la present tesi doctoral s’ha estudiat el comportament d’Oxyma i les sals d’uroni (COMU) i fosfoni (PyOxim) derivades, en comparació amb HOBt, HOAt i els corresponents reactius d’acoblament. Els resultats obtinguts mostren un notable increment de la solubilitat, disminució de l’epimerització i augment de l’eficiència d’acoblament quan s’usen reactius basats en Oxyma, sent en models impedits estèricament fins i tot més eficaços que els anàlegs de HOAt. A més, s’ha investigat el perfil de descomposició de Oxyma i COMU, en comparació amb els dels benzotriazols, mitjançant els assajos calorimètrics DSC i ARC. Els resultats permeten concloure que els reactius d’acoblament basats en Oxyma mostren una cinètica de descomposició radicalment oposada a la dels benzotriazols, tot alliberant menys pressió i per tant, el risc tèrmic és també molt menor. Per últim, s’ha comprovat la compatibilitat dels reactius basats en Oxyma amb irradiació per microones. El caràcter de bon grup sortint de les oximes àcides s’ha reafirmat en la síntesi i evaluació de carbonats actius per a la introducció dels grups protectors Fmoc i Alloc. De manera especial, els derivats de ciano-2-piridino oxima van mostrar un alt rendiment amb una formació pràcticament nul•la de dipèptids. Així mateix, l’elevada acidesa d’Oxyma es pot aplicar també en la prevenció de reaccions secundàries catalitzdes per base, com ara aspartimides i piperidides. En aquest sentit, Oxyma indueix una minimització d’aquesta ciclació intramol•lecular i altres reaccions indesitjades causades per la presència de base en una extensió major que HOBt i HOAt. D’altra banda, la reïna 2-clorotritil, utilitzada en la obtenció de pèptids àcid C-terminal protegits, s’ha mostrat estable a tractament d’Oxyma sempre i quan aquests no superin les 24 hores, moment en el que el percentatge de pèptid escindit del suport polimèric pot pujar fins 5%, similar o inferior a l’efecte originat amb tractament de HOBt i HOAt. / Peptides are naturally-ocurring biopolymers that exert essential functions in the human body. Moreover, many applications of peptides have been found recently in cosmetics, biotechnology, drug delivery or medicinal chemistry. Some marine peptidic natural products, in example, show remarkable antitumoral activity and are currently on Phase II clinical trials. Reinforcing available methodological tools in peptide synthesis is basic to overcome the synthetic challenges that pose sophisticated, drug-like peptides. Nowadays, this feature is more relevant since peptide science is facing the fall of N-hydroxybenzotriazoles, such as HOBt and HOAt, as carbodiimide additives due to their explosive potential. The present doctoral manuscript aims at developing novel efficient and safe coupling reagents with application in methodology of peptide synthesis. Organic compounds containing acidic N-hydroxylamine moieties are of great utility in peptide synthesis. Our attention was drawn to a series of stable, highly acidic oximes bearing electron-withdrawing substituents. Among these, ethyl 2-cyano-2-hydroxyiminoacetate (renamed as Oxyma) displays an appropriate balance of stability, reactivity, racemization suppression and comercial availability. Based on promising preliminary reports, an exhaustive study on Oxyma and novel derived onium salts, such as COMU or PyOxim, was undertaken. Results showed a remarkable increase on solubility, epimerization reduction and coupling efficiency when Oxyma and the derived reagents were employed. Moreover, DSC and ARC calorimetric assays, proved that Oxyma-based reagents present slower decomposition kinetics combined with lower termal risk than benzotriazoles. Finally, Oxyma-containing reagents proved to be compatible with microwave. The extraordinary leaving group ability of such acidic oximes was confirmed in the synthesis and evaluation of active carbonates for the introduction of Fmoc and Alloc. Use of Cyano-2-pyridine oxime analogues resulted in high yield of Fmoc-amino acid with minimal dipeptide formation. In addition, the high acidity of Oxyma can be also applied to prevention of base-driven side reactions, like aspartimides or Pro-based overcoupling, in which Oxyma induced a stronger minimization than HOBt and HOAt. Moreover, extremely acid-labile 2-chlorotrityl resin proved to be stable to Oxyma treatments shorther than 24 hours, when the percentage of released peptide rises to 5%, a similar or lower effect to that originated by HOBt and HOAt treatments.

O exossomo é um complexo multiproteico conservado evolutivamente de archaea a eucariotos superiores que desempenha funções celulares essenciais tais como: atividade exoribonucleolítica 3\'&#8594;5\', regulação dos níveis de mRNA, maturação de RNAs estruturais e controle de qualidade de RNAs durante os vários estágios do mecanismo de expressão gênica. Em Archaea, o exossomo é composto por até quatro subunidades diferentes, duas com domínios de RNase PH, aRrp41 e aRrp42, e duas com domínios de ligação a RNAs, aCsl4 e aRrp4. Três cópias das proteínas aRrp4 e/ou aCsl4 se associam com o núcleo hexamérico catalítico do anel de RNase PH e completam a formação do complexo. A proteína PaNip7 é um cofator de regulação do exossomo da archaea Pyrococcus abyssi e atua na inibição do complexo enzimático ligando-se simultaneamente ao exossomo e a RNAs. Neste projeto, a reconstituição in vitro do exossomo da archaea Pyrococcus abyssi formado pela proteína de topo PaCsl4 foi obtida. Para tanto foram realizadas análises de interação proteica usando as técnicas de cromatografia de afinidade, gel filtração e SDS-PAGE. Em adição à formação da isoforma PaCsl4-exossomo, um fragmento peptídico correspondente à região C-terminal da PaNip7 foi sintetizado pelo método da fase sólida, purificado por RP-HPLC e o purificado foi caracterizado por LC/ESI-MS almejando realizar futuros experimentos de interação com o exossomo. / The exosome is a multiprotein complex evolutionarily conserved from archaea to higher eukaryotes that performs essential cellular functions such as: 3\'&#8594;5\' exoribonucleolytic activity, regulation of mRNA levels, maturation of structural RNAs and quality control of RNAs during the various stages of the gene expression mechanism. In Archaea, the exosome is composed of up to four different subunits, two with RNase PH domains, aRrp41 and aRrp42, and two with RNAs binding domains, aCsl4 and aRrp4. Three copies of the aRrp4 and/or aCsl4 proteins associate with the hexameric catalytic core of the RNase PH ring and complete the formation of the complex. The PaNip7 protein is a regulating cofactor of the Pyrococcus abyssi archaeal exosome and acts in the inhibition of the enzyme complex by binding simultaneously to the exosome and RNAs. In this project, the reconstitution in vitro of the Pyrococcus abyssi archaeal exosome formed by the PaCsl4 top protein was achieved. To this end protein interaction analyses were performed using affinity chromatography, gel filtration and SDS-PAGE techniques. In addition to the formation of the PaCsl4-exosome isoform, a peptide fragment corresponding to the C-terminal region of PaNip7 was synthesized by solid-phase method, purified by RP-HPLC and the purified peptide was characterized by LC/ESI-MS aiming to perform future binding experiments with the exosome.

Plants are exposed to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses that hinder their growth and reduce crop productivity. In their adaptive response, plants use signaling molecules that are trafficked throughout the plant. This research focuses on the chemical synthesis and assessment of analogs of the plant signal phytosulfokine (PSK, a sulfated pentapeptide), its delivery to plants and its observation using a fiber-optic fluorescence microscope. PSK regulates growth, cell expansion, heat tolerance, and tissue longevity. Analogs of PSK were synthesized using solid-phase peptide synthesis. Pure PSK and TAMRA-labeled PSK were delivered into the wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 and a transgenic line expressing PSKR-GFP (PSK receptor – green fluorescent protein). PSKR-GFP could be detected in imaging experiments, but no internalization was observed upon treatment with PSK. Successful implementation of a microscopic approach suited for live plants opens a path to understanding how plants signal and adapt under different stress conditions.

Peptides are used as synthetically available and easily derivatizable scaffold upon which it is possible to develop ligands targeting broad spectrum of biological targets. A time-tested approach to peptide binder identification is the preparation and screening of combinatorial libraries. Bypassing of this complicated procedure is possible by using biological systems for presentation, identification and selection of peptides based on the principle of in vitro evolution - i.e. display techniques. There are two complementary automated solutions for peptide binder identification described in this work. First is the SPENSER parallel peptide synthesizer, developed as a part of this diploma project, which can be used for peptide ligand discovery and optimization as well as validation of ligands identified using display techniques. Several libraries consisting of a total of 1 052 peptides have been prepared and then used to describe its potential applications. A sample of 154 preparations, representing 14.6 % analytical coverage of the prepared libraries, showed an average purity of 67 ± 19 % according to LC-MS. The libraries presented illustrate that SPENSER is a suitable tool for the parallel synthesis of linear and disulfide-cyclized peptides with limited variability, or libraries consisting of short...

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which enter the host cells through interactions between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) on the S-protein and the ACE-2 receptor on the host cell. A novel type of vaccine strategy is peptide vaccines, with great potential as a faster and more selective approach to conventional vaccine development. This study focuses on the possibility of generating an antibody response through synthetic peptides harboring B cell epitopes.  Aim: This project aims to investigate the potential of immunogenic peptides to generate an antibody response when used as synthetically produced peptides. As proof-of-concept, the project studies the interactions between previously identified monoclonal antibodies with defined B cell epitopes and the corresponding peptide sequences.  Method: The interactions are evaluated by different ELISA experiments. The candidate peptides are additionally investigated on their binding to polyclonal serum with established S reactive antibodies. Furthermore, the project includes synthesis of one peptide by solid phase peptide synthesis. Results: The ELISA experiments presented no interaction between the synthetic peptides and the monoclonal antibodies or human sera.  Conclusion: The project fulfilled its aim to study the interaction between the B cell epitopes and the monoclonal antibodies. However, no binding was observed. Despite the many advantages in production and stability, development of B cell epitope vaccines come with many challenges. Future will entail if synthetic peptides harboring B cell epitopes can be used as vaccines, or if peptide vaccines will be a focus when a T cell response is to be induced.

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